page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview text cleaned_text 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low document_ui document_ui True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 28.55, 42.48, 12.28] Article Article Article Article 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 section_header unknown_text False medium first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 50.78, 487.81, 52.07] Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 146.55, 164.42, 7.0] https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 162.65, 82.34, 7.0] Received: 8 June 2021 Received: 8 June 2021 Received: 8 June 2021 Received: 8 June 2021 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text unknown_text False medium abstract_boundary_dates abstract_boundary_dates True p1:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 178.75, 96.29, 7.0] Accepted: 23 March 2022 Accepted: 23 March 2022 Accepted: 23 March 2022 Accepted: 23 March 2022 1 6 7 6 #/texts/5 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 194.86, 111.62, 7.0] Published online: 8 June 2022 Published online: 8 June 2022 Published online: 8 June 2022 Published online: 8 June 2022 1 8 9 8 #/texts/7 text abstract_candidate False medium implicit_abstract implicit_abstract True p1:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [217.32, 210.27, 344.32, 229.3] Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and im… Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and im… Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and impede commercialization, the prerequisite driving force for this phenomenon remains a mystery 3-6 Here, with in situ nanoscale sensitive coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, we reveal that nanostrain and lattice displacement accumulate continuously during operation of the cell. Evidence shows that this effect is the driving force for both structure degradation and oxygen loss, which trigger the well-known rapid voltage decay in LMR cathodes. By carrying out micro- to macro-length characterizations that span atomic structure, the primary particle, multiparticle and electrode levels, we demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of LMR cathodes inevitably causes pernicious phase displacement/strain, which cannot be eliminated by conventional doping or coating methods. We therefore propose mesostructural design as a strategy to mitigate lattice displacement and inhomogeneous electrochemical/ structural evolutions, thereby achieving stable voltage and capacity profiles. These findings highlight the significance of lattice strain/displacement in causing voltage decay and will inspire a wave of efforts to unlock the potential of the broad-scale commercialization of LMR cathode materials. Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and impede commercialization, the prerequisite driving force for this phenomenon remains a mystery 3-6 Here, with in situ nanoscale sensitive coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, we reveal that nanostrain and lattice displacement accumulate continuously during operation of the cell. Evidence shows that this effect is the driving force for both structure degradation and oxygen loss, which trigger the well-known rapid voltage decay in LMR cathodes. By carrying out micro- to macro-length characterizations that span atomic structure, the primary particle, multiparticle and electrode levels, we demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of LMR cathodes inevitably causes pernicious phase displacement/strain, which cannot be eliminated by conventional doping or coating methods. We therefore propose mesostructural design as a strategy to mitigate lattice displacement and inhomogeneous electrochemical/ structural evolutions, thereby achieving stable voltage and capacity profiles. These findings highlight the significance of lattice strain/displacement in causing voltage decay and will inspire a wave of efforts to unlock the potential of the broad-scale commercialization of LMR cathode materials. 1 14 14 13 #/texts/12 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 693.39, 516.3, 51.1] 1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonn… 1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonn… 1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 4 Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 5 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK. 6 Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. 7 Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco. 8 Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 9 Present address: Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 10 These authors contributed equally: Tongchao Liu, Jiajie Liu, Luxi Li. ✉ e-mail: junlu@anl.gov; panfeng@pkusz.edu.cn; amine@anl.gov 1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 4 Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 5 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK. 6 Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. 7 Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco. 8 Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 9 Present address: Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 10 These authors contributed equally: Tongchao Liu, Jiajie Liu, Luxi Li. ✉ e-mail: junlu@anl.gov; panfeng@pkusz.edu.cn; amine@anl.gov 1 15 15 14 #/texts/13 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p1:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [420.84, 763.83, 140.42, 7.02] Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305 2 1 1 15 #/texts/14 section_header metadata False low document_ui document_ui True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23] Article Article Article Article 2 61 2 16 #/texts/74 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.89, 54.4, 4.89, 6.96] a a a a 2 12 3 17 #/texts/25 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [48.56, 105.98, 6.0, 26.37] Intensity Intensity Intensity Intensity 2 3 4 18 #/texts/16 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [57.47, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 19 #/texts/17 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [89.93, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 2 2 2 2 2 5 6 20 #/texts/18 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [122.39, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 3 3 3 3 2 6 7 21 #/texts/19 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [154.85, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 4 4 4 4 2 65 8 22 #/texts/78 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.8, 237.94, 4.89, 6.96] c c c c 2 76 9 23 #/texts/89 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:gray [145, 145, 145] gray True True [59.04, 386.64, 15.7, 6.0] 5 nm 5 nm 5 nm 5 nm 2 2 10 24 #/texts/15 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 409.22, 245.59, 6.48] Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. 2 77 11 25 #/texts/90 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 419.22, 247.95, 36.51] a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM imag… a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM imag… a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c . a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c . 2 78 12 26 #/texts/91 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 487.23, 206.44, 9.02] Initial structure/electrochemical properties Initial structure/electrochemical properties Initial structure/electrochemical properties Initial structure/electrochemical properties 2 86 15 29 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 763.83, 140.81, 7.02] 306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 2 16 16 30 #/texts/29 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [237.33, 53.38, 52.77, 6.0] Experimetal data Experimetal data Experimetal data Experimetal data 2 62 17 31 #/texts/75 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [328.78, 53.97, 5.18, 6.96] b b b b 2 40 18 32 #/texts/53 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 57.45, 9.73, 6.0] 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2 17 19 33 #/texts/30 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [234.96, 64.7, 51.21, 6.0] Calculated data Calculated data Calculated data Calculated data 2 18 20 34 #/texts/31 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [234.96, 76.03, 40.19, 6.0] Background Background Background Background 2 39 21 35 #/texts/52 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 79.1, 9.73, 6.0] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 2 19 22 36 #/texts/32 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [234.96, 87.35, 33.83, 6.0] Difference Difference Difference Difference 2 20 23 37 #/texts/33 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [236.91, 98.68, 4.79, 6.0] R R R R 2 21 24 38 #/texts/34 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [241.71, 98.68, 6.62, 6.0] -3 -3 -3 -3 2 22 25 39 #/texts/35 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [248.32, 98.68, 5.96, 6.0] m m m m 2 38 26 40 #/texts/51 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 100.75, 9.73, 6.0] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2 41 27 41 #/texts/54 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [335.8, 106.27, 6.0, 37.44] Potential (V) Potential (V) Potential (V) Potential (V) 2 23 28 42 #/texts/36 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [236.91, 110.01, 5.05, 6.0] C C C C 2 24 29 43 #/texts/37 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [241.96, 110.01, 6.22, 6.0] 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2 25 30 44 #/texts/38 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [248.19, 110.01, 5.96, 6.0] m m m m 2 67 31 45 #/texts/80 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.82, 121.85, 9.6, 6.0] 1st 1st 1st 1st 2 37 32 46 #/texts/50 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 122.4, 9.73, 6.0] 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2 47 33 47 #/texts/60 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [219.05, 127.43, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 2 49 34 48 #/texts/62 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [209, 234, 183] colored False True [231.45, 127.43, 6.61, 6.0] Ni Ni Ni Ni 2 51 35 49 #/texts/64 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [247.79, 127.43, 19.72, 8.02] Mn 0.54 Mn 0.54 Mn 0.54 Mn 0.54 2 52 36 50 #/texts/65 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [267.51, 127.43, 18.8, 8.02] Co 0.13 Co 0.13 Co 0.13 Co 0.13 2 53 37 51 #/texts/66 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False False [286.31, 127.43, 8.1, 8.02] O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 2 68 38 52 #/texts/81 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.82, 131.0, 11.94, 6.0] 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2 48 39 53 #/texts/61 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [224.5, 131.17, 6.95, 4.29] 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2 50 40 54 #/texts/63 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [209, 234, 183] colored False True [238.06, 131.17, 9.73, 4.29] 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 2 54 41 55 #/texts/67 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [200, 223, 175] colored False True [219.05, 137.22, 4.79, 6.0] R R R R 2 56 42 56 #/texts/69 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False False [232.55, 137.22, 26.77, 6.0] = 5.73% = 5.73% = 5.73% = 5.73% 2 69 43 57 #/texts/82 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [533.82, 139.51, 10.37, 6.0] 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 2 55 44 58 #/texts/68 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [195, 218, 171] colored False True [223.85, 140.95, 6.76, 4.29] wp wp wp wp 2 36 45 59 #/texts/49 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 144.05, 9.73, 6.0] 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2 59 46 60 #/texts/72 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False False [228.76, 145.94, 26.77, 6.0] = 5.86% = 5.86% = 5.86% = 5.86% 2 57 47 61 #/texts/70 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [219.05, 145.94, 4.79, 6.0] R R R R 2 70 48 62 #/texts/83 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.63, 148.02, 13.88, 6.0] 20th 20th 20th 20th 2 58 49 63 #/texts/71 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 235, 184] colored False True [223.85, 149.67, 2.97, 4.29] p p p p 2 60 50 64 #/texts/73 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [377.62, 153.81, 44.98, 6.0] Voltage fading Voltage fading Voltage fading Voltage fading 2 71 51 65 #/texts/84 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.63, 157.17, 13.88, 6.0] 40th 40th 40th 40th 2 35 52 66 #/texts/48 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 165.7, 9.73, 6.0] 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 72 53 67 #/texts/85 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [533.63, 166.32, 13.88, 6.0] 60th 60th 60th 60th 2 73 54 68 #/texts/86 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [533.63, 176.11, 13.88, 6.0] 80th 80th 80th 80th 2 74 55 69 #/texts/87 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.63, 184.62, 17.77, 6.0] 100th 100th 100th 100th 2 34 56 70 #/texts/47 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [349.92, 187.36, 9.73, 6.0] 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2 75 57 71 #/texts/88 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [533.52, 192.71, 17.77, 6.0] 120th 120th 120th 120th 2 26 58 72 #/texts/39 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [364.33, 205.74, 3.89, 6.0] 0 0 0 0 2 27 59 73 #/texts/40 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [386.82, 205.74, 7.78, 6.0] 50 50 50 50 2 28 60 74 #/texts/41 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [409.31, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 100 100 100 100 2 29 61 75 #/texts/42 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 150 150 150 150 2 30 62 76 #/texts/43 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [458.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 200 200 200 200 2 31 63 77 #/texts/44 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [483.3, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 250 250 250 250 2 32 64 78 #/texts/45 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [507.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 300 300 300 300 2 33 65 79 #/texts/46 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [532.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0] 350 350 350 350 2 7 66 80 #/texts/20 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [187.31, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 5 5 5 5 2 8 67 81 #/texts/21 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [219.76, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 6 6 6 6 2 9 68 82 #/texts/22 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [252.22, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 7 7 7 7 2 10 69 83 #/texts/23 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [284.68, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 8 8 8 8 2 11 70 84 #/texts/24 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [317.14, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0] 9 9 9 9 2 14 71 85 #/texts/27 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [185.05, 215.75, 3.45, 7.93] T T T T 2 13 72 86 #/texts/26 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [181.16, 216.66, 3.89, 6.0] 2 2 2 2 2 15 73 87 #/texts/28 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [188.5, 216.66, 8.37, 6.0] (°) (°) 2 42 74 88 #/texts/55 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [426.88, 218.68, 58.96, 6.0] Capacity (mAh g -1 ) Capacity (mAh g -1 ) Capacity (mAh g -1 ) Capacity (mAh g -1 ) 2 63 75 89 #/texts/76 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.79, 237.94, 5.18, 6.96] d d d d 2 64 76 90 #/texts/77 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [404.12, 237.94, 5.04, 6.96] e e e e 2 46 77 91 #/texts/59 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [248, 202, 172] colored False False [527.9, 305.41, 23.66, 8.02] LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 2 66 78 92 #/texts/79 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [148, 148, 254] colored False True [241.46, 380.0, 15.7, 6.0] 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 2 45 79 93 #/texts/58 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [248, 202, 172] colored False False [534.8, 390.23, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 2 43 80 94 #/texts/56 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [248, 202, 172] colored False True [526.57, 390.23, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 2 44 81 95 #/texts/57 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored [203, 165, 141] colored False True [532.02, 393.96, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 2 82 82 96 #/texts/94 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 409.22, 254.69, 46.5] Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the brig… Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the brig… Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains. Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains. 2 84 85 99 #/texts/96 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 712.98, 187.01, 9.02] Strain evolution observed through BCDI Strain evolution observed through BCDI Strain evolution observed through BCDI Strain evolution observed through BCDI 3 112 1 101 #/texts/208 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [76.83, 51.31, 4.89, 6.96] a a a a 3 33 2 102 #/texts/129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 206, 206] colored False False [88.0, 83.97, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 28 3 103 #/texts/124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [83.08, 144.85, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 29 4 104 #/texts/125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True True [95.3, 144.85, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 30 5 105 #/texts/126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [108.99, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 151 6 106 #/texts/247 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True True [121.93, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 152 7 107 #/texts/248 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [133.45, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 153 8 108 #/texts/249 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [248, 248, 248] white False True [142.48, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 154 9 109 #/texts/250 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [151.65, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 155 10 110 #/texts/251 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [159.73, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 156 11 111 #/texts/252 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [165.8, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 31 12 112 #/texts/127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True True [131.82, 159.42, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 32 13 113 #/texts/128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True True [144.04, 159.42, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 34 14 114 #/texts/130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 202, 202] colored False False [88.0, 161.17, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 127 15 115 #/texts/223 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [199, 199, 199] gray True True [107.29, 173.36, 37.78, 4.29] Displacement (Å) Displacement (Å) Displacement (Å) Displacement (Å) 3 128 16 116 #/texts/224 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [253, 254, 254] white False False [149.43, 177.87, 12.51, 4.29] 1.124 1.124 1.124 1.124 3 129 17 117 #/texts/225 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [252, 253, 252] white False False [86.06, 178.33, 15.01, 4.29] -1.124 -1.124 -1.124 -1.124 3 54 18 118 #/texts/150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [154.63, 198.22, 17.01, 5.14] 3.99 V 3.99 V 3.99 V 3.99 V 3 116 19 119 #/texts/212 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [76.31, 200.48, 5.04, 6.96] e e e e 3 52 20 120 #/texts/148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [135.5, 204.26, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 53 21 121 #/texts/149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [147.72, 204.26, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 48 22 122 #/texts/144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [255, 242, 242] gray True False [101.72, 205.71, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 171 23 123 #/texts/267 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True True [130.43, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 172 24 124 #/texts/268 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [130.43, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 49 25 125 #/texts/145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 205, 205] colored False False [101.72, 250.78, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 173 26 126 #/texts/269 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True True [130.43, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 174 27 127 #/texts/270 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [248, 248, 248] white False True [130.43, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 175 28 128 #/texts/271 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [130.43, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 50 29 129 #/texts/146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [101.72, 296.53, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 51 30 130 #/texts/147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [113.94, 296.53, 3.05, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 176 31 131 #/texts/272 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True True [130.43, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 177 32 132 #/texts/273 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [130.43, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 89 33 133 #/texts/185 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [154.69, 348.6, 17.01, 5.14] 4.43 V 4.43 V 4.43 V 4.43 V 3 120 34 134 #/texts/216 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [76.77, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96] i i i i 3 83 35 135 #/texts/179 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 207, 207] colored False False [97.16, 355.18, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 87 36 136 #/texts/183 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True False [138.54, 355.18, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 88 37 137 #/texts/184 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [150.76, 355.18, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 178 38 138 #/texts/274 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [130.43, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 179 39 139 #/texts/275 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [130.43, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 84 40 140 #/texts/180 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 209, 209] colored False False [97.16, 400.32, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 180 41 141 #/texts/276 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [130.43, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 181 42 142 #/texts/277 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [130.43, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 182 43 143 #/texts/278 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True True [130.43, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 85 44 144 #/texts/181 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True False [97.16, 446.08, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 86 45 145 #/texts/182 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [109.38, 446.08, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 183 46 146 #/texts/279 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [196, 196, 196] gray True True [130.43, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 184 47 147 #/texts/280 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [130.43, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 124 48 148 #/texts/220 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [90.53, 496.84, 7.7, 6.96] m m m m 3 13 49 149 #/texts/109 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True True [105.5, 499.24, 3.34, 5.14] 5 5 5 5 3 21 50 150 #/texts/117 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [236, 240, 226] gray True False [126.13, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14] Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 1 3 14 51 151 #/texts/110 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [93.27, 526.27, 5.14, 65.13] Voltage (V versus Li/Li + ) Voltage (V versus Li/Li + ) Voltage (V versus Li/Li + ) Voltage (V versus Li/Li + ) 3 12 52 152 #/texts/108 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [105.5, 531.17, 3.34, 5.14] 4 4 4 4 3 11 53 153 #/texts/107 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True True [105.5, 563.07, 3.34, 5.14] 3 3 3 3 3 10 54 154 #/texts/106 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True True [105.5, 595.01, 3.34, 5.14] 2 2 2 2 3 4 55 155 #/texts/100 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [107.06, 616.69, 3.34, 5.14] 0 0 0 0 3 5 56 156 #/texts/101 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [135.52, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14] 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 6 57 157 #/texts/102 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.6, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14] 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3 15 58 158 #/texts/111 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [172.17, 625.68, 21.23, 5.14] Time (h) Time (h) Time (h) Time (h) 3 3 59 159 #/texts/99 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.66, 644.58, 249.06, 46.51] Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.… Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.… Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours, Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours, 3 74 61 161 #/texts/170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [388.9, 49.74, 17.01, 5.14] 3.75 V 3.75 V 3.75 V 3.75 V 3 47 62 162 #/texts/143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.43, 49.89, 17.01, 5.14] 3.90 V 3.90 V 3.90 V 3.90 V 3 111 63 163 #/texts/207 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [276.42, 49.97, 12.56, 5.14] OCV OCV OCV OCV 3 113 64 164 #/texts/209 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [192.54, 51.31, 5.18, 6.96] b b b b 3 114 65 165 #/texts/210 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [308.2, 51.31, 4.89, 6.96] c c c c 3 115 66 166 #/texts/211 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [424.36, 51.31, 5.18, 6.96] d d d d 3 72 67 167 #/texts/168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True False [368.23, 55.39, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 73 68 168 #/texts/169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [380.45, 55.39, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 68 69 169 #/texts/164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 231, 231] colored False False [331.14, 55.85, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 45 70 170 #/texts/141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True False [482.39, 56.15, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 46 71 171 #/texts/142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [494.61, 56.15, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 39 72 172 #/texts/135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True False [250.93, 56.46, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 40 73 173 #/texts/136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.15, 56.46, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 41 74 174 #/texts/137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 218, 218] colored False False [448.24, 56.54, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 35 75 175 #/texts/131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 202, 202] colored False False [218.15, 57.38, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 157 76 176 #/texts/253 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [245.65, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 164 77 177 #/texts/260 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [362.75, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 227 78 178 #/texts/323 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [476.48, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 158 79 179 #/texts/254 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [221, 221, 221] gray True True [245.65, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 165 80 180 #/texts/261 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [362.75, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 228 81 181 #/texts/324 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [476.48, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 69 82 182 #/texts/165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 209, 209] colored False False [331.14, 101.0, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 42 83 183 #/texts/138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 216, 216] colored False False [448.24, 101.68, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 36 84 184 #/texts/132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 211, 211] colored False False [218.15, 102.53, 14.82, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 159 85 185 #/texts/255 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [245.65, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 166 86 186 #/texts/262 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [362.75, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 229 87 187 #/texts/325 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [476.48, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 160 88 188 #/texts/256 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [248, 248, 248] white False True [245.65, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 167 89 189 #/texts/263 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [362.75, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 230 90 190 #/texts/326 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [476.48, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 161 91 191 #/texts/257 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [245.65, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 168 92 192 #/texts/264 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [190, 190, 190] gray True True [362.75, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 231 93 193 #/texts/327 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True True [476.48, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 70 94 194 #/texts/166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True False [331.14, 146.75, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 71 95 195 #/texts/167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [343.36, 146.75, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 43 96 196 #/texts/139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True False [448.24, 147.44, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 44 97 197 #/texts/140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [460.46, 147.44, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 37 98 198 #/texts/133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True False [218.15, 148.28, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 38 99 199 #/texts/134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [230.37, 148.28, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 162 100 200 #/texts/258 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [218, 218, 218] gray True True [245.65, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 169 101 201 #/texts/265 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [190, 190, 190] gray True True [362.75, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 232 102 202 #/texts/328 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [213, 213, 213] gray True True [476.48, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 163 103 203 #/texts/259 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True True [245.65, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 170 104 204 #/texts/266 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [362.75, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 233 105 205 #/texts/329 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [476.48, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 61 106 206 #/texts/157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [271.97, 198.68, 17.01, 5.14] 4.09 V 4.09 V 4.09 V 4.09 V 3 75 107 207 #/texts/171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [386.1, 199.21, 17.01, 5.14] 4.25 V 4.25 V 4.25 V 4.25 V 3 82 108 208 #/texts/178 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.34, 199.21, 17.01, 5.14] 4.38 V 4.38 V 4.38 V 4.38 V 3 117 109 209 #/texts/213 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [192.96, 200.48, 3.11, 6.96] f f f f 3 118 110 210 #/texts/214 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [308.64, 200.48, 5.04, 6.96] g g g g 3 119 111 211 #/texts/215 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [425.73, 200.48, 5.18, 6.96] h h h h 3 66 112 212 #/texts/162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [216, 216, 216] gray True False [371.08, 205.55, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 67 113 213 #/texts/163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True True [383.3, 205.55, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 59 114 214 #/texts/155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True