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      "caption": "Figure 1. Voltage and capacity of the main cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.",
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      "caption": "Figure 1. Voltage and capacity of the main cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.",
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      "caption": "Figure 2. Crystal structure of the (a) rhombohedral LiMO2 structure (space group: R 3 ̅ m , M = Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, etc.) and (b) monoclinic Li2MnO3 structure (space group: C 2/ m ) viewed from the [100] crystallographic direction. (c) Synchrotron powder X-ray di ff raction pattern and Rietveld re fi nement pro fi le of the 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42Co0.16O2 material with rhombohedral and monoclinic structures. Reprinted with permission from ref 13. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Bragg fi ltered high-angle annular dark fi eld scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-HAADF) image of the Li1.2Mn0.61Ni0.18Mg0.01O2 material, containing Li 2 MnO3 parts (blue) and LiNi0.45 Mn0.525Mg0.025O2 ones (green). Reprinted with permission from ref 33. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. These LLOs were fi rst researched as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries by Thackeray et al. when they were researching the LiMnO2 layered materials. 16,17 In 1991, inspired by Hunter ' s discovery that acid treatment of the spinel LiMn2O4 yielded λ -MnO2 with a Mn2O4 spinel framework, Thackeray et al. synthesized the layered lithium -manganese oxide compound Li2 -x MnO3 -x /2 (0 < x < 2) with a cubic-closepacked oxygen anion array by chemical leaching of Li2O from the rock salt phase Li2MnO3 (Li2O · MnO2) with acid at 25 ° C, a n d g o t t h e c o m p o u n d L i 1 . 0 9 Mn0.91 O 2 o r 0.2Li2MnO3 · 0.8LiMnO2 after relithiation in an electrochemical cell. 16,17 The structure stability of this compound is much better than that of the pure layered LiMnO 2 cathode material during electrochemical cycling, and then the x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiMnO2 material concept is fi rst introduced. When Kalyani et al. fi rst found that the monoclinic Li2MnO3 material could be activated electrochemically by charging the Li/Li2MnO3 cell to 4.5 V, the x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, etc.) materials became more and more attractive. 18 This notation can not only describe the electrochemical processes of these LLOs combining with the single LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, etc.) and Li2MnO3 component electrochemical process, but also indicates that the cathode materials for lithium",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 2. Crystal structure of the (a) rhombohedral LiMO2 structure (space group: R 3 ̅ m , M = Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, etc.) and (b) monoclinic Li2MnO3 structure (space group: C 2/ m ) viewed from the [100] crystallographi…",
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      "caption": "Figure 3. (a) XRD patterns and (b) hexagonal lattice parameters of the x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 ( x = 0, 1/3, 1/2, and 1) materials. Reprinted with permission from ref 40. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Homogeneous solid solution structure with partial ordered C 2/ m monoclinic phase viewed from the [100] crystallographic direction. (d) Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of the Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 crystal. Reprinted with permission from ref 37. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 3. (a) XRD patterns and (b) hexagonal lattice parameters of the x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 ( x = 0, 1/3, 1/2, and 1) materials. Reprinted with permission from ref 40. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemis…",
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      "label": "Fig. 4",
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      "caption": "Figure 4. The expected morphology evolution of the TM plane in x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiCoO2, showing the coexistence of Co and LiMn2 domains: (a) x = 0.15; (b) x = 0.45; (c) x = 0.75; and (d) x = 0.90. The rhombohedral ( R ) and monoclinic ( M ) unit cells are indicated in the fi gure. Reprinted with permission from ref 29. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 4. The expected morphology evolution of the TM plane in x Li2MnO3 · (1 -x )LiCoO2, showing the coexistence of Co and LiMn2 domains: (a) x = 0.15; (b) x = 0.45; (c) x = 0.75; and (d) x = 0.90. The rhombohedral ( R…",
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      "caption": "Figure 5. (a) Reaction pathways diagram through controlling the activation of the Li2MnO3 phase inside the 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42Co0.16O2 material based on the three-dimensional compositional phase diagram. (b) The charge and (c) discharge curves with three di ff erent current densities. (a -c) Reprinted with permission from ref 13. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 5. (a) Reaction pathways diagram through controlling the activation of the Li2MnO3 phase inside the 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42Co0.16O2 material based on the three-dimensional compositional phase diagram. (b)…",
