page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.45, 18.9, 7.36] Ionics Ionics 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 page_header page_header False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 45.44, 146.22, 7.36] https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-026-07213-8 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:front_panel:gray [187, 189, 192] gray True True [56.79, 67.6, 42.9, 8.23] RESEARCH RESEARCH 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 108.72, 436.01, 31.83] Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance Doping Li-rich layered oxide cathodes with Sn or In to enhance their structural stability and electrochemical performance 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 158.01, 384.82, 10.45] Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 190.05, 340.76, 17.36] Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 229.22, 37.8, 8.44] Abstract Abstract 1 8 8 7 #/texts/7 text front_matter_candidate False low first_page_summary first_page_summary True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 241.84, 495.73, 146.07] Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc… Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO) is known a promising high-capacity cathode material for next-generation lithiumion batteries (LIBs), leveraging both transition-metal and oxygen redox reactions. However, challenges suc… 1 9 9 8 #/texts/8 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 403.72, 350.51, 8.69] Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) 1 10 10 9 #/texts/9 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 437.41, 67.64, 10.13] Introduction Introduction 1 16 11 10 #/texts/15 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 438.88, 240.62, 21.07] transition from layered to spinel, which cause voltage drop, capacity loss, and higher impedance over time [4-6]. transition from layered to spinel, which cause voltage drop, capacity loss, and higher impedance over time [4-6]. 1 11 12 11 #/texts/10 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 463.88, 240.62, 121.07] Lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides, especially the compound Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO), have become promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high specific … Lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides, especially the compound Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO), have become promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high specific … 1 12 13 12 #/texts/11 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 624.45, 63.78, 17.29] Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir 1 13 14 13 #/texts/12 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 652.74, 221.12, 19.0] 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran 1 14 15 14 #/texts/13 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 677.74, 168.23, 9.0] 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran 1 15 16 15 #/texts/14 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 692.74, 219.11, 19.0] 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 1 17 17 16 #/texts/16 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 463.88, 240.63, 183.57] Researchers have focused on two main strategies to deal with these problems, including bulk doping to stabilize the crystal structure and speed up the movement of lithium ions and surface modification to improve interfa… Researchers have focused on two main strategies to deal with these problems, including bulk doping to stabilize the crystal structure and speed up the movement of lithium ions and surface modification to improve interfa… 1 18 18 17 #/texts/17 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 651.38, 240.62, 58.57] Co-doping strategies using Sn and alkali metals like potassium (K) have also been shown to improve rate capabilities and lower charge transfer resistance by making lithium pathways wider and stabilizing interfaces [11].… Co-doping strategies using Sn and alkali metals like potassium (K) have also been shown to improve rate capabilities and lower charge transfer resistance by making lithium pathways wider and stabilizing interfaces [11].… 2 2 1 18 #/texts/19 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 63.88, 240.61, 33.57] and Li₂SnO₃ have successfully been used to prevent oxygen formation during the initial cycles, which subsequently keep the Coulombic efficiency high [ 12, 13]. and Li₂SnO₃ have successfully been used to prevent oxygen formation during the initial cycles, which subsequently keep the Coulombic efficiency high [ 12, 13]. 2 3 2 19 #/texts/20 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 101.38, 240.62, 108.57] Previous studies revealed that doping other types of LIBs cathodes like LiFePO₄ with In or Sn dopants could result in significant improvements in their electronic conductivity and rate performance [14, 15]. Hence, this … Previous studies revealed that doping other types of LIBs cathodes like LiFePO₄ with In or Sn dopants could result in significant improvements in their electronic conductivity and rate performance [14, 15]. Hence, this … 2 4 3 20 #/texts/21 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 213.88, 240.63, 146.07] Then, they are structurally examined using different characterization tests. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement are adopted to determine the crystal structure and lattice expansion. Field e… Then, they are structurally examined using different characterization tests. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement are adopted to determine the crystal structure and lattice expansion. Field e… 2 5 4 21 #/texts/22 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 387.41, 112.91, 10.13] Experimental section Experimental section 2 6 5 22 #/texts/23 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 413.09, 42.68, 9.49] Materials Materials 2 7 6 23 #/texts/24 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 438.88, 240.63, 108.57] High-purity metal salts were employed for the synthesis of the target nanopowders, consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), manganese nitrate tetrahydrate (… High-purity metal salts were employed for the synthesis of the target nanopowders, consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), manganese nitrate tetrahydrate (… 2 8 7 24 #/texts/25 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 563.09, 86.16, 9.49] Synthesis methods Synthesis methods 2 9 8 25 #/texts/26 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 588.76, 153.02, 8.64] Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode 2 10 9 26 #/texts/27#prov0 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 613.88, 240.62, 96.07] The pure nanopowder was synthesized using sol-gel method. In this regard, stoichiometric quantities of metal salts, including 1.298 g Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 1.300 g Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 4.730 g Mn(NO₃)₂·4 H₂O, and 3.008 g LiNO₃, we… The pure nanopowder was synthesized using sol-gel method. In this regard, stoichiometric quantities of metal salts, including 1.298 g Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 1.300 g Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 4.730 g Mn(NO₃)₂·4 H₂O, and 3.008 g LiNO₃, we… 2 17 10 27 #/texts/33 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 2 1 11 28 #/texts/18 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] Ionics Ionics 2 11 12 29 #/texts/27#prov1 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.63, 108.57] continuous stirring until formation of a homogeneous gel. The gelation process was completed by maintaining the mixture at 80 °C for approximately 4 h. The resulting gel was then dried at 120 °C for 6 h, followed by a t… continuous stirring until formation of a homogeneous gel. The gelation process was completed by maintaining the mixture at 80 °C for approximately 4 h. The resulting gel was then dried at 120 °C for 6 h, followed by a t… 2 12 13 30 #/texts/28 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 188.76, 191.43, 8.64] Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes 2 13 14 31 #/texts/29 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 213.88, 240.63, 271.07] The doped nanopowders were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method analogous to one applied for pure sample [16] with stoichiometric adjustments to incorporate dopants while maintaining charge balance. For both 5% S… The doped nanopowders were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method analogous to one applied for pure sample [16] with stoichiometric adjustments to incorporate dopants while maintaining charge balance. For both 5% S… 2 14 15 32 #/texts/30 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 500.59, 195.14, 21.99] Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments 2 15 16 33 #/texts/31 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 538.88, 240.61, 83.57] For fabrication of working electrodes used in this study, first, the slurry prepared by dispersing active material (85 wt%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (5 wt%), and carbon black (10 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N… For fabrication of working electrodes used in this study, first, the slurry prepared by dispersing active material (85 wt%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (5 wt%), and carbon black (10 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N… 2 16 17 34 #/texts/32#prov0 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 626.38, 240.62, 83.57] The CR2032 coin half-cells employed for all electrochemical analyses were composed of fabricated Li rich cathode as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode. The micro-pores polypropylene membrane (Cel… The CR2032 coin half-cells employed for all electrochemical analyses were composed of fabricated Li rich cathode as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode. The micro-pores polypropylene membrane (Cel… 3 2 1 35 #/texts/34 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p3:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] Ionics Ionics 3 3 2 36 #/texts/35 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p3:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 274.65, 238.11, 17.48] Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant 3 1 3 37 #/texts/32#prov1 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 313.88, 240.61, 21.07] v/v). The fabrication of coin half-cells was done in dry glove box filled with argon gas. v/v). The fabrication of coin half-cells was done in dry glove box filled with argon gas. 3 4 4 38 #/texts/36 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 338.88, 240.62, 133.57] Charge and discharge capacity of Li rich cathodes were obtained with a battery tester (Neware multi-channel instrument, CT-3008). The voltage range applied for galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements was 1.8-4.8 V (… Charge and discharge capacity of Li rich cathodes were obtained with a battery tester (Neware multi-channel instrument, CT-3008). The voltage range