False [254.34, 205.7, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 60 115 215 #/texts/156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [266.56, 205.7, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 55 116 216 #/texts/151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 218, 218] colored False False [218.22, 205.78, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 80 117 217 #/texts/176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True False [483.54, 206.62, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 81 118 218 #/texts/177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [495.76, 206.62, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 62 119 219 #/texts/158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 229, 229] colored False False [329.25, 207.0, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 76 120 220 #/texts/172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 215, 215] colored False False [450.75, 207.61, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 206 121 221 #/texts/302 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [245.65, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 213 122 222 #/texts/309 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [362.75, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 220 123 223 #/texts/316 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True True [476.48, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 207 124 224 #/texts/303 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True True [245.65, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 214 125 225 #/texts/310 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [362.75, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 221 126 226 #/texts/317 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [476.48, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 56 127 227 #/texts/152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 211, 211] colored False False [218.22, 250.93, 14.82, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 208 128 228 #/texts/304 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [245.65, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 215 129 229 #/texts/311 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [362.75, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 222 130 230 #/texts/318 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True True [476.48, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 63 131 231 #/texts/159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 186, 186] colored False False [329.25, 252.15, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 77 132 232 #/texts/173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 180, 180] colored False False [450.75, 252.68, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 209 133 233 #/texts/305 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [245.65, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 216 134 234 #/texts/312 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [362.75, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 223 135 235 #/texts/319 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [248, 248, 248] white False True [476.48, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 210 136 236 #/texts/306 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [199, 199, 199] gray True True [245.65, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 217 137 237 #/texts/313 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [362.75, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 224 138 238 #/texts/320 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [476.48, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 57 139 239 #/texts/153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True False [218.22, 296.68, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 58 140 240 #/texts/154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [230.44, 296.68, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 64 141 241 #/texts/160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [329.25, 297.9, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 65 142 242 #/texts/161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True False [341.47, 297.9, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 78 143 243 #/texts/174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [450.75, 298.44, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 79 144 244 #/texts/175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [224, 224, 224] gray True False [462.97, 298.44, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 211 145 245 #/texts/307 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [245.65, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 218 146 246 #/texts/314 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [167, 167, 167] gray True True [362.75, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 225 147 247 #/texts/321 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True True [476.48, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 212 148 248 #/texts/308 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [245.65, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 219 149 249 #/texts/315 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [362.75, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 226 150 250 #/texts/322 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False True [476.48, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 97 151 251 #/texts/193 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [387.76, 348.07, 17.01, 5.14] 4.49 V 4.49 V 4.49 V 4.49 V 3 96 152 252 #/texts/192 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [271.97, 348.53, 17.01, 5.14] 4.46 V 4.46 V 4.46 V 4.46 V 3 104 153 253 #/texts/200 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [504.31, 348.53, 17.01, 5.14] 4.51 V 4.51 V 4.51 V 4.51 V 3 121 154 254 #/texts/217 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [193.39, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96] j j j j 3 122 155 255 #/texts/218 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [309.56, 352.16, 4.89, 6.96] k k k k 3 123 156 256 #/texts/219 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [425.2, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96] l l l l 3 94 157 257 #/texts/190 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [250.9, 354.19, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 95 158 258 #/texts/191 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.12, 354.19, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 90 159 259 #/texts/186 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 224, 224] colored False False [215.23, 354.19, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 109 160 260 #/texts/205 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [486.6, 354.87, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 110 161 261 #/texts/206 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [498.82, 354.87, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 105 162 262 #/texts/201 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 215, 215] colored False False [447.13, 354.87, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 102 163 263 #/texts/198 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [366.98, 355.02, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 103 164 264 #/texts/199 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [379.2, 355.02, 3.06, 4.28] Y Y Y Y 3 98 165 265 #/texts/194 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 215, 215] colored False False [331.31, 355.02, 14.63, 4.29] Side A Side A Side A Side A 3 185 166 266 #/texts/281 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [245.65, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 192 167 267 #/texts/288 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True True [360.25, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 199 168 268 #/texts/295 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True True [476.48, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29] 1 1 1 1 3 186 169 269 #/texts/282 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [245.65, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 193 170 270 #/texts/289 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True True [360.25, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 200 171 271 #/texts/296 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [476.48, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 3 91 172 272 #/texts/187 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 190, 190] colored False False [215.23, 399.26, 14.82, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 106 173 273 #/texts/202 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 195, 195] colored False False [447.13, 400.02, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 99 174 274 #/texts/195 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [255, 174, 174] colored False True [331.31, 400.09, 14.81, 4.29] Side B Side B Side B Side B 3 187 175 275 #/texts/283 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [245.65, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 194 176 276 #/texts/290 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [360.25, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 201 177 277 #/texts/297 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [476.48, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29] 3 3 3 3 3 188 178 278 #/texts/284 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True True [245.65, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 195 179 279 #/texts/291 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [360.25, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 202 180 280 #/texts/298 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [476.48, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29] 4 4 4 4 3 189 181 281 #/texts/285 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [245.65, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 196 182 282 #/texts/292 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [360.25, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 203 183 283 #/texts/299 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True True [476.48, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29] 5 5 5 5 3 92 184 284 #/texts/188 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [215.23, 445.01, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 93 185 285 #/texts/189 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True False [227.45, 445.01, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 107 186 286 #/texts/203 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [447.13, 445.7, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 108 187 287 #/texts/204 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [191, 191, 191] gray True True [459.35, 445.7, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 100 188 288 #/texts/196 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [330.36, 445.85, 12.22, 4.29] Slice Slice Slice Slice 3 101 189 289 #/texts/197 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [342.58, 445.85, 3.06, 4.28] Z Z Z Z 3 190 190 290 #/texts/286 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True True [245.65, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 197 191 291 #/texts/293 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True True [360.25, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 204 192 292 #/texts/300 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [476.48, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29] 6 6 6 6 3 191 193 293 #/texts/287 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [245.65, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 198 194 294 #/texts/294 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [360.25, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 205 195 295 #/texts/301 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [476.48, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29] 7 7 7 7 3 125 196 296 #/texts/221 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.52, 496.84, 5.18, 6.96] n n n n 3 126 197 297 #/texts/222 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [437.78, 496.84, 5.04, 6.96] o o o o 3 20 198 298 #/texts/116 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [263.04, 500.35, 11.68, 5.14] 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 3 142 199 299 #/texts/238 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True False [305.69, 500.44, 3.34, 5.14] 4 4 4 4 3 145 200 300 #/texts/241 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [394.33, 507.62, 4.67, 5.14] Li Li Li Li 3 147 201 301 #/texts/243 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.39, 507.62, 15.5, 6.87] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 3 22 202 302 #/texts/118 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [250, 217, 219] colored False False [189.12, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14] Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 2 Stage 2 3 143 203 303 #/texts/239 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.74, 510.29, 5.14, 95.79] Formation energy of O vacancy (eV) Formation energy of O vacancy (eV) Formation energy of O vacancy (eV) Formation energy of O vacancy (eV) 3 146 204 304 #/texts/242 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [399.0, 510.81, 2.38, 3.67] 2 2 2 2 3 23 205 305 #/texts/119 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [445.96, 514.36, 5.14, 84.13] Formation energy of O vacancy Formation energy of O vacancy Formation energy of O vacancy Formation energy of O vacancy 3 148 206 306 #/texts/244 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [394.15, 516.84, 4.67, 5.14] Li Li Li Li 3 150 207 307 #/texts/246 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [404.77, 516.84, 15.5, 6.87] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 3 149 208 308 #/texts/245 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [398.82, 520.04, 5.96, 3.67] 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 141 209 309 #/texts/237 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [305.69, 528.36, 3.34, 5.14] 3 3 3 3 3 19 210 310 #/texts/115 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.04, 531.4, 11.68, 5.14] 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 3 16 211 311 #/texts/112 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [278.92, 532.55, 5.14, 54.79] Gas evolution (nmol) Gas evolution (nmol) Gas evolution (nmol) Gas evolution (nmol) 3 130 212 312 #/texts/226 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [210, 219, 232] colored False True [216.31, 533.84, 41.11, 5.14] Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide 3 26 213 313 #/texts/122 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [493.78, 534.0, 18.11, 5.14] Lattice Lattice Lattice Lattice 3 27 214 314 #/texts/123 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [493.78, 541.2, 16.45, 5.14] strain strain strain strain 3 131 215 315 #/texts/227 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [233, 239, 245] gray True False [216.31, 541.39, 20.67, 5.14] Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen 3 140 216 316 #/texts/236 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [305.69, 556.29, 3.34, 5.14] 2 2 2 2 3 18 217 317 #/texts/114 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [263.04, 562.42, 11.68, 5.14] 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 3 24 218 318 #/texts/120 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white [243, 248, 252] off_white False False [482.7, 563.28, 41.56, 5.14] Oxygen release Oxygen release Oxygen release Oxygen release 3 139 219 319 #/texts/235 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [305.69, 584.21, 3.34, 5.14] 1 1 1 1 3 25 220 320 #/texts/121 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [231, 241, 248] gray True False [478.48, 589.13, 44.56, 5.14] Oxygen vacancy Oxygen vacancy Oxygen vacancy Oxygen vacancy 3 17 221 321 #/texts/113 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [263.04, 593.47, 11.68, 5.14] 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 3 138 222 322 #/texts/234 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [305.69, 612.13, 3.34, 5.14] 0 0 0 0 3 7 223 323 #/texts/103 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [195.66, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14] 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 3 8 224 324 #/texts/104 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [224.3, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14] 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 3 9 225 325 #/texts/105 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [254.38, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14] 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 3 132 226 326 #/texts/228 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [323.04, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14] 0 0 0 0 3 133 227 327 #/texts/229 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [341.15, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14] 2 2 2 2 3 134 228 328 #/texts/230 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [359.27, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14] 4 4 4 4 3 135 229 329 #/texts/231 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True True [377.38, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14] 6 6 6 6 3 136 230 330 #/texts/232 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True True [395.51, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14] 8 8 8 8 3 137 231 331 #/texts/233 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [412.07, 617.16, 6.67, 5.14] 10 10 10 10 3 144 232 332 #/texts/240 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True False [356.2, 625.68, 26.44, 5.14] Strain (%) Strain (%) Strain (%) Strain (%) 3 234 233 333 #/texts/330 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.11, 644.6, 255.59, 46.49] respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. … respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. … respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release. respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release. 