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      "caption": "Figure 6. (a) Mass spectrometry analysis of O2 evolved on the 1st charging process of the Li/Li[Ni 0.2 Li 0.2Mn0.6]O2 cell. Reprinted with permission from ref 52. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society. (b) First-principle calculation sketch of partial oxygen layer in Li x /14Ni1/4Mn7/12O2 (pink balls: oxygen ions; colored polyhedrons: adjacent TM slab) and its calculated spin density at (c) x = 14, (d) x = 8, and (e) x = 0. Reprinted with permission from ref 34. Copyright 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Schemes of the proposed surface reaction mechanisms in the Li 1.2 Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 material. Reprinted with permission from ref 50. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 6. (a) Mass spectrometry analysis of O2 evolved on the 1st charging process of the Li/Li[Ni 0.2 Li 0.2Mn0.6]O2 cell. Reprinted with permission from ref 52. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society. (b) First-prin…",
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      "label": "Fig. 7",
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      "caption": "Figure 7. Charge and discharge curves of the Li/Li[Li 1/5Ni1/5Mn3/5]O2 cell at (a) 55 ° C and (b) 85 ° C. Reprinted with permission from ref 40. Copyright 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 7. Charge and discharge curves of the Li/Li[Li 1/5Ni1/5Mn3/5]O2 cell at (a) 55 ° C and (b) 85 ° C. Reprinted with permission from ref 40. Copyright 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
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      "label": "Fig. 8",
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      "caption": "Figure 8. The initial Coulombic e ffi ciency and the charge/discharge capacity of the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 -x Ru x Ni0.166 Co0.067O2 ( x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) materials. Adapted from ref 14. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 8. The initial Coulombic e ffi ciency and the charge/discharge capacity of the Li 1.2 Mn0.567 -x Ru x Ni0.166 Co0.067O2 ( x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07) materials. Adapted from ref 14. Copyright 2012 Royal Socie…",
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      "caption": "Figure 9. Charge/discharge and d Q /d V pro fi les at di ff erent cycling stages ((a,b), Stage I: from the 2nd cycle to the 25th cycle; (c,d), Stage II: from the 26th cycle to the 151st cycle) of the Li/0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42 Co0.16 O2 cell. Raman pro fi les of the 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42Co0.16O2 materials with di ff erent testing conditions: (e) pristine material; (f,g,h) electrode materials after 51 electrochemical cycles with 50 mA/g, 20 mA/g and 5 mA/g initial charge/discharge current density and 2.0 -4.8 V cuto ff voltage: (i) electrode material after 151 electrochemical cycles with 20 mA/g initial charge/discharge current density and 2.0 -4.6 V cuto ff voltage. (a -i) Reprinted with permission from ref 13. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 9. Charge/discharge and d Q /d V pro fi les at di ff erent cycling stages ((a,b), Stage I: from the 2nd cycle to the 25th cycle; (c,d), Stage II: from the 26th cycle to the 151st cycle) of the Li/0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5…",
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      "label": "Fig. 10",
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      "caption": "Figure 10. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) in the fi rst, second, and third (a) charge and (b) discharge processes, Li + di ff usion coe ffi cients during the fi rst three (c) charge and (d) discharge processes, and interface activation energy of di ff erent states during the fi rst charge (e), discharge (f), and the second charge (g) processes of the 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiMn0.42 Ni0.42 Co0.16 O2 electrode material. The inset fi gures in panels e, f, and g are the d Q /d V curves during the fi rst charging, discharging, and second charging processes, respectively. (a) Reprinted with permission from ref 15. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 10. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) in the fi rst, second, and third (a) charge and (b) discharge processes, Li + di ff usion coe ffi cients during the fi rst three (c) charge and (d) discha…",
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      "caption": "Figure 11. (a) TEM image and (b) rate capabilities of Li[Ni 0.25 Li 0.15Mn0.6]O2 nanowires. Reprinted with permission from ref 77. Copyright 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) SEM image and (d) discharge curves with di ff erent rates (6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.1C) of the Li[Li 1/3 -2 x /3Ni x Mn2/3 -x /3]O2 habit-tuned nanoplate material. Reprinted with permission from ref 78. Copyright 2010 Wiley-VCH.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 11. (a) TEM image and (b) rate capabilities of Li[Ni 0.25 Li 0.15Mn0.6]O2 nanowires. Reprinted with permission from ref 77. Copyright 2009 Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) SEM image and (d) discharge curves with d…",
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      "caption": "Figure 12. Current debates on structure and reaction mechanism, problems on electrochemical properties, and keys to the study in the future of Li 2 MnO3-based lithium-rich layered cathode materials.",
      "caption_preview": "Figure 12. Current debates on structure and reaction mechanism, problems on electrochemical properties, and keys to the study in the future of Li 2 MnO3-based lithium-rich layered cathode materials.",
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