applied for galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements was 1.8-4.8 V (… 3 5 5 39 #/texts/37 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 499.91, 119.65, 10.13] Results and discussion Results and discussion 3 6 6 40 #/texts/38 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 525.59, 100.0, 9.49] Characterization tests Characterization tests 3 7 7 41 #/texts/39#prov0 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 551.38, 240.62, 83.57] Figure 1 presents XRD patterns of undoped LMNCO cathode material alongside its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. XRD analysis was employed to assess the crystallinity and determine the lattice parameters of the synthesized… Figure 1 presents XRD patterns of undoped LMNCO cathode material alongside its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. XRD analysis was employed to assess the crystallinity and determine the lattice parameters of the synthesized… 3 8 8 42 #/texts/39#prov1 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.61, 71.11] according to the JCPDS reference (No. 49-0524), corresponding to the (003), (101), (006), (104), (015), (107), (018), (110), and (113) crystallographic planes, respectively. The results confirm that the undoped LMNCO ca… according to the JCPDS reference (No. 49-0524), corresponding to the (003), (101), (006), (104), (015), (107), (018), (110), and (113) crystallographic planes, respectively. The results confirm that the undoped LMNCO ca… 3 9 9 43 #/texts/40 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 138.88, 240.64, 308.57] The XRD pattern of the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibits a characteristic peak at 21.0° (2θ), corresponding to the (020) plane of the trigonal crystal system with negligible monoclinic phase contamination as reported in pr… The XRD pattern of the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibits a characteristic peak at 21.0° (2θ), corresponding to the (020) plane of the trigonal crystal system with negligible monoclinic phase contamination as reported in pr… 3 10 10 44 #/texts/41#prov0 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 451.38, 240.63, 183.57] Rietveld refinement analysis was conducted using X'Pert HighScore Plus software to precisely determine the crystallographic parameters of the synthesized cathode materi -als. Table 1 presents the lattice parameters ( a … Rietveld refinement analysis was conducted using X'Pert HighScore Plus software to precisely determine the crystallographic parameters of the synthesized cathode materi -als. Table 1 presents the lattice parameters ( a … 3 11 11 45 #/texts/42 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [51.02, 650.0, 473.46, 7.39] Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant 3 12 12 46 #/texts/43 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p3:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 4 1 1 47 #/texts/41#prov1 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 63.88, 240.62, 96.07] processes. All investigated compositions maintain a c/a ratio exceeding 4.99, confirming the preservation of the characteristic layered structure without significant cation mixing. The observed lattice expansion correla… processes. All investigated compositions maintain a c/a ratio exceeding 4.99, confirming the preservation of the characteristic layered structure without significant cation mixing. The observed lattice expansion correla… 4 3 2 48 #/texts/45 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 163.88, 241.09, 308.57] Figure 2 presents the FTIR spectra of the undoped Li-rich cathode material alongside those doped with In or Sn. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical bonding in the synthesized samples. The FTIR sp… Figure 2 presents the FTIR spectra of the undoped Li-rich cathode material alongside those doped with In or Sn. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical bonding in the synthesized samples. The FTIR sp… 4 4 3 49 #/texts/46 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 692.22, 240.24, 17.39] Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant 4 9 4 50 #/texts/51 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 4 2 5 51 #/texts/44 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics 4 5 6 52 #/texts/47 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.63, 196.07] Figure 3 presents FESEM images of the pure LMNCO cathode and its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. As shown in Fig. 3 a, the undoped Li-rich cathode consists of agglomerated polyhedral nanoparticles with an average particl… Figure 3 presents FESEM images of the pure LMNCO cathode and its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. As shown in Fig. 3 a, the undoped Li-rich cathode consists of agglomerated polyhedral nanoparticles with an average particl… 4 6 7 53 #/texts/48 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 263.88, 240.63, 233.57] EDXS analysis was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the synthesized cathode materials. As evi -denced by the EDXS spectrum of the pure LMNCO cathode material (Fig. 3 d), distinct peaks corresponding to th… EDXS analysis was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the synthesized cathode materials. As evi -denced by the EDXS spectrum of the pure LMNCO cathode material (Fig. 3 d), distinct peaks corresponding to th… 4 7 8 54 #/texts/49 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 501.38, 240.62, 171.07] Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate structural modifications induced by doping cathodic materials