3 235 235 335 #/texts/331 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [421.44, 763.83, 139.82, 7.02] Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307 4 1 1 336 #/texts/332 section_header metadata False low document_ui document_ui True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23] Article Article Article Article 4 32 2 337 #/texts/363 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [46.75, 52.19, 4.89, 6.96] a a a a 4 73 3 338 #/texts/404 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:gray [241, 244, 248] gray True False [89.3, 53.59, 34.79, 5.14] Macroscopic Macroscopic Macroscopic Macroscopic 4 70 4 339 #/texts/401 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [248, 250, 250] white False True [119.75, 167.11, 12.0, 5.14] XRD XRD XRD XRD 4 33 5 340 #/texts/364 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.75, 170.35, 4.89, 6.96] c c c c 4 69 6 341 #/texts/400 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [72.28, 179.16, 10.47, 4.29] 2.0D 2.0D 2.0D 2.0D 4 36 7 342 #/texts/367 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True False [136.27, 182.86, 13.12, 5.14] (003) (003) (003) (003) 4 68 8 343 #/texts/399 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [63.97, 186.56, 10.47, 4.29] 3.0D 3.0D 3.0D 3.0D 4 37 9 344 #/texts/368 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [161.21, 187.15, 13.12, 5.14] (101) (101) (101) (101) 4 35 10 345 #/texts/366 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [107.13, 191.02, 3.17, 7.72] * * 4 67 11 346 #/texts/398 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [57.33, 195.27, 10.47, 4.29] 3.2D 3.2D 3.2D 3.2D 4 66 12 347 #/texts/397 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [52.08, 208.26, 10.47, 4.29] 3.6D 3.6D 3.6D 3.6D 4 65 13 348 #/texts/396 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [65.68, 216.96, 10.47, 4.29] 4.0D 4.0D 4.0D 4.0D 4 64 14 349 #/texts/395 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [62.8, 221.9, 10.47, 4.29] 4.2D 4.2D 4.2D 4.2D 4 63 15 350 #/texts/394 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True True [60.44, 226.83, 10.47, 4.29] 4.4D 4.4D 4.4D 4.4D 4 62 16 351 #/texts/393 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [55.73, 230.99, 6.95, 4.29] 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4 61 17 352 #/texts/392 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [57.72, 237.74, 6.95, 4.29] 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4 60 18 353 #/texts/391 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [57.76, 248.66, 9.73, 4.29] 4.53 4.53 4.53 4.53 4 59 19 354 #/texts/390 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [58.35, 260.02, 6.95, 4.29] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 58 20 355 #/texts/389 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [60.44, 265.6, 9.73, 4.29] 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 4 57 21 356 #/texts/388 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [62.1, 271.19, 6.95, 4.29] 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4 56 22 357 #/texts/387 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [66.75, 283.14, 6.95, 4.29] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 55 23 358 #/texts/386 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [72.78, 290.11, 8.52, 4.29] Pris Pris Pris Pris 4 41 24 359 #/texts/372 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False True [48.27, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15] 5 5 5 5 4 51 25 360 #/texts/382 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True False [60.34, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15] 4 4 4 4 4 52 26 361 #/texts/383 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [72.43, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15] 3 3 3 3 4 53 27 362 #/texts/384 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [84.49, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15] 2 2 2 2 4 42 28 363 #/texts/373 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [91.08, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15] 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.34 4 43 29 364 #/texts/374 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [112.8, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15] 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.38 4 44 30 365 #/texts/375 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [135.96, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15] 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.42 4 45 31 366 #/texts/376 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [156.55, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 4 54 32 367 #/texts/385 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [51.69, 306.58, 32.0, 5.14] Potential (V) Potential (V) Potential (V) Potential (V) 4 2 33 368 #/texts/333 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 326.56, 252.65, 56.51] Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the… Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the… Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMR Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMR 4 85 36 371 #/texts/415 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 763.83, 140.63, 7.02] 308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 4 34 37 372 #/texts/365 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [310.9, 52.19, 5.18, 6.96] b b b b 4 74 38 373 #/texts/405 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [211, 230, 244] colored False False [173.31, 53.98, 50.54, 5.14] Quasi-microscopic Quasi-microscopic Quasi-microscopic Quasi-microscopic 4 75 39 374 #/texts/406 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [212, 241, 252] colored False False [266.96, 53.98, 32.91, 5.14] Microscopic Microscopic Microscopic Microscopic 4 13 40 375 #/texts/344 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [169, 137, 214] colored False True [358.93, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 14 41 376 #/texts/345 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [154, 136, 210] colored False True [471.87, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 12 42 377 #/texts/343 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [167, 149, 213] colored False True [525.41, 97.37, 30.57, 5.14] Dis 2.000 V Dis 2.000 V Dis 2.000 V Dis 2.000 V 4 4 43 378 #/texts/335 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [155, 122, 215] colored False True [416.59, 97.37, 20.0, 5.14] Pristine Pristine Pristine Pristine 4 21 44 379 #/texts/352 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [155, 137, 217] colored False True [492.31, 112.45, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 19 45 380 #/texts/350 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [165, 136, 217] colored False True [358.93, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 15 46 381 #/texts/346 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [137, 107, 214] colored False True [474.37, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 11 47 382 #/texts/342 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [178, 151, 228] colored False True [525.41, 148.04, 30.57, 5.14] Dis 3.973 V Dis 3.973 V Dis 3.973 V Dis 3.973 V 4 5 48 383 #/texts/336 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [175, 153, 221] colored False True [414.57, 148.04, 22.01, 5.14] 4.385 V 4.385 V 4.385 V 4.385 V 4 20 49 384 #/texts/351 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [159, 133, 210] colored False True [382.3, 164.41, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 22 50 385 #/texts/353 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [170, 151, 224] colored False True [493.42, 166.23, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 72 51 386 #/texts/403 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [275.24, 166.84, 14.22, 5.14] BCDI BCDI BCDI BCDI 4 71 52 387 #/texts/402 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [195.53, 167.11, 18.11, 5.14] CMCD CMCD CMCD CMCD 4 29 53 388 #/texts/360 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [189, 176, 226] colored False True [359.45, 184.81, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 39 54 389 #/texts/370 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [230.94, 185.07, 28.23, 5.14] (018)/(110) (018)/(110) (018)/(110) (018)/(110) 4 16 55 390 #/texts/347 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [161, 144, 222] colored False True [478.7, 186.5, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 40 56 391 #/texts/371 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [275.48, 194.55, 13.12, 5.14] (113) (113) (113) (113) 4 38 57 392 #/texts/369 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [190.35, 195.86, 13.12, 5.14] (102) (102) (102) (102) 4 10 58 393 #/texts/341 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [158, 137, 219] colored False True [525.41, 198.86, 30.57, 5.14] Dis 4.258 V Dis 4.258 V Dis 4.258 V Dis 4.258 V 4 3 59 394 #/texts/334 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [168, 136, 221] colored False True [416.23, 198.87, 20.35, 5.14] 4.472 V 4.472 V 4.472 V 4.472 V 4 23 60 395 #/texts/354 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [144, 115, 214] colored False True [501.26, 211.18, 6.61, 6.87] D 3 D 3 D 3 D 3 4 27 61 396 #/texts/358 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [162, 140, 211] colored False True [374.5, 215.21, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 25 62 397 #/texts/356 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [163, 143, 217] colored False True [479.89, 219.37, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 17 63 398 #/texts/348 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [170, 143, 226] colored False True [501.66, 234.96, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 30 64 399 #/texts/361 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [192, 176, 228] colored False True [359.45, 236.51, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 9 65 400 #/texts/340 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [160, 140, 218] colored False True [525.41, 250.16, 30.57, 5.14] Dis 4.476 V Dis 4.476 V Dis 4.476 V Dis 4.476 V 4 6 66 401 #/texts/337 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [184, 166, 224] colored False True [416.23, 250.16, 20.35, 5.14] 4.562 V 4.562 V 4.562 V 4.562 V 4 24 67 402 #/texts/355 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [178, 155, 224] colored False True [502.89, 263.02, 6.61, 6.87] D 3 D 3 D 3 D 3 4 28 68 403 #/texts/359 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [159, 129, 208] colored False True [374.56, 266.92, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 26 69 404 #/texts/357 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [164, 126, 213] colored False True [479.89, 270.85, 6.61, 6.87] D 2 D 2 D 2 D 2 4 31 70 405 #/texts/362 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [202, 181, 230] colored False True [359.45, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 18 71 406 #/texts/349 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [179, 157, 225] colored False True [501.66, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87] D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 4 49 72 407 #/texts/380 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [178.8, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 4 50 73 408 #/texts/381 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [201.04, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 4 46 74 409 #/texts/377 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [232.77, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4 47 75 410 #/texts/378 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [260.14, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4 48 76 411 #/texts/379 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [287.85, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15] 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4 7 77 412 #/texts/338 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [181, 155, 224] colored False True [416.23, 301.0, 20.35, 5.15] 4.800 V 4.800 V 4.800 V 4.800 V 4 8 78 413 #/texts/339 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [162, 130, 217] colored False True [525.4, 301.0, 30.57, 5.14] Dis 4.556 V Dis 4.556 V Dis 4.556 V Dis 4.556 V 4 77 79 414 #/texts/408 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [186.95, 305.8, 2.96, 6.8] T T T T 4 76 80 415 #/texts/407 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [183.61, 306.58, 3.34, 5.14] 2 2 2 2 4 78 81 416 #/texts/409 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [189.9, 306.58, 7.18, 5.14] (°) (°) 4 83 84 419 #/texts/413 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 551.73, 173.83, 9.02] Origin and relaxation of tensile strain Origin and relaxation of tensile strain Origin and relaxation of tensile strain Origin and relaxation of tensile strain 5 19 1 421 #/texts/434 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [54.63, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96] a a a a 5 29 2 422 #/texts/444 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [120, 120, 120] gray True True [56.19, 199.74, 19.59, 6.0] 10 nm 10 nm 10 nm 10 nm 5 20 3 423 #/texts/435 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [55.14, 224.0, 5.18, 6.96] d d d d 5 30 4 424 #/texts/445 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [140.89, 230.12, 69.36, 6.0] 3D electron diffraction 3D electron diffraction 3D electron diffraction 3D electron diffraction 5 31 5 425 #/texts/446 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [255, 229, 229] colored False False [138.94, 253.83, 45.38, 6.0] Electron beam Electron beam Electron beam Electron beam 5 33 6 426 #/texts/448 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [49.85, 407.3, 5.18, 6.96] h h h h 5 32 7 427 #/texts/447 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [132, 132, 132] gray True True [56.19, 549.26, 19.59, 6.0] 5 nm 5 nm 5 nm 5 nm 5 1 8 428 #/texts/416 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 579.87, 255.78, 56.51] Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR part… Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR part… Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image of Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image of 5 17 10 430 #/texts/432 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [222.35, 55.93, 5.18, 6.96] b b b b 5 18 11 431 #/texts/433 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [391.61, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96] c c c c 5 15 12 432 #/texts/430 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [118, 118, 118] gray True True [449.82, 135.17, 29.34, 32.52] Lattice twist Lattice twist Lattice twist Lattice twist 5 16 13 433 #/texts/431 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [160, 160, 160] gray True True [227.69, 180.47, 65.09, 6.0] Lattice displacement Lattice displacement Lattice displacement Lattice displacement 5 2 14 434 #/texts/417 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [134, 134, 134] gray True True [227.69, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0] 2 nm 2 nm 2 nm 2 nm 5 3 15 435 #/texts/418 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [135, 135, 135] gray True True [397.35, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0] 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 1 nm 5 12 16 436 #/texts/427 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [221.21, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96] e e e e 5 13 17 437 #/texts/428 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [389.73, 224.0, 3.11, 6.96] f f f f 5 14 18 438 #/texts/429 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True True [473.24, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96] g g g g 5 28 19 439 #/texts/443 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [168, 162, 