page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview text cleaned_text 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.45, 18.9, 7.36] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 page_header page_header False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 45.44, 146.22, 7.36] https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-026-07213-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-026-07213-8 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:front_panel:gray [187, 189, 192] gray True True [56.79, 67.6, 42.9, 8.23] RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 108.72, 436.01, 31.83] Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 158.01, 384.82, 10.45] Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 190.05, 340.76, 17.36] Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 229.22, 37.8, 8.44] Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract 1 8 8 7 #/texts/7 text front_matter_candidate False low first_page_summary first_page_summary True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 241.84, 495.73, 146.07] Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc… Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc… Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges such as oxygen loss, structural degradation, and voltage fading hinder their practical application. To address these issues, we synthesized LMNCO cathode via solid-state methods and systematically investigated the effects of indium (In) or tin (Sn) dopant on its structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy with Rietveld refinement confirmed the retention of the α-NaFeO₂ structure ( R-3 m symmetry) in all samples with Sn or In doping inducing lattice expansion. Characterization tests revealed minimal morphological changes but altered surface chemistry and metal-oxygen bonding. Electrochemically, doped cathodes exhibited enhanced Li⁺ diffusion kinetics and reduced charge-transfer resistance. Compared to undoped and In-doped cathodes, the one doped with Sn delivered better electrochemical performance where it delivered discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles 0.1 C, attributing to facilitated Li⁺ transport and lowered impedance. This study demonstrates that strategic doping with Sn or In can significantly stabilize Li-rich cathodes, offering a viable route toward high-energy, durable lithium-ion batteries. Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges such as oxygen loss, structural degradation, and voltage fading hinder their practical application. To address these issues, we synthesized LMNCO cathode via solid-state methods and systematically investigated the effects of indium (In) or tin (Sn) dopant on its structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy with Rietveld refinement confirmed the retention of the α-NaFeO₂ structure ( R-3 m symmetry) in all samples with Sn or In doping inducing lattice expansion. Characterization tests revealed minimal morphological changes but altered surface chemistry and metal-oxygen bonding. Electrochemically, doped cathodes exhibited enhanced Li⁺ diffusion kinetics and reduced charge-transfer resistance. Compared to undoped and In-doped cathodes, the one doped with Sn delivered better electrochemical performance where it delivered discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles 0.1 C, attributing to facilitated Li⁺ transport and lowered impedance. This study demonstrates that strategic doping with Sn or In can significantly stabilize Li-rich cathodes, offering a viable route toward high-energy, durable lithium-ion batteries. 1 9 9 8 #/texts/8 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 403.72, 350.51, 8.69] Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) 1 10 10 9 #/texts/9 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 437.41, 67.64, 10.13] Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction 1 12 13 12 #/texts/11 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 624.45, 63.78, 17.29] Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir 1 13 14 13 #/texts/12 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 652.74, 221.12, 19.0] 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 14 15 14 #/texts/13 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 677.74, 168.23, 9.0] 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 1 15 16 15 #/texts/14 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 692.74, 219.11, 19.0] 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 5 4 21 #/texts/22 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 387.41, 112.91, 10.13] Experimental section Experimental section Experimental section Experimental section 2 6 5 22 #/texts/23 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 413.09, 42.68, 9.49] Materials Materials Materials Materials 2 8 7 24 #/texts/25 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 563.09, 86.16, 9.49] Synthesis methods Synthesis methods Synthesis methods Synthesis methods 2 9 8 25 #/texts/26 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 588.76, 153.02, 8.64] Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode 2 17 10 27 #/texts/33 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 11 28 #/texts/18 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 2 12 13 30 #/texts/28 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 188.76, 191.43, 8.64] Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes 2 14 15 32 #/texts/30 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 500.59, 195.14, 21.99] Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments 3 2 1 35 #/texts/34 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p3:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 3 3 2 36 #/texts/35 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p3:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 274.65, 238.11, 17.48] Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant 3 5 5 39 #/texts/37 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 499.91, 119.65, 10.13] Results and discussion Results and discussion Results and discussion Results and discussion 3 6 6 40 #/texts/38 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 525.59, 100.0, 9.49] Characterization tests Characterization tests Characterization tests Characterization tests 3 11 11 45 #/texts/42 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 650.0, 473.46, 7.39] Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant 3 12 12 46 #/texts/43 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p3:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 4 4 3 49 #/texts/46 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 692.22, 240.24, 17.39] Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant 4 9 4 50 #/texts/51 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 4 2 5 51 #/texts/44 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 5 1 1 56 #/texts/52 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 5 2 2 57 #/texts/53 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body full None None p5:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 696.33, 495.36, 17.48] Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn 5 3 3 58 #/texts/54 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p5:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 13.01] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 6 2 1 59 #/texts/55 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p6:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 20.62, 7.33] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 6 4 3 61 #/texts/57 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 175.59, 113.9, 9.49] Electrochemical analyses Electrochemical analyses Electrochemical analyses Electrochemical analyses 6 3 4 62 #/texts/56 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 251.37, 240.23, 17.48] Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn 6 6 6 64 #/texts/59 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 697.26, 313.35, 7.39] Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn 6 7 7 65 #/texts/60 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p6:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 7 2 1 66 #/texts/61 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 7 8 8 73 #/texts/67 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 8 3 1 74 #/texts/69 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 61.48, 240.24, 17.39] Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin 8 5 4 77 #/texts/72 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 413.72, 113.31, 37.39] Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn 8 10 5 78 #/texts/77 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 8 2 6 79 #/texts/68 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.59, 25.5, 7.74] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 9 2 1 84 #/texts/78 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics Ionics Ionics 9 3 2 85 #/texts/79 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 61.48, 240.23, 17.39] Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate 9 8 4 87 #/texts/84 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 584.62, 284.03, 7.48] Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes 9 9 9 92 #/texts/85 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 613.63, 495.35, 17.39] Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison 9 10 10 93 #/texts/86 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p9:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 10 2 1 94 #/texts/88 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 62.41, 64.24, 10.13] Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions Conclusions 10 5 4 97 #/texts/91 text back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 474.27, 238.11, 17.39] Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. 10 6 5 98 #/texts/92 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 506.27, 240.24, 47.39] Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Nima Rasekh Saleh: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft. Nima Rasekh Saleh: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. 10 7 6 99 #/texts/93 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 568.27, 240.24, 17.39] Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 10 8 7 100 #/texts/94 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 601.59, 57.44, 9.49] Declarations Declarations Declarations Declarations 10 9 8 101 #/texts/95 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 625.27, 221.47, 7.39] Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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Ionics 24:967-976 11 20 20 146 #/texts/139 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p11:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 300.16, 238.11, 17.39] Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris -dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris -dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris -dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris -dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 11 21 21 147 #/texts/140 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p11:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 332.27, 240.24, 47.29] Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted ma… Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted ma… Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. 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