with In or Sn. Figure 4 a presents the Raman spectrum of the undoped LMNCO cathode material over the wavenumbe… Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate structural modifications induced by doping cathodic materials with In or Sn. Figure 4 a presents the Raman spectrum of the undoped LMNCO cathode material over the wavenumbe… 4 8 9 55 #/texts/50#prov0 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 676.38, 240.62, 33.57] Doping with In resulted in peak broadening and a shift toward higher wavenumbers, as evidenced in Fig. 4b. In this regard, the peak of A₁g at ~ 500 cm -1 detected in the Raman Doping with In resulted in peak broadening and a shift toward higher wavenumbers, as evidenced in Fig. 4b. In this regard, the peak of A₁g at ~ 500 cm -1 detected in the Raman 5 1 1 56 #/texts/52 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics 5 2 2 57 #/texts/53 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body full None None p5:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 696.33, 495.36, 17.48] Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn 5 3 3 58 #/texts/54 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p5:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 13.01] 1 3 1 3 6 2 1 59 #/texts/55 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p6:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 20.62, 7.33] Ionics Ionics 6 1 2 60 #/texts/50#prov1 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 61.87, 240.62, 98.09] spectrum of dopant-free cathode shifted to ~ 600 cm -1 . A similar broadening and high-wavenumber shift (from ~ 500 cm -1 to ~ 750 cm -1 ) were observed for the Sn-doped cathode (Fig. 4 c), suggesting analogous structur… spectrum of dopant-free cathode shifted to ~ 600 cm -1 . A similar broadening and high-wavenumber shift (from ~ 500 cm -1 to ~ 750 cm -1 ) were observed for the Sn-doped cathode (Fig. 4 c), suggesting analogous structur… 6 4 3 61 #/texts/57 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 175.59, 113.9, 9.49] Electrochemical analyses Electrochemical analyses 6 3 4 62 #/texts/56 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 251.37, 240.23, 17.48] Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn 6 5 5 63 #/texts/58#prov0 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 201.38, 240.64, 71.07] CV analysis was employed to evaluate the redox behavior of the synthesized cathode materials. Figure 5 displays the cyclic voltammograms of the undoped LMNCO cathode alongside those doped with In or Sn, recorded within … CV analysis was employed to evaluate the redox behavior of the synthesized cathode materials. Figure 5 displays the cyclic voltammograms of the undoped LMNCO cathode alongside those doped with In or Sn, recorded within … 6 6 6 64 #/texts/59 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 697.26, 313.35, 7.39] Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn 6 7 7 65 #/texts/60 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p6:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 7 2 1 66 #/texts/61 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics 7 1 2 67 #/texts/58#prov1 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 61.87, 240.65, 135.59] originates from the de-insertion of Li + ions from the cath -ode host. In addition to anodic peak, a cathodic peak is observed at ~ 3.78 V, which arises from the insertion of Li + ions. In the cyclic voltammograms of Li… originates from the de-insertion of Li + ions from the cath -ode host. In addition to anodic peak, a cathodic peak is observed at ~ 3.78 V, which arises from the insertion of Li + ions. In the cyclic voltammograms of Li… 7 3 3 68 #/texts/62 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 199.37, 240.62, 248.09] The reactions pertinent to the conversion of Ni 2+ /Ni 3+/4+ are not only the factor taking part in the producing capacity of Li-rich cathodes, but the redox reaction of O 2/O oxygen also plays an important role in gene… The reactions pertinent to the conversion of Ni 2+ /Ni 3+/4+ are not only the factor taking part in the producing capacity of Li-rich cathodes, but the redox reaction of O 2/O oxygen also plays an important role in gene… 7 4 4 69 #/texts/63 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.62, 121.07] As evidenced by the CV analysis, both In- and Sn-doped cathodes exhibit enhanced redox peak intensities compared to the undoped material. This improvement can be attrib -uted to structural modifications induced by dopin… As evidenced by the CV analysis, both In- and Sn-doped cathodes exhibit enhanced redox peak intensities compared to the undoped material. This improvement can be attrib -uted to structural modifications induced by dopin… 7 5 5 70 #/texts/64 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 188.88, 240.63, 233.57] The EIS spectra of undoped and doped LMNCO cathodes after the first cycle 0.1 C are presented in Fig. 6a. Nyquist plots for all samples exhibit three distinct regions: (1) a high-frequency intercept representing the ele… The EIS spectra of undoped and doped LMNCO cathodes after the first cycle 0.1 C are presented in Fig. 6a. Nyquist plots for all samples exhibit three distinct regions: (1) a high-frequency intercept representing the ele… 7 6 6 71 #/texts/65#prov0 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 426.38, 241.13, 21.07] The fitted impedance parameters (R e , R ct , and Z w ) are summarized in Table 2 . The undoped cathode exhibited a The fitted impedance parameters (R e , R ct , and Z w ) are summarized in Table 2 . The undoped cathode exhibited a 7 7 7 72 #/texts/66 caption