29] colored False True [509.46, 250.28, 19.45, 6.0] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 5 8 20 440 #/texts/423 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [55, 89, 139] colored False True [409.91, 309.05, 30.6, 6.0] Lattice tilt Lattice tilt Lattice tilt Lattice tilt 5 5 21 441 #/texts/420 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [112, 165, 33] colored False True [391.9, 352.92, 7.52, 6.0] C* C* C* C* 5 25 22 442 #/texts/440 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [186, 180, 22] colored False True [481.65, 359.73, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 5 27 23 443 #/texts/442 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [155, 147, 28] colored False True [489.87, 359.74, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 5 6 24 444 #/texts/421 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [117, 184, 23] colored False True [230.36, 360.73, 7.52, 6.0] C* C* C* C* 5 26 25 445 #/texts/441 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [152, 145, 28] colored False True [487.09, 363.47, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 5 24 26 446 #/texts/439 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [166, 133, 40] colored False True [267.17, 376.77, 21.27, 6.0] (-120)* (-120)* (-120)* (-120)* 5 7 27 447 #/texts/422 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [184, 160, 32] colored False True [306.18, 384.15, 6.1, 6.0] a* a* a* a* 5 22 28 448 #/texts/437 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [274.21, 404.75, 2.52, 6.96] j j j j 5 21 29 449 #/texts/436 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [198.17, 405.03, 2.52, 6.96] i i i i 5 23 30 450 #/texts/438 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [375.42, 405.03, 4.89, 6.96] k k k k 5 9 31 451 #/texts/424 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [144, 144, 73] colored False True [509.94, 406.72, 18.6, 8.02] Mn L 3 Mn L 3 Mn L 3 Mn L 3 5 10 32 452 #/texts/425 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [216, 216, 19] colored False True [528.53, 406.73, 6.22, 6.0] /L /L /L /L 5 11 33 453 #/texts/426 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [146, 145, 72] colored False True [534.76, 410.46, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 5 4 34 454 #/texts/419 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [5, 114, 76] colored False True [197.2, 539.22, 32.81, 6.0] O prepeak O prepeak O prepeak O prepeak 5 36 35 455 #/texts/450 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p5:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 579.88, 254.14, 46.49] delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged… delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged… delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively. delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively. 5 38 38 458 #/texts/452 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p5:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [420.49, 763.83, 140.78, 7.02] Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309 6 1 1 459 #/texts/453 section_header metadata False low document_ui document_ui True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23] Article Article Article Article 6 15 2 460 #/texts/467 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [73.35, 56.14, 4.2, 6.0] + + 6 3 3 461 #/texts/455 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:colored [216, 225, 243] colored False False [109.78, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02] LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 6 17 4 462 #/texts/469 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [63.68, 87.17, 6.0, 30.46] Strain bar Strain bar Strain bar Strain bar 6 18 5 463 #/texts/470 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [80.59, 100.18, 6.0, 3.89] 0 0 0 0 6 16 6 464 #/texts/468 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [73.7, 141.74, 3.5, 6.0] - - 6 19 7 465 #/texts/471 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [133.05, 154.48, 40.71, 6.0] Pristine state Pristine state Pristine state Pristine state 6 30 8 466 #/texts/482 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [189, 215, 238] colored False True [139.25, 175.65, 14.65, 6.0] OCV OCV OCV OCV 6 29 9 467 #/texts/481 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored [250, 228, 213] colored False False [112.16, 198.34, 80.53, 14.4] LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing 6 2 10 468 #/texts/454 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 227.91, 253.08, 56.5] Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electr… Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electr… Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3, Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3, 6 40 13 471 #/texts/492 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.83, 14.43, 6.99] 310 310 310 310 6 41 14 472 #/texts/493 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [54.04, 763.83, 124.62, 7.02] | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 6 11 15 473 #/texts/463 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [252, 230, 230] colored False False [412.33, 53.98, 23.66, 8.02] LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 6 12 16 474 #/texts/464 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [252, 243, 240] gray True True [502.57, 53.98, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 6 14 17 475 #/texts/466 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:off_white [252, 246, 243] off_white False True [510.79, 53.98, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 6 4 18 476 #/texts/456 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [216, 225, 243] colored False False [181.47, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 6 6 19 477 #/texts/458 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [216, 225, 243] colored False False [189.7, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 6 8 20 478 #/texts/460 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [238, 243, 249] gray True True [338.52, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0] Li Li Li Li 6 10 21 479 #/texts/462 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [242, 245, 251] gray True False [346.74, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 6 7 22 480 #/texts/459 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored [240, 151, 151] colored False True [266.82, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02] LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 LiTMO 2 6 13 23 481 #/texts/465 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray [212, 205, 203] gray True True [508.02, 57.71, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 6 5 24 482 #/texts/457 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [190, 198, 214] colored False True [186.92, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 6 9 25 483 #/texts/461 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [213, 218, 223] gray True True [343.96, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 6 22 26 484 #/texts/474 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [252, 240, 239] gray True False [444.7, 85.48, 27.11, 5.14] O release O release O release O release 6 23 27 485 #/texts/475 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [233, 229, 226] gray True True [495.77, 112.07, 35.45, 5.14] TM migration TM migration TM migration TM migration 6 20 28 486 #/texts/472 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [263.6, 154.01, 74.04, 6.0] Delithiation from LiTMO Delithiation from LiTMO Delithiation from LiTMO Delithiation from LiTMO 6 24 29 487 #/texts/476 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [422.76, 154.01, 58.6, 6.0] Delithiation from Li Delithiation from Li Delithiation from Li Delithiation from Li 6 26 30 488 #/texts/478 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [484.14, 154.01, 18.09, 8.02] MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 MnO 3 6 21 31 489 #/texts/473 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True True [337.64, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 6 25 32 490 #/texts/477 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [481.36, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29] 2 2 2 2 6 31 33 491 #/texts/483 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [222, 109, 106] colored False True [299.06, 175.64, 19.84, 6.0] 4.47 V 4.47 V 4.47 V 4.47 V 6 32 34 492 #/texts/484 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [248, 210, 184] colored False False [466.97, 175.64, 15.95, 6.0] 4.8 V 4.8 V 4.8 V 4.8 V 6 27 35 493 #/texts/479 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [250, 228, 213] colored False False [264.64, 198.34, 89.36, 14.4] Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V 6 28 36 494 #/texts/480 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored [250, 228, 213] colored False False [430.5, 198.34, 81.54, 14.4] Strain triggering O release and TM migration Strain triggering O release and TM migration Strain triggering O release and TM migration Strain triggering O release and TM migration 6 35 37 495 #/texts/487 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 227.9, 253.58, 46.5] which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen rel… which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen rel… which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages. which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages. 6 36 38 496 #/texts/488 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 315.23, 201.78, 9.02] Atomic observation of lattice displacement Atomic observation of lattice displacement Atomic observation of lattice displacement Atomic observation of lattice displacement 7 2 2 501 #/texts/494 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 196.98, 193.3, 9.02] A prospect for LMR cathode development A prospect for LMR cathode development A prospect for LMR cathode development A prospect for LMR cathode development 7 7 7 506 #/texts/498 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 175.48, 70.24, 9.02] Online content Online content Online content Online content 7 8 8 507 #/texts/499 text metadata False medium metadata_line metadata_line True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 189.31, 256.61, 50.66] Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing in… Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing in… Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y. Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at 7 9 9 508 #/texts/500 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 257.99, 254.57, 13.28] Li, M. et al. Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 , 1688-1705 (2020). Li, M. et al. Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 , 1688-1705 (2020). Li, M. et al. Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 , 1688-1705 (2020). Li, M. et al. Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49 , 1688-1705 (2020). 7 10 10 509 #/texts/501 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 274.02, 245.65, 13.28] Hu, E. et al. Evolution of redox couples in Li- and Mn-rich cathode materials and mitigation of voltage fade by reducing oxygen release. Nat. Energy 3 , 690-698 (2018). Hu, E. et al. Evolution of redox couples in Li- and Mn-rich cathode materials and mitigation of voltage fade by reducing oxygen release. Nat. Energy 3 , 690-698 (2018). Hu, E. et al. Evolution of redox couples in Li- and Mn-rich cathode materials and mitigation of voltage fade by reducing oxygen release. Nat. Energy 3 , 690-698 (2018). Hu, E. et al. Evolution of redox couples in Li- and Mn-rich cathode materials and mitigation of voltage fade by reducing oxygen release. Nat. Energy 3 , 690-698 (2018). 7 11 11 510 #/texts/502 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 290.06, 238.63, 13.28] Assat, G. & Tarascon, J.-M. Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 3 , 373-386 (2018). Assat, G. & Tarascon, J.-M. Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 3 , 373-386 (2018). Assat, G. & Tarascon, J.-M. Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 3 , 373-386 (2018). Assat, G. & Tarascon, J.-M. Fundamental understanding and practical challenges of anionic redox activity in Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 3 , 373-386 (2018). 7 12 12 511 #/texts/503 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 306.09, 238.28, 13.28] Sathiya, M. et al. Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 12 , 827-835 (2013). Sathiya, M. et al. Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 12 , 827-835 (2013). Sathiya, M. et al. Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 12 , 827-835 (2013). Sathiya, M. et al. Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 12 , 827-835 (2013). 7 13 13 512 #/texts/504 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 322.12, 238.94, 13.28] Zheng, J. et al. Li -and Mn -rich cathode materials: challenges to commercialization. Adv. Energy Mater. 7 , 1601284 (2017). Zheng, J. et al. Li -and Mn -rich cathode materials: challenges to commercialization. Adv. Energy Mater. 7 , 1601284 (2017). Zheng, J. et al. Li -and Mn -rich cathode materials: challenges to commercialization. Adv. Energy Mater. 7 , 1601284 (2017). Zheng, J. et al. Li -and Mn -rich cathode materials: challenges to commercialization. Adv. Energy Mater. 7 , 1601284 (2017). 7 14 14 513 #/texts/505 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 338.15, 236.72, 13.28] Choi, J. W. & Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 , 16013 (2016). Choi, J. W. & Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 , 16013 (2016). Choi, J. W. & Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 , 16013 (2016). Choi, J. W. & Aurbach, D. Promise and reality of post-lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 , 16013 (2016). 7 15 15 514 #/texts/506 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 354.18, 239.45, 13.28] Sathiya, M. et al. Origin of voltage decay in high-capacity layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 14 , 230-238 (2015). Sathiya, M. et al. Origin of voltage decay in high-capacity layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 14 , 230-238 (2015). Sathiya, M. et al. Origin of voltage decay in high-capacity layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 14 , 230-238 (2015). Sathiya, M. et al. Origin of voltage decay in high-capacity layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 14 , 230-238 (2015). 7 16 16 515 #/texts/507 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 370.22, 248.57, 14.1] Pearce, P. E. et al. Evidence for anionic redox activity in a tridimensional-ordered Li-rich positive electrode β-Li 2 IrO 3 . Nat. Mater. 16 , 580-586 (2017). Pearce, P. E. et al. Evidence for anionic redox activity in a tridimensional-ordered Li-rich positive electrode β-Li 2 IrO 3 . Nat. Mater. 16 , 580-586 (2017). Pearce, P. E. et al. Evidence for anionic redox activity in a tridimensional-ordered Li-rich positive electrode β-Li 2 IrO 3 . Nat. Mater. 16 , 580-586 (2017). Pearce, P. E. et al. Evidence for anionic redox activity in a tridimensional-ordered Li-rich positive electrode β-Li 2 IrO 3 . Nat. Mater. 16 , 580-586 (2017). 7 17 17 516 #/texts/508 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 386.26, 240.08, 13.28] Hong, J. et al. Metal-oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat. Mater. 18 , 256-265 (2019). Hong, J. et al. Metal-oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat. Mater. 18 , 256-265 (2019). Hong, J. et al. Metal-oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat. Mater. 18 , 256-265 (2019). Hong, J. et al. Metal-oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat. Mater. 18 , 256-265 (2019). 7 18 18 517 #/texts/509 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 402.3, 255.34, 13.28] Hu, S. et al. Insight of a phase compatible surface coating for long -durable Li -rich layered oxide cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 9 , 1901795 (2019). Hu, S. et al. Insight of a phase compatible surface coating for long -durable Li -rich layered oxide cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 9 , 1901795 (2019). Hu, S. et al. Insight of a phase compatible surface coating for long -durable Li -rich layered oxide cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 9 , 1901795 (2019). Hu, S. et al. Insight of a phase compatible surface coating for long -durable Li -rich layered oxide cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 9 , 1901795 (2019). 7 19 19 518 #/texts/510 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 418.33, 251.67, 13.28] Shang, H. et al. Suppressing voltage decay of a lithium-rich cathode material by surface enrichment with atomic ruthenium. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 , 21349-21355 (2018). Shang, H. et al. Suppressing voltage decay of a lithium-rich cathode material by surface enrichment with atomic ruthenium. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 , 21349-21355 (2018). Shang, H. et al. Suppressing voltage decay of a lithium-rich cathode material by surface enrichment with atomic ruthenium. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 , 21349-21355 (2018). Shang, H. et al. Suppressing voltage decay of a lithium-rich cathode material by surface enrichment with atomic ruthenium. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 , 21349-21355 (2018). 7 20 20 519 #/texts/511 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 434.36, 248.37, 13.28] Singer, A. et al. Nucleation of dislocations and their dynamics in layered oxide cathode materials during battery charging. Nat. Energy 3 , 641-647 (2018). Singer, A. et al. Nucleation of dislocations and their dynamics in layered oxide cathode materials during battery charging. Nat. Energy 3 , 641-647 (2018). Singer, A. et al. Nucleation of dislocations and their dynamics in layered oxide cathode materials during battery charging. Nat. Energy 3 , 641-647 (2018). Singer, A. et al. Nucleation of dislocations and their dynamics in layered oxide cathode materials during battery charging. Nat. Energy 3 , 641-647 (2018). 7 21 21 520 #/texts/512 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 450.39, 244.63, 13.28] Yan, P. et al. Injection of oxygen vacancies in the bulk lattice of layered cathodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 , 602-608 (2019). Yan, P. et al. Injection of oxygen vacancies in the bulk lattice of layered cathodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 , 602-608 (2019). Yan, P. et al. Injection of oxygen vacancies in the bulk lattice of layered cathodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 , 602-608 (2019). Yan, P. et al. Injection of oxygen vacancies in the bulk lattice of layered cathodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14 , 602-608 (2019). 7 22 22 521 #/texts/513 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 466.42, 241.71, 13.28] Assat, G. et al. Fundamental interplay between anionic/cationic redox governing the kinetics and thermodynamics of lithium-rich cathodes. Nat. Commun. 8 , 2219 (2017). Assat, G. et al. Fundamental interplay between anionic/cationic redox governing the kinetics and thermodynamics of lithium-rich cathodes. Nat. Commun. 8 , 2219 (2017). Assat, G. et al. Fundamental interplay between anionic/cationic redox governing the kinetics and thermodynamics of lithium-rich cathodes. Nat. Commun. 8 , 2219 (2017). Assat, G. et al. Fundamental interplay between anionic/cationic redox governing the kinetics and thermodynamics of lithium-rich cathodes. Nat. Commun. 8 , 2219 (2017). 7 23 23 522 #/texts/514 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 482.46, 248.97, 21.29] Luo, K. et al. Charge-compensation in 3 d -transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen. Nat. Chem. 8 , 684-691 (2016). Luo, K. et al. Charge-compensation in 3 d -transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen. Nat. Chem. 8 , 684-691 (2016). Luo, K. et al. Charge-compensation in 3 d -transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen. Nat. Chem. 8 , 684-691 (2016). Luo, K. et al. Charge-compensation in 3 d -transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen. Nat. Chem. 8 , 684-691 (2016). 7 24 24 523 #/texts/515 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 506.5, 242.23, 13.28] Liu, T . et al. Understanding Co roles towards developing Co-free Ni-rich cathodes for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 6 , 277-286 (2021). Liu, T . et al. Understanding Co roles towards developing Co-free Ni-rich cathodes for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 6 , 277-286 (2021). Liu, T . et al. Understanding Co roles towards developing Co-free Ni-rich cathodes for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 6 , 277-286 (2021). Liu, T . et al. Understanding Co roles towards developing Co-free Ni-rich cathodes for rechargeable batteries. Nat. Energy 6 , 277-286 (2021). 7 25 25 524 #/texts/516 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 522.54, 249.3, 13.28] Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). 7 26 26 525 #/texts/517 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 538.57, 255.97, 13.28] Xu, C. et al. Bulk fatigue induced by surface reconstruction in layered Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Nat. Mater. 20 , 84-92 (2021). Xu, C. et al. Bulk fatigue induced by surface reconstruction in layered Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Nat. Mater. 20 , 84-92 (2021). Xu, C. et al. Bulk fatigue induced by surface reconstruction in layered Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Nat. Mater. 20 , 84-92 (2021). Xu, C. et al. Bulk fatigue induced by surface reconstruction in layered Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Nat. Mater. 20 , 84-92 (2021). 7 27 27 526 #/texts/518 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 554.6, 228.23, 13.28] Xu, Z. et al. Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials. Nat. Commun. 11 , 83 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials. Nat. Commun. 11 , 83 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials. Nat. Commun. 11 , 83 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charge distribution guided by grain crystallographic orientations in polycrystalline battery materials. Nat. Commun. 11 , 83 (2020). 7 28 28 527 #/texts/519 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 570.63, 237.0, 13.28] Ulvestad, A. et al. Topological defect dynamics in operando battery nanoparticles. Science 348 , 1344-1347 (2015). Ulvestad, A. et al. Topological defect dynamics in operando battery nanoparticles. Science 348 , 1344-1347 (2015). Ulvestad, A. et al. Topological defect dynamics in operando battery nanoparticles. Science 348 , 1344-1347 (2015). Ulvestad, A. et al. Topological defect dynamics in operando battery nanoparticles. Science 348 , 1344-1347 (2015). 7 29 29 528 #/texts/520 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 586.66, 239.91, 13.28] Zhang, F. et al. Surface regulation enables high stability of single-crystal lithium-ion cathodes at high voltage. Nat. Commun. 11 , 3050 (2020). Zhang, F. et al. Surface regulation enables high stability of single-crystal lithium-ion cathodes at high voltage. Nat. Commun. 11 , 3050 (2020). Zhang, F. et al. Surface regulation enables high stability of single-crystal lithium-ion cathodes at high voltage. Nat. Commun. 11 , 3050 (2020). Zhang, F. et al. Surface regulation enables high stability of single-crystal lithium-ion cathodes at high voltage. Nat. Commun. 11 , 3050 (2020). 7 30 30 529 #/texts/521 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 602.7, 240.7, 13.28] Bi, Y . et al. Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode. Science 370 , 1313-1317 (2020). Bi, Y . et al. Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode. Science 370 , 1313-1317 (2020). Bi, Y . et al. Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode. Science 370 , 1313-1317 (2020). Bi, Y . et al. Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode. Science 370 , 1313-1317 (2020). 7 31 31 530 #/texts/522 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.12, 618.73, 254.74, 21.29] Qian, G. et al. Understanding the mesoscale degradation in nickel-rich cathode materials through machine-learning-revealed strain-redox decoupling. ACS Energy Lett. 6 , 687-693 (2021). Qian, G. et al. Understanding the mesoscale degradation in nickel-rich cathode materials through machine-learning-revealed strain-redox decoupling. ACS Energy Lett. 6 , 687-693 (2021). Qian, G. et al. Understanding the mesoscale degradation in nickel-rich cathode materials through machine-learning-revealed strain-redox decoupling. ACS Energy Lett. 6 , 687-693 (2021). Qian, G. et al. Understanding the mesoscale degradation in nickel-rich cathode materials through machine-learning-revealed strain-redox decoupling. ACS Energy Lett. 6 , 687-693 (2021). 7 32 32 531 #/texts/523 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.11, 642.78, 245.53, 13.28] Robinson, I. & Harder, R. Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale. Nat. Mater. 8 , 291-298 (2009). Robinson, I. & Harder, R. Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale. Nat. Mater. 8 , 291-298 (2009). Robinson, I. & Harder, R. Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale. Nat. Mater. 8 , 291-298 (2009). Robinson, I. & Harder, R. Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale. Nat. Mater. 8 , 291-298 (2009). 7 33 33 532 #/texts/524 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.11, 658.81, 243.06, 21.33] Yoon, W.-S. et al. Local structure and cation ordering in O3 lithium nickel manganese oxides with stoichiometry Li[Ni x Mn(2x )/3 Li (1-2 x )/3 ]O2: NMR studies and first principles calculations. Electrochem. Solid-Stat… Yoon, W.-S. et al. Local structure and cation ordering in O3 lithium nickel manganese oxides with stoichiometry Li[Ni x Mn(2x )/3 Li (1-2 x )/3 ]O2: NMR studies and first principles calculations. Electrochem. Solid-Stat… Yoon, W.-S. et al. Local structure and cation ordering in O3 lithium nickel manganese oxides with stoichiometry Li[Ni x Mn(2x )/3 Li (1-2 x )/3 ]O2: NMR studies and first principles calculations. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7 , A167-A171 (2004). Yoon, W.-S. et al. Local structure and cation ordering in O3 lithium nickel manganese oxides with stoichiometry Li[Ni x Mn(2x )/3 Li (1-2 x )/3 ]O2: NMR studies and first principles calculations. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 7 , A167-A171 (2004). 7 34 34 533 #/texts/525 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 682.89, 254.02, 21.3] Yu, H. et al. Direct atomic -resolution observation of two phases in the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 Ni 0.166 Co0.067 O2 cathode material for lithium -ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 , 5969-5973 (2013). Yu, H. et al. Direct atomic -resolution observation of two phases in the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 Ni 0.166 Co0.067 O2 cathode material for lithium -ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 , 5969-5973 (2013). Yu, H. et al. Direct atomic -resolution observation of two phases in the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 Ni 0.166 Co0.067 O2 cathode material for lithium -ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 , 5969-5973 (2013). Yu, H. et al. Direct atomic -resolution observation of two phases in the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 Ni 0.166 Co0.067 O2 cathode material for lithium -ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 , 5969-5973 (2013). 7 35 35 534 #/texts/526 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 706.94, 253.36, 21.3] Leifer, N. et al. Linking structure to performance of Li 1.2 Mn0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 O2 (Li and Mn rich NMC) cathode materials synthesized by different methods. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 , 9098-9109 (2020). Leifer, N. et al. Linking structure to performance of Li 1.2 Mn0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 O2 (Li and Mn rich NMC) cathode materials synthesized by different methods. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 , 9098-9109 (2020). Leifer, N. et al. Linking structure to performance of Li 1.2 Mn0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 O2 (Li and Mn rich NMC) cathode materials synthesized by different methods. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 , 9098-9109 (2020). Leifer, N. et al. Linking structure to performance of Li 1.2 Mn0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 O2 (Li and Mn rich NMC) cathode materials synthesized by different methods. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22 , 9098-9109 (2020). 7 36 36 535 #/texts/527 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 730.99, 227.24, 13.28] Lin, F. et al. Synchrotron X-ray analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 117 , 13123-13186 (2017). Lin, F. et al. Synchrotron X-ray analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 117 , 13123-13186 (2017). Lin, F. et al. Synchrotron X-ray analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 117 , 13123-13186 (2017). Lin, F. et al. Synchrotron X-ray analytical techniques for studying materials electrochemistry in rechargeable batteries. Chem. Rev. 117 , 13123-13186 (2017). 7 37 37 536 #/texts/528 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [424.62, 763.83, 136.64, 7.02] Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311 Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311 8 1 1 537 #/texts/529 section_header metadata False low document_ui document_ui False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23] Article Article Article Article 8 2 2 538 #/texts/530 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 49.58, 242.88, 21.29] Xu, Z. et al. Charging reactions promoted by geometrically necessary dislocations in battery materials revealed by in situ single -particle synchrotron measurements. Adv. Mater. 32 , 2003417 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charging reactions promoted by geometrically necessary dislocations in battery materials revealed by in situ single -particle synchrotron measurements. Adv. Mater. 32 , 2003417 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charging reactions promoted by geometrically necessary dislocations in battery materials revealed by in situ single -particle synchrotron measurements. Adv. Mater. 32 , 2003417 (2020). Xu, Z. et al. Charging reactions promoted by geometrically necessary dislocations in battery materials revealed by in situ single -particle synchrotron measurements. Adv. Mater. 32 , 2003417 (2020). 8 3 3 539 #/texts/531 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 73.63, 255.41, 21.29] Jha, S. K., Charalambous, H., Okasinski, J. S. & Tsakalakos, T. Using in operando diffraction to relate lattice strain with degradation mechanism in a NMC battery. J. Mater. Sci. 54 , 2358-2370 (2019). Jha, S. K., Charalambous, H., Okasinski, J. S. & Tsakalakos, T. Using in operando diffraction to relate lattice strain with degradation mechanism in a NMC battery. J. Mater. Sci. 54 , 2358-2370 (2019). Jha, S. K., Charalambous, H., Okasinski, J. S. & Tsakalakos, T. Using in operando diffraction to relate lattice strain with degradation mechanism in a NMC battery. J. Mater. Sci. 54 , 2358-2370 (2019). Jha, S. K., Charalambous, H., Okasinski, J. S. & Tsakalakos, T. Using in operando diffraction to relate lattice strain with degradation mechanism in a NMC battery. J. Mater. Sci. 54 , 2358-2370 (2019). 8 4 4 540 #/texts/532 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 97.67, 224.08, 13.28] Qiu, B. et al. Metastability and reversibility of anionic redox-based cathode for high-energy rechargeable batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 1 , 100028 (2020). Qiu, B. et al. Metastability and reversibility of anionic redox-based cathode for high-energy rechargeable batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 1 , 100028 (2020). Qiu, B. et al. Metastability and reversibility of anionic redox-based cathode for high-energy rechargeable batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 1 , 100028 (2020). Qiu, B. et al. Metastability and reversibility of anionic redox-based cathode for high-energy rechargeable batteries. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 1 , 100028 (2020). 8 5 5 541 #/texts/533 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 113.71, 221.05, 13.28] Li, W., Erickson, E. M. & Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy 5 , 26-34 (2021). Li, W., Erickson, E. M. & Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy 5 , 26-34 (2021). Li, W., Erickson, E. M. & Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy 5 , 26-34 (2021). Li, W., Erickson, E. M. & Manthiram, A. High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries. Nat. Energy 5 , 26-34 (2021). 8 6 6 542 #/texts/534 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 129.74, 247.95, 21.29] Zhao, S., Yan, K., Zhang, J., Sun, B. & Wang, G. Reaction mechanisms of layered lithium-rich cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 60 , 2208-2220 (2021). Zhao, S., Yan, K., Zhang, J., Sun, B. & Wang, G. Reaction mechanisms of layered lithium-rich cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 60 , 2208-2220 (2021). Zhao, S., Yan, K., Zhang, J., Sun, B. & Wang, G. Reaction mechanisms of layered lithium-rich cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 60 , 2208-2220 (2021). Zhao, S., Yan, K., Zhang, J., Sun, B. & Wang, G. Reaction mechanisms of layered lithium-rich cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 60 , 2208-2220 (2021). 