asset_index element_type label page caption_source suppress_in_index duplicate_of duplicate_reason region_rescue_reason visual_group_id parent_visual_label parent_visual_type confidence bbox section caption_preview caption 1 figure Docling Figure 1 1 missing_caption False 0.55 [365.36, 274.98, 146.55, 120.41] Formation of the Spinel Phase in the Layered Composite Cathode Used in Li-Ion Batteries 2 figure Fig. 1 2 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [285.63, 66.12, 199.83, 316.42] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 1. (a) Cycling performance of LNMO and AlF3-coated LNMCO and (b) charge/discharge pro fi les of the LNMO cathode material. Figure 1. (a) Cycling performance of LNMO and AlF3-coated LNMCO and (b) charge/discharge pro fi les of the LNMO cathode material. 3 figure Fig. 2 3 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [64.02, 65.34, 201.44, 198.86] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 2. R 3 m phase (a) Overview Z -contrast image of the pristine LNMO cathode; (b) magni fi ed image of the region shown as the green square in panel a; (c) atomic resolution image showing the Li-channels are very d… Figure 2. R 3 m phase (a) Overview Z -contrast image of the pristine LNMO cathode; (b) magni fi ed image of the region shown as the green square in panel a; (c) atomic resolution image showing the Li-channels are very dark due to very small atomic number of Li, while TM cation has the highest intensity and oxygen ions are visible; (d) structural model of the [010] projection of the R 3 m phase; (e) simulated Z -contrast image the R 3 m phase based on a 10% Ni/Li disorder. 4 figure Fig. 3 3 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [283.23, 66.43, 200.44, 192.76] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 3. Li2MO3 C 2/ m phase and atomic model of (a) Li2MnO3;(b) Ni-containing Li2MO3; (c) experimental Z-contrast image of the C 2/ m phase; (d) [100], [110], [1 10] zone projection of the C 2/ m phase; These zone a… Figure 3. Li2MO3 C 2/ m phase and atomic model of (a) Li2MnO3;(b) Ni-containing Li2MO3; (c) experimental Z-contrast image of the C 2/ m phase; (d) [100], [110], [1 10] zone projection of the C 2/ m phase; These zone axis projection regions are labeled with di ff erent colors lines in the image in panel c; these di ff erent zone axis regions in panel c are labeled with colored squares corresponding to the atomic modelin panel d; the Li fast ; di ff usion channels are labeled with a red arrow in panel c. 5 figure Fig. 5 4 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [64.04, 64.57, 421.1, 199.07] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 5. Cycled LNMO sample after 100 cycles: (a) overview Z contrast image of R 3 m phase region projected along [010] zone; higher magni fi cation Z -contrast image showing the (b) surface region as labeled by the gr… Figure 5. Cycled LNMO sample after 100 cycles: (a) overview Z contrast image of R 3 m phase region projected along [010] zone; higher magni fi cation Z -contrast image showing the (b) surface region as labeled by the green square and (c) bulk region as labeled by the red square; (d) intensity line pro fi le of the surface region as highlighted by the green line and bulk region as highlighted by the red line in image a, and pristine materials in Figure 2c. Note: the red arrows in the Z -contrast images show the Li fast di ff usion path. 6 figure Fig. 6 5 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [64.21, 65.36, 200.63, 188.76] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 6. (a) Overview of the cathode after 60 cycles with small domains of spinel nucleated. (b and c) The nucleated spinel crystal domains have been found to be in di ff erent crystal orientation: [111] zone spinel is… Figure 6. (a) Overview of the cathode after 60 cycles with small domains of spinel nucleated. (b and c) The nucleated spinel crystal domains have been found to be in di ff erent crystal orientation: [111] zone spinel is cycled in green, [001] zone spinel is labeled with a red square; area circled by blue is amorphous; the dashed lines indicate a dislocation. (d) FFT of the TEM image in panel c showing that the region is polycrystalline and the elongation of the di ff raction spots indicates distortions of the lattices. 7 figure Fig. 7 5 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [287.44, 67.09, 192.92, 238.17] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 7. LNMO after 100 cycles (a) TEM images shows the distorted and polycrystalline lattices and (b) FFT of the image in panel a shows amorphous rings and di ff ractions spots corresponding to the LiMn2O4-type spinel… Figure 7. LNMO after 100 cycles (a) TEM images shows the distorted and polycrystalline lattices and (b) FFT of the image in panel a shows amorphous rings and di ff ractions spots corresponding to the LiMn2O4-type spinel in the [001] zone and [111] zone; the elongated circular spot region of 001 zone spots shows that there is a big amount of lattice distortions, which can also be observed in image c. The region highlighted in red in the TEM image (c) illustrates the lattice distortions. 8 figure Fig. 8 6 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [76.78, 176.16, 176.07, 306.88] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 8. (a d) Cycled LNMO and (e) LNMCO samples showing porosity formation after 60 cycles. (a) Z -contrast image; (b) bright fi eld image; (c) higher magni fi cation Z-contrast and (d) bright fi eld image showing t… Figure 8. (a d) Cycled LNMO and (e) LNMCO samples showing porosity formation after 60 cycles. (a) Z -contrast image; (b) bright fi eld image; (c) higher magni fi cation Z-contrast and (d) bright fi eld image showing the contrast comparison of the pores in LNMO sample; (e) STEM Zcontrast image and EDS maps of cycled LNMCO sample. Thescale bar in panel e is 30 nm and can be applied to all the elemental maps therein. 9 figure Fig. 9 6 nearby_text_caption False 0.82 [124.39, 578.3, 300.35, 138.15] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 9. STEMandMn,Ni,Co, O, C, EDS maps showing the crack formation in LNMCO after 60 cycles; the red arrows indicate the crack locations in the image and maps. Figure 9. STEMandMn,Ni,Co, O, C, EDS maps showing the crack formation in LNMCO after 60 cycles; the red arrows indicate the crack locations in the image and maps. 10 figure Fig. 10 7 direct_caption_ref False 0.82 [63.84, 64.98, 202.07, 148.04] RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Figure 10. Schematic drawing showing that the initial material is composed of three phases: R 3 m , C 2/ m , and nanocompsite of intergrowth of R 3 m and C 2/ m . The transition from the R 3 m and C 2/ m layered structu… Figure 10. Schematic drawing showing that the initial material is composed of three phases: R 3 m , C 2/ m , and nanocompsite of intergrowth of R 3 m and C 2/ m . The transition from the R 3 m and C 2/ m layered structure to the spinel follows di ff erent routes, leading to di ff erent structural features of the spinel grains. 11 figure Fig. 4 4 region_rescue_caption False missing_docling_figure_region 0.68 [65.88, 66.22, 418.17, 198.03] Figure 4. LNMO after 300 cycles (a) overview of the nanoparticle with spinel structure showing very well faceted steps in the surface; the inset shows the di ff raction pattern (b) HRTEM image showing that a single crys… Figure 4. LNMO after 300 cycles (a) overview of the nanoparticle with spinel structure showing very well faceted steps in the surface; the inset shows the di ff raction pattern (b) HRTEM image showing that a single crystal spinel projected along [001] zone axis. The spinel steps are well faceted in the { 100 } facets. The red arrows indicate the facets of the surface. (c) TEM image collected from the bulk region also revealed a cubic lattice after 60 cycles and (d) corresponding FFT at [001] zone; (e) atomic model and simulated di ff raction pattern of the LiMn2O4 spinel [001] zone axis.