body True None recovered_unbound_docling_caption recovered_unbound_docling_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 701.44, 495.35, 17.48] Fig. 6 ( a ) Nyquist plots of undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with indium or tin (inset demonstrates the equivalent circuit). The measurements were carried out after the first cycle 0.1 C. ( b ) the curves of ω… Fig. 6 ( a ) Nyquist plots of undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with indium or tin (inset demonstrates the equivalent circuit). The measurements were carried out after the first cycle 0.1 C. ( b ) the curves of ω… 7 8 8 73 #/texts/67 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 8 3 1 74 #/texts/69 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 61.48, 240.24, 17.39] Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin 8 1 2 75 #/texts/65#prov1 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 151.38, 241.53, 135.51] substantial charge transfer resistance (R ct = 310.8 Ω), which decreased dramatically to 70.7 Ω upon In doping (77% reduction) and to 117.4 Ω with Sn doping (62% reduction). The Sndoped cathode demonstrated the lowest e… substantial charge transfer resistance (R ct = 310.8 Ω), which decreased dramatically to 70.7 Ω upon In doping (77% reduction) and to 117.4 Ω with Sn doping (62% reduction). The Sndoped cathode demonstrated the lowest e… 8 4 3 76 #/texts/71 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 338.88, 240.62, 58.57] Where R indicates gas constant, T signifies absolute temperature, A represents surface area of fabricated electrode, n pertains to the number of electrons by each molecule after intercalation of lithium ion, F is releva… Where R indicates gas constant, T signifies absolute temperature, A represents surface area of fabricated electrode, n pertains to the number of electrons by each molecule after intercalation of lithium ion, F is releva… 8 5 4 77 #/texts/72 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 413.72, 113.31, 37.39] Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn 8 10 5 78 #/texts/77 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 8 2 6 79 #/texts/68 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.59, 25.5, 7.74] Ionics Ionics 8 6 7 80 #/texts/73 text body True None body body caption_continuation_used_by_asset table Table 2 Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -… True p8:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.62, 96.07] σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -0.5 . The σ in Eq. 1 equals to the slope of the curve of Z' versus ω -0.5 , which has indirect rela… σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -0.5 . The σ in Eq. 1 equals to the slope of the curve of Z' versus ω -0.5 , which has indirect rela… 8 7 8 81 #/texts/74 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 163.88, 240.62, 108.57] This systematic decrease in both R ct and Z w and also increase in diffusion coefficient of lithium ions indicate enhanced charge transfer kinetics and improved Li⁺ solidstate diffusion. The improved electrochemical per… This systematic decrease in both R ct and Z w and also increase in diffusion coefficient of lithium ions indicate enhanced charge transfer kinetics and improved Li⁺ solidstate diffusion. The improved electrochemical per… 8 8 9 82 #/texts/75 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 276.38, 240.63, 96.07] Figure 7 demonstrates the initial charge and discharge diagrams of the undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin. Half-cells made up of synthesized cathodes as the working electrode and Li meta… Figure 7 demonstrates the initial charge and discharge diagrams of the undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin. Half-cells made up of synthesized cathodes as the working electrode and Li meta… 8 9 10 83 #/texts/76#prov0 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 376.38, 240.61, 21.07] Table 3 demonstrates that the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibited initial electrochemical characteristics with Table 3 demonstrates that the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibited initial electrochemical characteristics with 9 2 1 84 #/texts/78 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] Ionics Ionics 9 3 2 85 #/texts/79 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 61.48, 240.23, 17.39] Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate 9 1 3 86 #/texts/76#prov1 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 163.88, 240.63, 171.07] a charge capacity of 297.5 mAh/g and discharge capacity of 208.7 mAh/g, yielding a Coulombic efficiency of 70.1%. The plateau appearing between 4 and 4.5 V in the charge curve of undoped cathode is imputed to activation… a charge capacity of 297.5 mAh/g and discharge capacity of 208.7 mAh/g, yielding a Coulombic efficiency of 70.1%. The plateau appearing between 4 and 4.5 V in the charge curve of undoped cathode is imputed to activation… 9 8 4 87 #/texts/84 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.07, 584.62, 284.03, 7.48] Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes 9 4 5 88 #/texts/80 text body True None body body caption_continuation_used_by_asset table Table 3 Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. True p9:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 63.88, 240.61, 21.07] and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. 9 5 6 89 #/texts/81 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 88.88, 240.62, 121.07] The cycling performance of undoped and doped elec -trodes are depicted in Fig. 8a. Accordingly, the discharge capacities delivered by dopant-free, In-doped, and Sn-doped electrodes respectively were 195.2, 244, and 308.… The cycling performance of undoped and doped elec -trodes are depicted in Fig. 8a. Accordingly, the discharge capacities delivered by dopant-free, In-doped, and Sn-doped electrodes respectively were 195.2, 244, and 308.… 9 6 7 90 #/texts/82 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 213.88, 240.64, 71.07] The enhanced performance of Snand In-doped LMNCO materials is attributed to the effective role of Sn or In doping in facilitating lithium ion insertion/extraction through enlarging crystal lattices, which reduces electr… The enhanced performance of Snand In-doped LMNCO materials is attributed to the effective role of Sn or In doping in facilitating lithium ion insertion/extraction through enlarging crystal lattices, which reduces electr… 9 7 8 91 #/texts/83 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 288.88, 240.61, 46.07] As shown in Table 4, the electrochemical performance of our Sn-doped LMNCO cathode demonstrates significant improvements when compared to previously reported modi -fied systems. As shown in Table 4, the electrochemical performance of our Sn-doped LMNCO cathode demonstrates significant improvements when compared to previously reported modi -fied systems. 9 9 9 92 #/texts/85 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 613.63, 495.35, 17.39] Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison 9 10 10 93 #/texts/86 page_footer page_footer False low outside_body_flow_page_footer outside_body_flow_page_footer True p9:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 10 2 1 94 #/texts/88 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 62.41, 64.24, 10.13] Conclusions Conclusions 10 3 2 95 #/texts/89 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 88.88, 240.65, 221.07] In this study, we successfully synthesized Li-rich LMNCO cathode material and systematically investigated the effects of In or Sn doping through comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization. XRD analysi… In this study, we successfully synthesized Li-rich LMNCO cathode material and systematically investigated the effects of In or Sn doping through comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization. XRD analysi… 10 4 3 96 #/texts/90 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 313.88, 240.63, 146.07] Among all fabricated electrodes, the one doped with Sn exhibited the best electrochemical performance. In this regard, it reached discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles. Moreover, Sn-induced electrode deliver… Among all fabricated electrodes, the one doped with Sn exhibited the best electrochemical performance. In this regard, it reached discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles. Moreover, Sn-induced electrode deliver… 10 5 4 97 #/texts/91 text back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 474.27, 238.11, 17.39] Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. 10 6 5 98 #/texts/92 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 506.27, 240.24, 47.39] Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… 10 7 6 99 #/texts/93 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 568.27, 240.24, 17.39] Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. 10 8 7 100 #/texts/94 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 601.59, 57.44, 9.49] Declarations Declarations 10 9 8 101 #/texts/95 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 625.27, 221.47, 7.39] Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 10 10 9 102 #/texts/96 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 660.41, 58.42, 10.13] References References 10 11 10 103 #/texts/97 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 685.37, 238.11, 27.29] Silvestri L et al (2023) Li-rich layered oxides: structure and doping strategies to enable Co-poor/Co-free cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Crystals 13(2):204 Silvestri L et al (2023) Li-rich layered oxides: structure and doping strategies to enable Co-poor/Co-free cathodes for Li-ion batteries. Crystals 13(2):204 10 12 11 104 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] 1 3 1 3 10 1 12 105 #/texts/87 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [525.36, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] Ionics Ionics 10 13 13 106 #/texts/99 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 58.27, 240.23, 27.29] Yang R et al (2021) A first-principles study on the properties of Sn-doped LiCoO 2 for Li-ion batteries. 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Int J Electrochem Sci 12:10783-10790 11 19 19 145 #/texts/138 list_item body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p11:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 258.27, 238.11, 27.29] Luo M et al (2018) Effects of doping Al on the structure and electrochemical performances of Li[Li 0.2Mn 0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 ]O 2 cath -ode materials. Ionics 24:967-976 Luo M et al (2018) Effects of doping Al on the structure and electrochemical performances of Li[Li 0.2Mn 0.54 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 ]O 2 cath -ode materials. Ionics 24:967-976 11 20 20 146 #/texts/139 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p11:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.14, 300.16, 238.11, 17.39] Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to juris -dictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 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