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January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026", "text_preview": "Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026", "word_count": 29, "cleaned_text": "Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026", "cleaned_text_preview": "Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026", "included_in_body": false, "body_decision_reason": "first_page_metadata", "parser_body_decision_reason": "first_page_metadata", "production_usage": "", "visual_asset_type": "", "visual_asset_label": "", 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and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges such as oxygen loss, structural degradation, and voltage fading hinder their practical application. To address these issues, we synthesized LMNCO cathode via solid-state methods and systematically investigated the effects of indium (In) or tin (Sn) dopant on its structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy with Rietveld refinement confirmed the retention of the α-NaFeO₂ structure ( R-3 m symmetry) in all samples with Sn or In doping inducing lattice expansion. Characterization tests revealed minimal morphological changes but altered surface chemistry and metal-oxygen bonding. Electrochemically, doped cathodes exhibited enhanced Li⁺ diffusion kinetics and reduced charge-transfer resistance. Compared to undoped and In-doped cathodes, the one doped with Sn delivered better electrochemical performance where it delivered discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles 0.1 C, attributing to facilitated Li⁺ transport and lowered impedance. This study demonstrates that strategic doping with Sn or In can significantly stabilize Li-rich cathodes, offering a viable route toward high-energy, durable lithium-ion batteries.", "text_preview": "Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc…", "word_count": 179, "cleaned_text": "Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges such as oxygen loss, structural degradation, and voltage fading hinder their practical application. To address these issues, we synthesized LMNCO cathode via solid-state methods and systematically investigated the effects of indium (In) or tin (Sn) dopant on its structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy with Rietveld refinement confirmed the retention of the α-NaFeO₂ structure ( R-3 m symmetry) in all samples with Sn or In doping inducing lattice expansion. Characterization tests revealed minimal morphological changes but altered surface chemistry and metal-oxygen bonding. Electrochemically, doped cathodes exhibited enhanced Li⁺ diffusion kinetics and reduced charge-transfer resistance. Compared to undoped and In-doped cathodes, the one doped with Sn delivered better electrochemical performance where it delivered discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles 0.1 C, attributing to facilitated Li⁺ transport and lowered impedance. This study demonstrates that strategic doping with Sn or In can significantly stabilize Li-rich cathodes, offering a viable route toward high-energy, durable lithium-ion batteries.", "cleaned_text_preview": "Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc…", "included_in_body": false, "body_decision_reason": "first_page_summary", "parser_body_decision_reason": "first_page_summary", "production_usage": "", "visual_asset_type": "", "visual_asset_label": "", "visual_asset_caption_preview": "", "visual_asset_anchor_ref": "", "inside_body_region": true, "body_region_id": "p1:body_region:0", "role_guess": "front_matter_candidate", "zone": "front_matter", "column": "column_1_of_2", "column_index": 1, "column_count": 2, "flags": { "docling_non_body_label": false, "page_margin_noise": false, "metadata_line": false, "affiliation_block": false, "reference_item": false, "body_sentence": true, "body_candidate": true, "body_heading": false, "heading_kind": null, "has_front_matter_zone": false, "visual_text": false, "publisher_landing_page": false, "caption_continuation_used_by_asset": false }, "background_rgb": [ 255, 255, 255 ], "page_background_rgb": [ 255, 255, 255 ], "background_delta": 0, "background_class": "white", 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"body_candidate": false, "body_heading": false, "heading_kind": null, "has_front_matter_zone": false, "visual_text": false, "publisher_landing_page": false, "caption_continuation_used_by_asset": false }, "background_rgb": [ 255, 255, 255 ], "page_background_rgb": [ 255, 255, 255 ], "background_delta": 0, "background_class": "white", "is_gray_background": false, "has_frame_evidence": false, "edge_dark_ratios": { "top": 0.077, "bottom": 0.012, "left": 0.211, "right": 0.202 }, "excluded_risk_level": "low", "region_id": "p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white", "truncation_marker": "" }, { "ref": "#/texts/69", "page": 8, "label": "caption", "order": 69000, "source_page_order": 3, "layout_order": 74, "layout_page_order": 1, "bbox": [ 51.02, 61.48, 240.24, 17.39 ], "page_size": { "width": 595.28, "height": 790.87 }, "text": "Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin", "text_preview": "Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode 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255, 255 ], "background_delta": 0, "background_class": "white", "is_gray_background": false, "has_frame_evidence": false, "edge_dark_ratios": { "top": 0.044, "bottom": 0.1, "left": 0.273, "right": 0.076 }, "excluded_risk_level": "low", "region_id": "p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white", "truncation_marker": "" }, { "ref": "#/texts/79", "page": 9, "label": "caption", "order": 79000, "source_page_order": 3, "layout_order": 85, "layout_page_order": 2, "bbox": [ 51.02, 61.48, 240.23, 17.39 ], "page_size": { "width": 595.28, "height": 790.87 }, "text": "Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate", "text_preview": "Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate", "word_count": 18, "cleaned_text": "Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate", "cleaned_text_preview": "Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure 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"edge_dark_ratios": { "top": 0.058, "bottom": 0.105, "left": 0.273, "right": 0.182 }, "excluded_risk_level": "low", "region_id": "p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white", "truncation_marker": "" }, { "ref": "#/texts/85", "page": 9, "label": "caption", "order": 85000, "source_page_order": 9, "layout_order": 92, "layout_page_order": 9, "bbox": [ 51.02, 613.63, 495.35, 17.39 ], "page_size": { "width": 595.28, "height": 790.87 }, "text": "Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). 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the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad.", "cleaned_text_preview": "Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad.", "included_in_body": false, "body_decision_reason": "back_matter_heading", "parser_body_decision_reason": "back_matter_heading", "production_usage": "", "visual_asset_type": "", "visual_asset_label": "", "visual_asset_caption_preview": "", "visual_asset_anchor_ref": "", "inside_body_region": true, "body_region_id": "p10:body_region:0", "role_guess": "back_matter_heading", "zone": "body_zone", "column": "column_1_of_2", "column_index": 1, "column_count": 2, "flags": { "docling_non_body_label": false, "page_margin_noise": false, "metadata_line": false, "affiliation_block": true, "reference_item": false, "body_sentence": false, "body_candidate": false, "body_heading": false, "heading_kind": "back_matter", "has_front_matter_zone": false, "visual_text": false, "publisher_landing_page": false, "caption_continuation_used_by_asset": 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Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Nima Rasekh Saleh: Supervision, Writing - review & editing.", "text_preview": "Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest…", "word_count": 42, "cleaned_text": "Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Nima Rasekh Saleh: Supervision, Writing - review & editing.", "cleaned_text_preview": "Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. 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