8 7 7 543 #/texts/535 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 153.79, 254.01, 21.29] Strehle, B. et al. The role of oxygen release from Li-and Mn-rich layered oxides during the first cycles investigated by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 , A400-A406 (2017). Strehle, B. et al. The role of oxygen release from Li-and Mn-rich layered oxides during the first cycles investigated by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 , A400-A406 (2017). Strehle, B. et al. The role of oxygen release from Li-and Mn-rich layered oxides during the first cycles investigated by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 , A400-A406 (2017). Strehle, B. et al. The role of oxygen release from Li-and Mn-rich layered oxides during the first cycles investigated by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry. J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 , A400-A406 (2017). 8 8 8 544 #/texts/536 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 177.83, 233.87, 14.11] Nakayama, K., Ishikawa, R., Kobayashi, S., Shibata, N. & Ikuhara, Y. Dislocation and oxygen-release driven delithiation in Li 2MnO3. Nat. Commun. 11 , 4452 (2020). Nakayama, K., Ishikawa, R., Kobayashi, S., Shibata, N. & Ikuhara, Y. Dislocation and oxygen-release driven delithiation in Li 2MnO3. Nat. Commun. 11 , 4452 (2020). Nakayama, K., Ishikawa, R., Kobayashi, S., Shibata, N. & Ikuhara, Y. Dislocation and oxygen-release driven delithiation in Li 2MnO3. Nat. Commun. 11 , 4452 (2020). Nakayama, K., Ishikawa, R., Kobayashi, S., Shibata, N. & Ikuhara, Y. Dislocation and oxygen-release driven delithiation in Li 2MnO3. Nat. Commun. 11 , 4452 (2020). 8 9 9 545 #/texts/537 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 193.88, 244.85, 13.28] Rana, J. et al. Structural changes in Li 2 MnO3 cathode material for Li -ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4 , 1300998 (2014). Rana, J. et al. Structural changes in Li 2 MnO3 cathode material for Li -ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4 , 1300998 (2014). Rana, J. et al. Structural changes in Li 2 MnO3 cathode material for Li -ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4 , 1300998 (2014). Rana, J. et al. Structural changes in Li 2 MnO3 cathode material for Li -ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 4 , 1300998 (2014). 8 10 10 546 #/texts/538 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 209.92, 247.49, 13.28] Xiao, R., Li, H. & Chen, L. Density functional investigation on Li2MnO3. Chem. Mater. 24 , 4242-4251 (2012). Xiao, R., Li, H. & Chen, L. Density functional investigation on Li2MnO3. Chem. Mater. 24 , 4242-4251 (2012). Xiao, R., Li, H. & Chen, L. Density functional investigation on Li2MnO3. Chem. Mater. 24 , 4242-4251 (2012). Xiao, R., Li, H. & Chen, L. Density functional investigation on Li2MnO3. Chem. Mater. 24 , 4242-4251 (2012). 8 11 11 547 #/texts/539 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 225.95, 254.45, 13.28] Chen, H. & Islam, M. S. Lithium extraction mechanism in Li-rich Li 2MnO3 involving oxygen hole formation and dimerization. Chem. Mater. 28 , 6656-6663 (2016). Chen, H. & Islam, M. S. Lithium extraction mechanism in Li-rich Li 2MnO3 involving oxygen hole formation and dimerization. Chem. Mater. 28 , 6656-6663 (2016). Chen, H. & Islam, M. S. Lithium extraction mechanism in Li-rich Li 2MnO3 involving oxygen hole formation and dimerization. Chem. Mater. 28 , 6656-6663 (2016). Chen, H. & Islam, M. S. Lithium extraction mechanism in Li-rich Li 2MnO3 involving oxygen hole formation and dimerization. Chem. Mater. 28 , 6656-6663 (2016). 8 12 12 548 #/texts/540 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 241.98, 246.31, 21.29] Li, L., Xie, Y ., Maxey, E. & Harder, R. Methods for operando coherent X-ray diffraction of battery materials at the Advanced Photon Source. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 , 220-229 (2019). Li, L., Xie, Y ., Maxey, E. & Harder, R. Methods for operando coherent X-ray diffraction of battery materials at the Advanced Photon Source. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 , 220-229 (2019). Li, L., Xie, Y ., Maxey, E. & Harder, R. Methods for operando coherent X-ray diffraction of battery materials at the Advanced Photon Source. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 , 220-229 (2019). Li, L., Xie, Y ., Maxey, E. & Harder, R. Methods for operando coherent X-ray diffraction of battery materials at the Advanced Photon Source. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 26 , 220-229 (2019). 8 13 13 549 #/texts/541 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 266.03, 251.46, 21.29] Robinson, I., Vartanyants, I., Williams, G., Pfeifer, M. & Pitney, J. Reconstruction of the shapes of gold nanocrystals using coherent X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 195505 (2001). Robinson, I., Vartanyants, I., Williams, G., Pfeifer, M. & Pitney, J. Reconstruction of the shapes of gold nanocrystals using coherent X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 195505 (2001). Robinson, I., Vartanyants, I., Williams, G., Pfeifer, M. & Pitney, J. Reconstruction of the shapes of gold nanocrystals using coherent X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 195505 (2001). Robinson, I., Vartanyants, I., Williams, G., Pfeifer, M. & Pitney, J. Reconstruction of the shapes of gold nanocrystals using coherent X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 , 195505 (2001). 8 25 14 550 #/texts/553 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.83, 13.5, 6.99] 312 312 312 312 8 26 15 551 #/texts/554 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [53.1, 763.83, 124.62, 7.02] | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 8 14 16 552 #/texts/542 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 49.57, 255.73, 29.32] Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.… Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.… Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.2 Mn0.4 )O2 for enhanced electrochemical performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 , 2008083 (2021). Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.2 Mn0.4 )O2 for enhanced electrochemical performance. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 , 2008083 (2021). 8 15 17 553 #/texts/543 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 81.64, 242.4, 13.28] Li, J. et al. Structural origin of the high-voltage instability of lithium cobalt oxide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 , 599-605 (2021). Li, J. et al. Structural origin of the high-voltage instability of lithium cobalt oxide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 , 599-605 (2021). Li, J. et al. Structural origin of the high-voltage instability of lithium cobalt oxide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 , 599-605 (2021). Li, J. et al. Structural origin of the high-voltage instability of lithium cobalt oxide. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 , 599-605 (2021). 8 16 18 554 #/texts/544 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 97.68, 233.41, 13.28] Eum, D. et al. Voltage decay and redox asymmetry mitigation by reversible cation migration in lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 19 , 419-427 (2020). Eum, D. et al. Voltage decay and redox asymmetry mitigation by reversible cation migration in lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 19 , 419-427 (2020). Eum, D. et al. Voltage decay and redox asymmetry mitigation by reversible cation migration in lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 19 , 419-427 (2020). Eum, D. et al. Voltage decay and redox asymmetry mitigation by reversible cation migration in lithium-rich layered oxide electrodes. Nat. Mater. 19 , 419-427 (2020). 8 17 19 555 #/texts/545 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 113.71, 244.66, 13.28] House, R. A. et al. First-cycle voltage hysteresis in Li-rich 3 d cathodes associated with molecular O2 trapped in the bulk. Nat. Energy 5 , 777-785 (2020). House, R. A. et al. First-cycle voltage hysteresis in Li-rich 3 d cathodes associated with molecular O2 trapped in the bulk. Nat. Energy 5 , 777-785 (2020). House, R. A. et al. First-cycle voltage hysteresis in Li-rich 3 d cathodes associated with molecular O2 trapped in the bulk. Nat. Energy 5 , 777-785 (2020). House, R. A. et al. First-cycle voltage hysteresis in Li-rich 3 d cathodes associated with molecular O2 trapped in the bulk. Nat. Energy 5 , 777-785 (2020). 8 18 20 556 #/texts/546 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 129.75, 247.69, 13.28] Csernica, P. M. et al. Persistent and partially mobile oxygen vacancies in Li-rich layered oxides. Nat. Energy 642-652(2021). Csernica, P. M. et al. Persistent and partially mobile oxygen vacancies in Li-rich layered oxides. Nat. Energy 642-652(2021). Csernica, P. M. et al. Persistent and partially mobile oxygen vacancies in Li-rich layered oxides. Nat. Energy 642-652(2021). Csernica, P. M. et al. Persistent and partially mobile oxygen vacancies in Li-rich layered oxides. Nat. Energy 642-652(2021). 8 19 21 557 #/texts/547 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 145.78, 248.1, 13.28] Liu, H. et al. Unraveling the rapid performance decay of layered high-energy cathodes: from nanoscale degradation to drastic bulk evolution. ACS Nano 12 , 2708-2718 (2018). Liu, H. et al. Unraveling the rapid performance decay of layered high-energy cathodes: from nanoscale degradation to drastic bulk evolution. ACS Nano 12 , 2708-2718 (2018). Liu, H. et al. Unraveling the rapid performance decay of layered high-energy cathodes: from nanoscale degradation to drastic bulk evolution. ACS Nano 12 , 2708-2718 (2018). Liu, H. et al. Unraveling the rapid performance decay of layered high-energy cathodes: from nanoscale degradation to drastic bulk evolution. ACS Nano 12 , 2708-2718 (2018). 8 20 22 558 #/texts/548 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 161.81, 248.66, 21.29] Boulineau, A., Simonin, L., Colin, J. F., Bourbon, C. & Patoux, S. First evidence of manganese-nickel segregation and densification upon cycling in Li-rich layered oxides for lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 13 , 3857-3863… Boulineau, A., Simonin, L., Colin, J. F., Bourbon, C. & Patoux, S. First evidence of manganese-nickel segregation and densification upon cycling in Li-rich layered oxides for lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 13 , 3857-3863… Boulineau, A., Simonin, L., Colin, J. F., Bourbon, C. & Patoux, S. First evidence of manganese-nickel segregation and densification upon cycling in Li-rich layered oxides for lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 13 , 3857-3863 (2013). Boulineau, A., Simonin, L., Colin, J. F., Bourbon, C. & Patoux, S. First evidence of manganese-nickel segregation and densification upon cycling in Li-rich layered oxides for lithium batteries. Nano Lett. 13 , 3857-3863 (2013). 8 21 23 559 #/texts/549 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 185.86, 254.38, 21.3] Teufl, T ., Strehle, B., Müller, P ., Gasteiger, H. A. & Mendez, M. A. Oxygen release and surface degradation of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides in variation of the Li 2MnO3 content. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 , A2718-A273… Teufl, T ., Strehle, B., Müller, P ., Gasteiger, H. A. & Mendez, M. A. Oxygen release and surface degradation of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides in variation of the Li 2MnO3 content. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 , A2718-A273… Teufl, T ., Strehle, B., Müller, P ., Gasteiger, H. A. & Mendez, M. A. Oxygen release and surface degradation of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides in variation of the Li 2MnO3 content. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 , A2718-A2731 (2018). Teufl, T ., Strehle, B., Müller, P ., Gasteiger, H. A. & Mendez, M. A. Oxygen release and surface degradation of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides in variation of the Li 2MnO3 content. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165 , A2718-A2731 (2018). 8 22 24 560 #/texts/550 list_item reference False low outside_body_flow_reference outside_body_flow_reference False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 209.92, 237.31, 21.29] Chen, Z., Li, J. & Zeng, X. C. Unraveling oxygen evolution in Li-rich oxides: a unified modeling of the intermediate peroxo/superoxo-like dimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 , 10751-10759 (2019). Chen, Z., Li, J. & Zeng, X. C. Unraveling oxygen evolution in Li-rich oxides: a unified modeling of the intermediate peroxo/superoxo-like dimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 , 10751-10759 (2019). Chen, Z., Li, J. & Zeng, X. C. Unraveling oxygen evolution in Li-rich oxides: a unified modeling of the intermediate peroxo/superoxo-like dimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 , 10751-10759 (2019). Chen, Z., Li, J. & Zeng, X. C. Unraveling oxygen evolution in Li-rich oxides: a unified modeling of the intermediate peroxo/superoxo-like dimers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 , 10751-10759 (2019). 8 24 26 562 #/texts/552 text metadata False low metadata_line metadata_line False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 274.0, 236.54, 13.28] © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022 © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022 © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022 © This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022 9 1 1 563 #/texts/555 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p9:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 47.8, 51.34, 11.11] Methods Methods Methods Methods 9 2 2 564 #/texts/556 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p9:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 69.88, 77.19, 7.88] Materials synthesis Materials synthesis Materials synthesis Materials synthesis 9 5 5 567 #/texts/559 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p9:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 446.13, 90.78, 7.88] Electrochemistry tests Electrochemistry tests Electrochemistry tests Electrochemistry tests 9 9 9 571 #/texts/564 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p9:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 59.13, 185.07, 7.88] BCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffraction BCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffraction BCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffraction BCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffraction 9 12 12 574 #/texts/567 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p9:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 478.38, 238.84, 18.63] Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements 10 1 1 577 #/texts/570 section_header metadata False low document_ui document_ui True p10:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 28.45, 42.78, 12.99] Article Article Article Article 10 3 3 579 #/texts/572 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 80.63, 63.44, 7.88] DFT calculation DFT calculation DFT calculation DFT calculation 10 6 6 582 #/texts/576 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 295.63, 88.37, 7.88] Gas evolution analysis Gas evolution analysis Gas evolution analysis Gas evolution analysis 10 8 8 584 #/texts/578 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 467.63, 75.4, 7.88] TEM measurement TEM measurement TEM measurement TEM measurement 10 11 11 587 #/texts/580 section_header back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 143.23, 77.19, 9.02] Data availability Data availability Data availability Data availability 10 12 12 588 #/texts/581 text metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 157.06, 256.57, 18.41] The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request. 10 13 13 589 #/texts/582 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 191.24, 243.29, 21.29] Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013). Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013). Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013). Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013). 10 14 14 590 #/texts/583 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 230.29, 256.68, 125.5] Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicle… Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicle… Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicles, US-China Clean Energy Research Centre (CERC-CVC2) under US DOE EERE Vehicle Technologies Office. Argonne National Laboratory is operated for DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research was also supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0700600), Soft Science Research Project of Guangdong Province (no. 2017B030301013) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grants (no. ZDSYS201707281026184). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (11-ID-C, 9BM and 34-ID-C), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-SC0012704. Electron microscopy was carried out at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility, supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicles, US-China Clean Energy Research Centre (CERC-CVC2) under US DOE EERE Vehicle Technologies Office. Argonne National Laboratory is operated for DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research was also supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0700600), Soft Science Research Project of Guangdong Province (no. 2017B030301013) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grants (no. ZDSYS201707281026184). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (11-ID-C, 9BM and 34-ID-C), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-SC0012704. Electron microscopy was carried out at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility, supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. 10 15 15 591 #/texts/584 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 368.55, 254.86, 53.36] Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Li… Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Li… Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Liu, L.Y., T.Z., Y.X., W.Z. and J.W. carried out the TEM, EELS and 3D-rED measurements. T.L., A.D., T.W., L.W. and Y.R. performed ex situ synchrotron HEXRD and XAS. T.L., L.L, J.D., W.C., R.H. and I.R. performed in situ BCDI, CMCD and data analysis. S.L., J.Z. and F.P. conducted DFT calculation. T.L., J. Liu, J. Lu, F.P. and K.A. wrote the manuscript and all authors edited the manuscript. Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Liu, L.Y., T.Z., Y.X., W.Z. and J.W. carried out the TEM, EELS and 3D-rED measurements. T.L., A.D., T.W., L.W. and Y.R. performed ex situ synchrotron HEXRD and XAS. T.L., L.L, J.D., W.C., R.H. and I.R. performed in situ BCDI, CMCD and data analysis. S.L., J.Z. and F.P. conducted DFT calculation. T.L., J. Liu, J. Lu, F.P. and K.A. wrote the manuscript and all authors edited the manuscript. 10 16 16 592 #/texts/585 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 433.66, 177.89, 5.26] Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 10 17 17 593 #/texts/586 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [306.14, 451.68, 63.4, 5.25] Additional information Additional information Additional information Additional information 10 18 18 594 #/texts/587 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 459.69, 254.68, 13.28] Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine. 10 19 19 595 #/texts/588 text affiliation False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 475.73, 253.66, 13.28] Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. 10 20 20 596 #/texts/589 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [306.14, 491.76, 230.84, 5.26] Reprints and permissions information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints. Reprints and permissions information is available at Reprints and permissions information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints. Reprints and permissions information is available at 11 1 1 597 #/texts/590 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 554.15, 254.95, 46.51] Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distrib… Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distrib… Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distribution of the as-prepared LMR cathode. The mean particle size of LMR cathode is around 583 nm. d The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of LMR. e The Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distribution of the as-prepared LMR cathode. The mean particle size of LMR cathode is around 583 nm. d The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of LMR. e The 11 2 2 598 #/texts/591 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 554.17, 256.06, 46.49] corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM… corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM… corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM-EDS results of the pristine LMR cathode. The actual chemical composition complies well with the design (Mn : Co : Ni = 4 : 1 : 1). corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM-EDS results of the pristine LMR cathode. The actual chemical composition complies well with the design (Mn : Co : Ni = 4 : 1 : 1). 12 1 1 599 #/texts/592 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p12:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96] Article Article Article Article 12 2 2 600 #/texts/593 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 473.63, 251.82, 57.32] Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemic… Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemic… Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemical stages at different voltage ranges. Stage 1 corresponds to the Li + extraction (de-lithiation) from LiTMO 2 domains with concomitant oxidation of Ni 2+ and Co 3+ . Stage 2 corresponds to the activation of Li 2 MnO3 domains, further Li+ Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemical stages at different voltage ranges. Stage 1 corresponds to the Li + extraction (de-lithiation) from LiTMO 2 domains with concomitant oxidation of Ni 2+ and Co 3+ . Stage 2 corresponds to the activation of Li 2 MnO3 domains, further Li+ 12 3 3 601 #/texts/594 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 473.63, 252.85, 46.5] extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffus… extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffus… extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffusion coefficient keeps stable in stage 1 but dramatically decreases after the activation of Li2MnO3 domains (stage 2). extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffusion coefficient keeps stable in stage 1 but dramatically decreases after the activation of Li2MnO3 domains (stage 2). 13 1 1 602 #/texts/595 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 335.51, 254.49, 46.5] Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle… Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle… Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle morphology with average particle size of 100-200 nm. b The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. c The Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle morphology with average particle size of 100-200 nm. b The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. c The 13 2 2 603 #/texts/596 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p13:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 335.51, 240.62, 46.5] corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS… corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS… corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS for the first charge of Li 2 MnO3. The signal of O 2 evolution is not detected until 20% delithiation of Li2MnO3. corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS for the first charge of Li 2 MnO3. The signal of O 2 evolution is not detected until 20% delithiation of Li2MnO3. 14 1 1 604 #/texts/597 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p14:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96] Article Article Article Article 14 2 2 605 #/texts/598 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 350.99, 256.3, 66.51] Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be o… Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be o… Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be observed in the 2 theta range of 1.5-1.8°. The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from ex situ XRD pattern, particularly in the 2 theta range of 3.0-6.0°. b The in situ XRD patterns of the as-prepared LMR cathode during the first charge/discharge in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V using a current rate of C/10 Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be observed in the 2 theta range of 1.5-1.8°. The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from ex situ XRD pattern, particularly in the 2 theta range of 3.0-6.0°. b The in situ XRD patterns of the as-prepared LMR cathode during the first charge/discharge in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V using a current rate of C/10 14 3 3 606 #/texts/599 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p14:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 350.04, 252.98, 57.46] (1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is complete… (1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is complete… (1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is completely consistent with that in ex situ XRD (Figure 3c). c-e Ex situ Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra of the samples at pristine, 4.5V and 4.8V and the corresponding fitting results. Detailed fitting results are shown in Extended Data Table 2. (1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is completely consistent with that in ex situ XRD (Figure 3c). c-e Ex situ Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra of the samples at pristine, 4.5V and 4.8V and the corresponding fitting results. Detailed fitting results are shown in Extended Data Table 2. 15 1 1 607 #/texts/600 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p15:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 573.71, 517.55, 16.5] Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices … Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices … Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices in the marked areas are deformed significantly. Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices in the marked areas are deformed significantly. 16 1 1 608 #/texts/601 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96] Article Article Article Article 16 2 2 609 #/texts/602 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 662.99, 249.08, 57.32] Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The c… Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The c… Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The corresponding Fourier pattern of the select area of Extended Data Fig. 6a. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for layer [210], spinel [112], and Li 2 MnO3 [100]/[110]. h , i and j TEM images of the LMR Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The corresponding Fourier pattern of the select area of Extended Data Fig. 6a. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for layer [210], spinel [112], and Li 2 MnO3 [100]/[110]. h , i and j TEM images of the LMR 16 3 3 610 #/texts/603 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p16:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.15, 662.99, 255.75, 46.51] cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the differ… cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the differ… cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the different particles and the corresponding FFT images confirm the existence of spinel phase at 4.5 V, which is highly consistent with Fig. 4g results. cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the different particles and the corresponding FFT images confirm the existence of spinel phase at 4.5 V, which is highly consistent with Fig. 4g results. 17 1 1 611 #/texts/604 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p17:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 463.31, 517.29, 16.5] Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f. Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f. Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f. Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f. 18 1 1 612 #/texts/605 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p18:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96] Article Article Article Article 18 2 2 613 #/texts/606 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 650.51, 252.02, 36.51] Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffractio… Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffractio… Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image of the sample charged to 4.5 V. In addition to the typical layered Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image of the sample charged to 4.5 V. In addition to the typical layered 18 3 3 614 #/texts/607 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 650.51, 247.52, 36.5] structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112]… structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112]… structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112], and Li2MnO3 [100]/[110]. structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112], and Li2MnO3 [100]/[110]. 19 1 1 615 #/texts/608 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 662.99, 255.14, 56.51] Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer … Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer … Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer with the spinel phase can be visualized. c Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the direction from surface to bulk. The intensity of O-K edge pre-peaks Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer with the spinel phase can be visualized. c Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the direction from surface to bulk. The intensity of O-K edge pre-peaks 19 2 2 616 #/texts/609 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p19:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.13, 663.01, 248.09, 56.51] substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge ,… substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge ,… substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the surface fringe. The O-K line-scan parallel to the surface confirms that the oxygen release uniformly occurs in the entire particle surface as the disappeared O pre-peak. substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the surface fringe. The O-K line-scan parallel to the surface confirms that the oxygen release uniformly occurs in the entire particle surface as the disappeared O pre-peak. 20 1 1 617 #/texts/610 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p20:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96] Article Article Article Article 20 2 2 618 #/texts/611 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 435.95, 254.34, 76.5] Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry a… Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry a… Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry are indexed by blue marks, while some tiny peaks belonging to O3 phase with R-3m symmetry are indexed by red marks. b High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangements of O2 phase LMR. The Li2 MnO3-like domain is rarely observed in the O2-type LMR, which suggests that the Li@Mn 6 structural motifs in the O2 type LMR cathode are dispersed in the TM layer instead of Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry are indexed by blue marks, while some tiny peaks belonging to O3 phase with R-3m symmetry are indexed by red marks. b High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangements of O2 phase LMR. The Li2 MnO3-like domain is rarely observed in the O2-type LMR, which suggests that the Li@Mn 6 structural motifs in the O2 type LMR cathode are dispersed in the TM layer instead of 20 3 3 619 #/texts/612 caption caption False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p20:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 435.95, 248.81, 66.51] being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviou… being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviou… being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviour with no apparently differentiated voltage plateaus indicates effectively suppressed differential electrochemical activities. d The voltage stability of the O2 type LMR cathode during cycles presents in the plot of average (mean) voltage profiles vs cycle number. being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviour with no apparently differentiated voltage plateaus indicates effectively suppressed differential electrochemical activities. d The voltage stability of the O2 type LMR cathode during cycles presents in the plot of average (mean) voltage profiles vs cycle number. 21 1 1 620 #/texts/613 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin full None None p21:top_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 49.89, 512.2, 7.87] Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode 21 2 2 621 #/texts/614 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p21:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 334.02, 491.08, 6.63] The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes. The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes. The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes. The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes. 22 1 1 622 #/texts/615 section_header metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p22:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 28.55, 45.61, 12.25] Article Article Article Article 22 2 2 623 #/texts/616 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left_crossing None None p22:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 49.89, 402.15, 7.87] Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data 22 3 3 624 #/texts/617 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 231.17, 423.01, 6.1] There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting. There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting. There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting. There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting.