page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.19, 141.55, 18.69] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-018-4235-1 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:front_panel:gray [195, 196, 196] gray True False [52.44, 65.76, 39.87, 9.08] REVIEW REVIEW 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 107.14, 380.39, 30.94] Recent advances on Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries Recent advances on Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text front_matter_candidate False low before_body_started before_body_started True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 157.49, 192.35, 33.85] Xiaobo Zhu & Tongen Lin & Eric Manning & Yuancheng Zhang & Mengmeng Yu & Bin Zuo & Lianzhou Wang Xiaobo Zhu & Tongen Lin & Eric Manning & Yuancheng Zhang & Mengmeng Yu & Bin Zuo & Lianzhou Wang 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 225.19, 285.74, 17.6] Received: 18 January 2018 /Accepted: 23 April 2018 /Published online: 11 June 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V ., part of Springer Nature 2018 Received: 18 January 2018 /Accepted: 23 April 2018 /Published online: 11 June 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V ., part of Springer Nature 2018 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text abstract_candidate False medium implicit_abstract implicit_abstract True p1:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 262.24, 215.51, 195.45] Abstract The ever-growing market of electrochemical energy storage impels the advances on cost-effective and environmentally friendly battery chemistries. Lithiumion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most critical ener… Abstract The ever-growing market of electrochemical energy storage impels the advances on cost-effective and environmentally friendly battery chemistries. Lithiumion batteries (LIBs) are currently the most critical ener… 1 16 7 6 #/texts/14 text front_matter_heading False low abstract_boundary_front_matter abstract_boundary_front_matter False None front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 346.38, 215.5, 33.53] Keywords Cathodematerials . Iron-based . Manganesebased . Lithium ion batteries . Sodium ion batteries . Energy storage Keywords Cathodematerials . Iron-based . Manganesebased . Lithium ion batteries . Sodium ion batteries . Energy storage 1 15 8 7 #/texts/13#prov1 text abstract_candidate False medium implicit_abstract implicit_abstract False None front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 262.24, 215.53, 58.48] NaxFeyMn1-yO2, Na4MnFe2(PO4)(P2O7), and Prussian blue analogs. Also, challenges and prospects are discussed to direct the possible development of costeffective and high-performance cathode materials for future rechargea… NaxFeyMn1-yO2, Na4MnFe2(PO4)(P2O7), and Prussian blue analogs. Also, challenges and prospects are discussed to direct the possible development of costeffective and high-performance cathode materials for future rechargea… 1 17 9 8 #/texts/15 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 418.09, 52.55, 8.75] Introduction Introduction 1 10 10 9 #/texts/9 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 529.39, 214.35, 52.83] X. Zhu : T. Lin : E. Manning : L. Wang ( * ) Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane 4072, Austral… X. Zhu : T. Lin : E. Manning : L. Wang ( * ) Nanomaterials Centre, School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane 4072, Austral… 1 11 11 10 #/texts/10 text affiliation False low affiliation_block affiliation_block True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 594.77, 204.74, 17.33] E. Manning Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB E. Manning Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB 1 12 12 11 #/texts/11 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 614.72, 60.37, 7.35] T6G 2R3, Canada T6G 2R3, Canada 1 14 13 12 #/texts/13#prov0 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 634.62, 208.73, 27.41] Y. Zhang M. Yu B. Zuo Shandong Baoli Biomass Energy Corporate, Changan Group, Huanghe Road, Dongying 257067, People ' s Republic of China Y. Zhang M. Yu B. Zuo Shandong Baoli Biomass Energy Corporate, Changan Group, Huanghe Road, Dongying 257067, People ' s Republic of China 1 7 14 13 #/texts/6 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 485.98, 141.51, 7.35] This article is part of the topical collection: This article is part of the topical collection: 1 8 15 14 #/texts/7 text unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow outside_body_flow True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 495.95, 135.17, 7.35] 20th Anniversary Issue: From the editors 20th Anniversary Issue: From the editors 1 9 16 15 #/texts/8 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 513.47, 197.71, 7.35] Nicola Pinna, Executive Editor, Mike Roco, Editor-in-Chief Nicola Pinna, Executive Editor, Mike Roco, Editor-in-Chief 1 13 17 16 #/texts/12 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p1:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [80.84, 629.05, 32.89, 11.68] : : 1 18 18 17 #/texts/16 text body True None body body False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 442.97, 215.47, 220.33] The demand for electrical energy storage is increasing exponentially along with the advancement of technologies and our ambition for clean and sustainable development. As a state-of-the-art energy storage system, lithiu… The demand for electrical energy storage is increasing exponentially along with the advancement of technologies and our ambition for clean and sustainable development. As a state-of-the-art energy storage system, lithiu… 2 1 1 18 #/texts/17 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 63.0, 7.44] 160 Page 2 of 40 160 Page 2 of 40 2 3 2 19 #/texts/19 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 56.9, 215.51, 270.17] A typical LIB is an enclosed device consisting of a cathode, an anode, a separator, and an electrolyte. In respect to the manufacturing cost of a LIB (Fig. 1a), the cathode part accounts for the most significant share, … A typical LIB is an enclosed device consisting of a cathode, an anode, a separator, and an electrolyte. In respect to the manufacturing cost of a LIB (Fig. 1a), the cathode part accounts for the most significant share, … 2 4 3 20 #/texts/20 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 330.89, 215.54, 270.18] Although both LIBs and SIBs should be directed to lower cost and higher performance, given the different application scenarios and development phases of LIBs and SIBs, the challenges existing in them still varies. In LI… Although both LIBs and SIBs should be directed to lower cost and higher performance, given the different application scenarios and development phases of LIBs and SIBs, the challenges existing in them still varies. In LI… 2 5 4 21 #/texts/21#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p2:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 604.84, 215.55, 58.48] Taking advantage of abundant Na sources, SIBs hold the promise to support large-scale energy storage applications, which is critical in harnessing intermittent renewable energies such as solar and wind power. An essenti… Taking advantage of abundant Na sources, SIBs hold the promise to support large-scale energy storage applications, which is critical in harnessing intermittent renewable energies such as solar and wind power. An essenti… 2 2 5 22 #/texts/18 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 2 6 6 23 #/texts/21#prov1 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.9, 215.5, 183.03] of suitable electrode materials that meet the long-term stability requirement and can deliver and accept large amounts of energy quickly. However, the radii of Na + (0.102 nm) is much larger compared to that of Li + (0.… of suitable electrode materials that meet the long-term stability requirement and can deliver and accept large amounts of energy quickly. However, the radii of Na + (0.102 nm) is much larger compared to that of Li + (0.… 2 7 7 24 #/texts/22 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 243.7, 215.49, 170.56] Herein, this review summarizes the research advances on Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs, respectively, which are categorized into oxides, polyanion compounds, and hexacyanometalates (for SIBs). With… Herein, this review summarizes the research advances on Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs, respectively, which are categorized into oxides, polyanion compounds, and hexacyanometalates (for SIBs). With… 2 8 8 25 #/texts/23 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 442.97, 174.19, 8.75] Fe- and Mn-based oxides as LIB cathodes Fe- and Mn-based oxides as LIB cathodes 2 9 9 26 #/texts/24 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p2:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 467.86, 215.53, 195.46] The introduction of LCO cathode has empowered the commercialization of the first LIB. LCO also guides the investigation of a family of α -NaFeO2-type layered oxides LiMO2, where M can be a TM or a mixture of several (Ch… The introduction of LCO cathode has empowered the commercialization of the first LIB. LCO also guides the investigation of a family of α -NaFeO2-type layered oxides LiMO2, where M can be a TM or a mixture of several (Ch… 3 1 1 27 #/texts/25 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 3 3 2 28 #/texts/27 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 384.38, 215.5, 37.31] Fig. 1 a Constitutional costs for manufacturing a typical LIB and SIB. Values are from ref. (Kim et al. 2014). b Abundances of metal elementals involved in standard cathode materials. Values are taken from ref. (Nitta e… Fig. 1 a Constitutional costs for manufacturing a typical LIB and SIB. Values are from ref. (Kim et al. 2014). b Abundances of metal elementals involved in standard cathode materials. Values are taken from ref. (Nitta e… 3 4 3 29 #/texts/28 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 442.98, 32.99, 9.61] LiMnO2 LiMnO2 3 5 4 30 #/texts/29 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 467.87, 215.51, 196.41] After the success of LCO, researchers have made significant efforts to investigate the Mn-based structural analog of LCO (Fuchs and Kemmler-Sack 1994; Rossouw et al. 1993). However, layered O3-type LiMnO2 is challenging… After the success of LCO, researchers have made significant efforts to investigate the Mn-based structural analog of LCO (Fuchs and Kemmler-Sack 1994; Rossouw et al. 1993). However, layered O3-type LiMnO2 is challenging… 3 2 5 31 #/texts/26 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [437.38, 34.25, 62.91, 7.44] Page 3 of 40 160 Page 3 of 40 160 3 6 6 32 #/texts/30 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 384.38, 215.4, 27.25] recycled) elementals (shown in green) in the periodic table, in which main elements of current LIBs are circled in red. Reproduced from ref. (Larcher and Tarascon 2015) recycled) elementals (shown in green) in the periodic table, in which main elements of current LIBs are circled in red. Reproduced from ref. (Larcher and Tarascon 2015) 3 7 7 33 #/texts/31 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 442.98, 215.47, 83.37] 1992) and LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (Shaju et al. 2002; Tsutomu and Yoshinari 2001) (NMC). For example, the existence of low valance Ni (Ni 2+ ) can reduce the proportion of Mn 3+ . The synergistic contributions of various meta… 1992) and LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (Shaju et al. 2002; Tsutomu and Yoshinari 2001) (NMC). For example, the existence of low valance Ni (Ni 2+ ) can reduce the proportion of Mn 3+ . The synergistic contributions of various meta… 3 8 8 34 #/texts/32#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 530.11, 215.52, 133.2] Mn-substituted LiNixMn1-xO2 has been initially designed to address the issues in LiNiO 2 (Chen et al. 2014; Ohzuku et al. 1993), which is hard to prepare due to the difficulties in controlling stoichiometry, Li/Ni order… Mn-substituted LiNixMn1-xO2 has been initially designed to address the issues in LiNiO 2 (Chen et al. 2014; Ohzuku et al. 1993), which is hard to prepare due to the difficulties in controlling stoichiometry, Li/Ni order… 4 2 1 35 #/texts/33 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 4 3 2 36 #/texts/34 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 42.14, 7.35] Page 4 of 40 Page 4 of 40 4 5 3 37 #/texts/36 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 182.33, 215.42, 27.25] Fig. 2 a Crystal structure of layered LiMO2. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b Cycling profile of layered LiMnO2. Reproduced from ref. (Armstrong and Bruce Fig. 2 a Crystal structure of layered LiMO2. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b Cycling profile of layered LiMnO2. Reproduced from ref. (Armstrong and Bruce 4 1 4 38 #/texts/32#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 231.0, 215.5, 70.9] the use of an ion-exchange process to prepare highquality LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with very low little intralayer disordering, which could maintain a capacity of ∼ 180 mAh g -1 even at a high rate of 6 °C (Kang et al. 2006). How… the use of an ion-exchange process to prepare highquality LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 with very low little intralayer disordering, which could maintain a capacity of ∼ 180 mAh g -1 even at a high rate of 6 °C (Kang et al. 2006). How… 4 6 5 39 #/texts/37 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 305.73, 215.48, 207.86] Meanwhile, researchers investigated the cosubstitution of Co and Mn for better structural stability. In 2001, Ohzuku et al. reported the isometric LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111) cathode, which demonstrated a rechargeable … Meanwhile, researchers investigated the cosubstitution of Co and Mn for better structural stability. In 2001, Ohzuku et al. reported the isometric LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111) cathode, which demonstrated a rechargeable … 4 7 6 40 #/texts/38 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 530.12, 29.02, 9.66] LiFeO2 LiFeO2 4 8 7 41 #/texts/39#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 555.06, 215.53, 108.26] In principle, the structure of LiMO 2 is dependent on the size of the M cation (Shirane et al. 1995). When Co is substituted by similarly smaller M cations, such as V 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ni 3+ , the layered rock-salt structure… In principle, the structure of LiMO 2 is dependent on the size of the M cation (Shirane et al. 1995). When Co is substituted by similarly smaller M cations, such as V 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ni 3+ , the layered rock-salt structure… 4 4 8 42 #/texts/35 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 4 10 9 43 #/texts/40 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 182.33, 215.53, 27.25] 1996) with permission. c Structural illustration and voltage profiles of orthorhombic LiMnO2. Reproduced from ref. (Croguennec et al. 1997b) and ref. (He et al. 2010) with permissions 1996) with permission. c Structural illustration and voltage profiles of orthorhombic LiMnO2. Reproduced from ref. (Croguennec et al. 1997b) and ref. (He et al. 2010) with permissions 4 9 10 44 #/texts/39#prov1 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 231.0, 215.44, 95.79] conditions (Catti and Montero-Campillo 2011). Those include disordered rock salt α phase and its derivate (Tabuchi et al. 1995), layered O3 phase (Shirane et al. 1995), corrugated layered phase (orthorhombic), goethite-… conditions (Catti and Montero-Campillo 2011). Those include disordered rock salt α phase and its derivate (Tabuchi et al. 1995), layered O3 phase (Shirane et al. 1995), corrugated layered phase (orthorhombic), goethite-… 4 11 11 45 #/texts/41 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 330.61, 215.52, 195.45] The electrochemical performance of LiFeO2 is strongly related to the crystal structure, which decides the Li + pathway during the reaction. For example, bulk α -LiFeO2 obtained by solid state reaction is found to be ele… The electrochemical performance of LiFeO2 is strongly related to the crystal structure, which decides the Li + pathway during the reaction. For example, bulk α -LiFeO2 obtained by solid state reaction is found to be ele… 4 12 12 46 #/texts/42 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 529.89, 215.54, 134.16] Though electrochemical activities have repeatedly been demonstrated for LiFeO2 with different phases, a critical issue is the abnormal redox reaction. Different from the reversible Li + intercalation/deintercalation in … Though electrochemical activities have repeatedly been demonstrated for LiFeO2 with different phases, a critical issue is the abnormal redox reaction. Different from the reversible Li + intercalation/deintercalation in … 5 1 1 47 #/texts/43 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 5 2 2 48 #/texts/44 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [437.38, 34.25, 62.91, 7.44] Page 5 of 40 160 Page 5 of 40 160 5 3 3 49 #/texts/45 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 277.12, 453.51, 17.33] Fig. 3 a , b Charge/discharge curves of LiFeO2 ( a ) and oxygen-deficient LiFeO2-x ( b ). c XRD pattern of cycled O3-type LiFeO2. Reproduced from ref. (Hirayama et al. 2011) with permission Fig. 3 a , b Charge/discharge curves of LiFeO2 ( a ) and oxygen-deficient LiFeO2-x ( b ). c XRD pattern of cycled O3-type LiFeO2. Reproduced from ref. (Hirayama et al. 2011) with permission 5 4 4 50 #/texts/46 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 318.31, 215.44, 158.09] (Hirayama et al. 2011). As shown in Fig. 3, large voltage hysteresis is identified in the first cycle of LiFeO2, and the following profiles are similar with initially reduced LiFeO2-x. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns a… (Hirayama et al. 2011). As shown in Fig. 3, large voltage hysteresis is identified in the first cycle of LiFeO2, and the following profiles are similar with initially reduced LiFeO2-x. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns a… 5 5 5 51 #/texts/47 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 492.76, 89.77, 8.65] Li2MnO3-based oxides Li2MnO3-based oxides 5 6 6 52 #/texts/48#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 517.7, 215.49, 146.58] With the low-cost constitution and very high deliverable capacities exceeding 250 mAh g -1 , Li2MnO3-based layered oxides are considered as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation LIBs (Thackera… With the low-cost constitution and very high deliverable capacities exceeding 250 mAh g -1 , Li2MnO3-based layered oxides are considered as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation LIBs (Thackera… 5 7 7 53 #/texts/48#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 318.31, 215.51, 158.09] class of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMRs), which is deemed as either a single-phase solid solution (Jarvis et al. 2012; Koga et al. 2012; Shukla et al. 2015) expressed as Li(Li 1/3-2x/3MxMn2/3-x/3)O2 or a structura… class of Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides (LMRs), which is deemed as either a single-phase solid solution (Jarvis et al. 2012; Koga et al. 2012; Shukla et al. 2015) expressed as Li(Li 1/3-2x/3MxMn2/3-x/3)O2 or a structura… 5 8 8 54 #/texts/49 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 480.17, 215.54, 183.04] The electrochemical properties of LMRs are highly associated with a unique activation behavior. The typical first charge profile involves several steps (Erickson et al. 2017). Below 4.4 V is a Li extraction from the Li-… The electrochemical properties of LMRs are highly associated with a unique activation behavior. The typical first charge profile involves several steps (Erickson et al. 2017). Below 4.4 V is a Li extraction from the Li-… 6 1 1 55 #/texts/50 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 6 2 2 56 #/texts/51 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 42.14, 7.35] Page 6 of 40 Page 6 of 40 6 3 3 57 #/texts/52 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p6:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 7 1 1 58 #/texts/53 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 7 3 2 59 #/texts/55 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [36.79, 53.66, 225.45, 100.76] ƒ Fig. 4 a Crystal structure of monoclinic Li2MO3. Reproduced from ref. (Mohanty et al. 2013) with permission. b Charge voltage profile of a model LMR, 0.35LiMn2O3 · 0.65LiMn0.45Ni0.35Co0.20O2 with the illustration of s… ƒ Fig. 4 a Crystal structure of monoclinic Li2MO3. Reproduced from ref. (Mohanty et al. 2013) with permission. b Charge voltage profile of a model LMR, 0.35LiMn2O3 · 0.65LiMn0.45Ni0.35Co0.20O2 with the illustration of s… 7 4 3 60 #/texts/56 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 174.82, 215.51, 182.97] material, Li1.87Mn0.94Ni0.19O3, the Li2MnO3 activation process took dozens of cycles (Fig. 1d). By combining the electrochemical measurements with material characterisation including in-situ XRD and high-angle annularda… material, Li1.87Mn0.94Ni0.19O3, the Li2MnO3 activation process took dozens of cycles (Fig. 1d). By combining the electrochemical measurements with material characterisation including in-situ XRD and high-angle annularda… 7 5 4 61 #/texts/57 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 361.62, 215.56, 145.61] As a promising cathode candidate that has been under the spotlight in past years, extensive work has been conducted to understand the local crystal structure, structural evolution, electrochemical behavior of LMRs, and … As a promising cathode candidate that has been under the spotlight in past years, extensive work has been conducted to understand the local crystal structure, structural evolution, electrochemical behavior of LMRs, and … 7 6 5 62 #/texts/58 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 530.11, 36.61, 9.67] LiMn2O4 LiMn2O4 7 7 6 63 #/texts/59#prov0 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 555.06, 215.52, 108.26] Spinel LiMn2O4 is another classic cathode material for LIBs, of which Thackeray et al. have studied the lithium insertion/deinsertion properties since the 1980s (Thackeray et al. 1983, 1984). Different from the layered … Spinel LiMn2O4 is another classic cathode material for LIBs, of which Thackeray et al. have studied the lithium insertion/deinsertion properties since the 1980s (Thackeray et al. 1983, 1984). Different from the layered … 7 2 7 64 #/texts/54 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [437.38, 34.25, 62.91, 7.44] Page 7 of 40 160 Page 7 of 40 160 7 8 8 65 #/texts/59#prov1 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.91, 215.54, 282.64] concentration of Li ions in the spinel body (Li/Mn = 1:2) results in only half of the theoretical specific capacity (146 mAh g -1 ) of layered LiMO2, attributing to the lowcost, stable, and kinetic Mn-based 3D spinel fr… concentration of Li ions in the spinel body (Li/Mn = 1:2) results in only half of the theoretical specific capacity (146 mAh g -1 ) of layered LiMO2, attributing to the lowcost, stable, and kinetic Mn-based 3D spinel fr… 7 9 9 66 #/texts/60#prov0 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 343.31, 215.55, 320.13] Apart from the relatively low energy density, the other most claimed issue is the limited cycle life of LiMn2O4 due to Mn ions ' dissolution, especially under elevated temperatures (Jang et al. 1996; Xia et al. 1997). P… Apart from the relatively low energy density, the other most claimed issue is the limited cycle life of LiMn2O4 due to Mn ions ' dissolution, especially under elevated temperatures (Jang et al. 1996; Xia et al. 1997). P… 8 2 1 67 #/texts/61 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 8 3 2 68 #/texts/62 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 42.14, 7.35] Page 8 of 40 Page 8 of 40 8 4 3 69 #/texts/63 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 8 5 4 70 #/texts/64 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 351.44, 453.57, 18.81] Fig. 5 a Crystal structure of spinel LiMn2O4. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b -e Schematic diagram of the composites and the corresponding electrochemical performance. Reproduced from ref. (Le… Fig. 5 a Crystal structure of spinel LiMn2O4. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b -e Schematic diagram of the composites and the corresponding electrochemical performance. Reproduced from ref. (Le… 8 1 5 71 #/texts/60#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 393.15, 215.51, 33.59] packed composites composed of carbon coated nanosized Li1.015Al0.06Mn1.925O4, maintained 84.5% of the initial capacity over 5000 cycles (Lee et al. 2017). packed composites composed of carbon coated nanosized Li1.015Al0.06Mn1.925O4, maintained 84.5% of the initial capacity over 5000 cycles (Lee et al. 2017). 8 6 6 72 #/texts/65 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 442.98, 60.78, 9.61] LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 8 7 7 73 #/texts/66 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 467.87, 215.55, 195.45] Substitution of Mn in LiMn2O4 by low-valance metal ions (Co 3+ (Kawai et al. 1998), Cr 3+ (Sigala et al. 1995), Ni 2+ (Zhong et al. 1997), Fe 3+ (Amine et al. 1997), Cu 2+ (Ein-Eli et al. 1998), etc.) was initially desi… Substitution of Mn in LiMn2O4 by low-valance metal ions (Co 3+ (Kawai et al. 1998), Cr 3+ (Sigala et al. 1995), Ni 2+ (Zhong et al. 1997), Fe 3+ (Amine et al. 1997), Cu 2+ (Ein-Eli et al. 1998), etc.) was initially desi… 8 8 8 74 #/texts/67 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 393.15, 215.53, 220.33] 12d sites to accommodate Ni and Mn ions, known as an ordered phase (Kim et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2012a). It is accepted that oxygen stoichiometry plays a leading role to determine the phase. In an oxygen-stoichiometric L… 12d sites to accommodate Ni and Mn ions, known as an ordered phase (Kim et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2012a). It is accepted that oxygen stoichiometry plays a leading role to determine the phase. In an oxygen-stoichiometric L… 8 9 9 75 #/texts/68#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 617.31, 215.53, 46.01] Previously, with the aid of high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental scanning, we observed minor P4332 phase on the edge Previously, with the aid of high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental scanning, we observed minor P4332 phase on the edge 9 2 1 76 #/texts/69 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 9 1 2 77 #/texts/68#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 56.9, 215.55, 195.45] of Fd-3m body coupled with the different Mn/Ni ratio in the naturally cooled sample (Fig. 6c). As shown in Fig. 6d, both the samples delivered favorable rate and cycling performances. The role of the crystal phase may b… of Fd-3m body coupled with the different Mn/Ni ratio in the naturally cooled sample (Fig. 6c). As shown in Fig. 6d, both the samples delivered favorable rate and cycling performances. The role of the crystal phase may b… 9 4 3 78 #/texts/71#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 256.18, 215.55, 407.14] Perhaps the biggest barrier preventing LNMO from the practical application is the lack of long-cycling reliability. LNMO was initially introduced to prolong the cyclability of primary LiMn2O4 spinel. However, the exploi… Perhaps the biggest barrier preventing LNMO from the practical application is the lack of long-cycling reliability. LNMO was initially introduced to prolong the cyclability of primary LiMn2O4 spinel. However, the exploi… 9 3 4 79 #/texts/70 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [437.38, 34.25, 62.91, 7.44] Page 9 of 40 160 Page 9 of 40 160 9 5 5 80 #/texts/71#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 56.9, 215.53, 295.05] coating is to reduce the side reactions by creating artificial electrode/electrolyte interfaces. A wide variety of doping elementals (e.g., Na + , Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Co 3+ , Ti 4+ , F -) and coating… coating is to reduce the side reactions by creating artificial electrode/electrolyte interfaces. A wide variety of doping elementals (e.g., Na + , Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Co 3+ , Ti 4+ , F -) and coating… 9 6 6 81 #/texts/72 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 380.67, 200.92, 21.22] Fe- and Mn-based polyanion compounds as LIB cathodes Fe- and Mn-based polyanion compounds as LIB cathodes 9 7 7 82 #/texts/73 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 418.02, 215.53, 158.1] Represented by LiFePO4, polyanion cathode materials are typically 3D structured compounds constructed by corner- and/or edge-shared M-O and X-O (X = P, S, As, Mo, or W) polyhedrons. These frameworks afford much better s… Represented by LiFePO4, polyanion cathode materials are typically 3D structured compounds constructed by corner- and/or edge-shared M-O and X-O (X = P, S, As, Mo, or W) polyhedrons. These frameworks afford much better s… 9 8 8 83 #/texts/74 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 592.42, 116.98, 8.65] Fe- and Mn-based phosphates Fe- and Mn-based phosphates 9 9 9 84 #/texts/75#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 617.31, 215.47, 46.01] Olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) is the most successful polyanion cathode material, attributing to its lowcost and non-toxic constitution, appreciable capacity ( ca . 170 mAh g -1 ) and excellent thermal and Olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) is the most successful polyanion cathode material, attributing to its lowcost and non-toxic constitution, appreciable capacity ( ca . 170 mAh g -1 ) and excellent thermal and 10 3 1 85 #/texts/76 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 10 4 2 86 #/texts/77 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 10 of 40 Page 10 of 40 10 6 3 87 #/texts/79 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 380.87, 215.56, 37.31] Fig. 6 a Comparison of the two structural configurations in LNMO. Reproduced from ref. (Liu et al. 2012a) with permission. b Typical charge/discharge curves of LNMO with the two phases. Reproduced from ref. (Wang et al.… Fig. 6 a Comparison of the two structural configurations in LNMO. Reproduced from ref. (Liu et al. 2012a) with permission. b Typical charge/discharge curves of LNMO with the two phases. Reproduced from ref. (Wang et al.… 10 1 4 88 #/texts/75#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 442.98, 215.48, 220.33] structural stability. The key drawbacks of LiFePO4 are inferior electric conductivity ( ca . 10 -9 S cm -1 ), the selective one-dimensional (1D) lithium pathway (Fig. 7a), and low gravimetric and volumetric energy densi… structural stability. The key drawbacks of LiFePO4 are inferior electric conductivity ( ca . 10 -9 S cm -1 ), the selective one-dimensional (1D) lithium pathway (Fig. 7a), and low gravimetric and volumetric energy densi… 10 5 5 89 #/texts/78 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 10 7 6 90 #/texts/80 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.9, 380.87, 215.49, 37.23] Structural characteristics and electrochemical properties on the basis of our prepared samples. e , f Outstanding capacity retention achieved by using lithium phosphorus oxynitride solid electrolyte. Reproduced from ref… Structural characteristics and electrochemical properties on the basis of our prepared samples. e , f Outstanding capacity retention achieved by using lithium phosphorus oxynitride solid electrolyte. Reproduced from ref… 10 2 7 91 #/texts/75#prov2 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 442.98, 215.47, 220.34] new feasible strategies. For example, Paolella et al. reported the use of LiPF6 treatment to make LFP nanocrystals hydrophilic, thereby enabling carbon coating uniformly (Paolella et al. 2014). Compared with surface mod… new feasible strategies. For example, Paolella et al. reported the use of LiPF6 treatment to make LFP nanocrystals hydrophilic, thereby enabling carbon coating uniformly (Paolella et al. 2014). Compared with surface mod… 11 1 1 92 #/texts/81 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 11 2 2 93 #/texts/82 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p11:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.53, 34.25, 66.76, 7.44] Page 11 of 40 160 Page 11 of 40 160 11 3 3 94 #/texts/83 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 54.43, 110.66, 316.15] Fig. 7 a Crystal structure of spinel LiMn2O4. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b High-rate discharge capability of LiFe 0.9P0.95O4δ . Reproduced from ref. (Kang and Ceder 2009) with permission. c… Fig. 7 a Crystal structure of spinel LiMn2O4. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2016) with permission. b High-rate discharge capability of LiFe 0.9P0.95O4δ . Reproduced from ref. (Kang and Ceder 2009) with permission. c… 12 1 1 95 #/texts/84 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p12:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 12 2 2 96 #/texts/85 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p12:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 12 of 40 Page 12 of 40 12 4 3 97 #/texts/87 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p12:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.51, 58.48] 480 °C by developing ultra-small core-shell nanocomposites (Naoi et al. 2016). The charge/discharge curves are dominated by the sloping pseudocapacitive behavior (Fig. 7c), and the rate capability is generated at the la… 480 °C by developing ultra-small core-shell nanocomposites (Naoi et al. 2016). The charge/discharge curves are dominated by the sloping pseudocapacitive behavior (Fig. 7c), and the rate capability is generated at the la… 12 5 4 98 #/texts/88 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p12:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 119.21, 215.54, 481.86] The gravimetric and volumetric energy densities are restricted from the essential redox reaction and atom density in the crystal structure. Even though the inductive effect from the PO4 3 -elevates the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redo… The gravimetric and volumetric energy densities are restricted from the essential redox reaction and atom density in the crystal structure. Even though the inductive effect from the PO4 3 -elevates the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redo… 12 6 5 99 #/texts/89#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p12:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 604.84, 215.51, 58.48] Another effective approach to boost the kinetics of LMP is Fe-substitution. The as-formed LiFe1-xMnxPO4 solid solutions (LFMP) combines the dynamics of LFP and high energy density of LMP, and they are considered as the … Another effective approach to boost the kinetics of LMP is Fe-substitution. The as-formed LiFe1-xMnxPO4 solid solutions (LFMP) combines the dynamics of LFP and high energy density of LMP, and they are considered as the … 12 3 6 100 #/texts/86 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p12:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 12 7 7 101 #/texts/89#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p12:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.9, 215.54, 432.09] which have received much attention from investigators (Kim et al. 2016b; Li et al. 2013; Martha et al. 2009a; Wang et al. 2011a; Yan et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2015c). Yamada et al. (Yamada et al. 2001) and Ravnsbæk et al… which have received much attention from investigators (Kim et al. 2016b; Li et al. 2013; Martha et al. 2009a; Wang et al. 2011a; Yan et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2015c). Yamada et al. (Yamada et al. 2001) and Ravnsbæk et al… 12 8 8 102 #/texts/90 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p12:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 492.75, 215.5, 95.84] Apart from the olivine-type structure, the lithium metal phosphates can also exist as NASICON, antiNASICON, alluaudite, pyrophosphate, tavorite, and even amorphous phases with varied composition (Masquelier and Croguenn… Apart from the olivine-type structure, the lithium metal phosphates can also exist as NASICON, antiNASICON, alluaudite, pyrophosphate, tavorite, and even amorphous phases with varied composition (Masquelier and Croguenn… 12 9 9 103 #/texts/91 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p12:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 604.83, 104.52, 8.65] Fe- and Mn-based silicates Fe- and Mn-based silicates 12 10 10 104 #/texts/92#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p12:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 629.78, 215.45, 33.53] Encouraged by the success of phosphate, other polyanion compounds are successively explored to function as cathode materials for LIBs. Particularly, lithium Encouraged by the success of phosphate, other polyanion compounds are successively explored to function as cathode materials for LIBs. Particularly, lithium 13 2 1 105 #/texts/93 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p13:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 13 1 2 106 #/texts/92#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p13:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 56.9, 215.47, 183.04] silicates Li 2 MSiO4 are very attractive as they potentially afford a two-electron reaction with a theoretical capacity of 332 mAh g -1 . The structures are composed of tetragonally packed oxygen ions (a distorted form … silicates Li 2 MSiO4 are very attractive as they potentially afford a two-electron reaction with a theoretical capacity of 332 mAh g -1 . The structures are composed of tetragonally packed oxygen ions (a distorted form … 13 4 3 107 #/texts/95 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p13:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 243.7, 215.52, 344.89] The slow Li reaction kinetics are due to the frustrated ion migration in the complex lattices as well as the separated M redox centers, resulting in extremely low electronic conductivity ( ∼ 5 × 10 -16 S cm -1 for Li2Mn… The slow Li reaction kinetics are due to the frustrated ion migration in the complex lattices as well as the separated M redox centers, resulting in extremely low electronic conductivity ( ∼ 5 × 10 -16 S cm -1 for Li2Mn… 13 5 4 108 #/texts/96 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p13:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 604.84, 101.63, 8.65] Fe- and Mn-based borates Fe- and Mn-based borates 13 6 5 109 #/texts/97 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p13:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 627.98, 215.51, 35.34] Lithium metal borates entered into researchers ' sight in 2001, because the polyanion group BO3 3 -is the lightest one, ensuring a high theoretical capacity of ~ Lithium metal borates entered into researchers ' sight in 2001, because the polyanion group BO3 3 -is the lightest one, ensuring a high theoretical capacity of ~ 13 3 6 110 #/texts/94 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p13:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 13 of 40 160 Page 13 of 40 160 13 7 7 111 #/texts/98 text body True None body body False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p13:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 52.3, 215.53, 361.97] 220 mAh g -1 (Legagneur et al. 2001). However, the early practice only realized the reversible capacity of ~ 8 mAh g -1 at C/250, suggesting deficient electrochemical activity. Until 2010, Yamada et al. obtained an attr… 220 mAh g -1 (Legagneur et al. 2001). However, the early practice only realized the reversible capacity of ~ 8 mAh g -1 at C/250, suggesting deficient electrochemical activity. Until 2010, Yamada et al. obtained an attr… 13 8 8 112 #/texts/99 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p13:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.86, 442.98, 173.06, 8.75] Fe- and Mn-based oxides as SIB cathodes Fe- and Mn-based oxides as SIB cathodes 13 9 9 113 #/texts/100#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p13:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.86, 467.87, 215.53, 195.45] Sodium metal oxides have been intensively studied as SIB cathodes, which mimic the lithium metal oxides, but the considerably different physico-chemical properties (e.g., ionic size, electron configuration) renders some… Sodium metal oxides have been intensively studied as SIB cathodes, which mimic the lithium metal oxides, but the considerably different physico-chemical properties (e.g., ionic size, electron configuration) renders some… 14 2 1 114 #/texts/101 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 67.14, 7.44] 160 Page 14 of 40 160 Page 14 of 40 14 4 2 115 #/texts/103 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 309.11, 215.54, 37.58] Fig. 8 a , b Crystal structures of P 21/ n Li2FeSiO4 ( a ), which transforms into Pmn 21 Li2FeSiO4 ( b ). c Typical charge/discharge curves of Li2FeSiO4. Reproduced from ref. (Armstrong et al. 2011) with permission. d S… Fig. 8 a , b Crystal structures of P 21/ n Li2FeSiO4 ( a ), which transforms into Pmn 21 Li2FeSiO4 ( b ). c Typical charge/discharge curves of Li2FeSiO4. Reproduced from ref. (Armstrong et al. 2011) with permission. d S… 14 1 3 116 #/texts/100#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 368.26, 215.52, 108.25] the Na ion octahedral or prismatic layers contained in each unit cell, and a prime symbol ( ′ ) is added to indicate a monoclinic distortion. In the synthesis of layered oxides, the resultant structure is decided by man… the Na ion octahedral or prismatic layers contained in each unit cell, and a prime symbol ( ′ ) is added to indicate a monoclinic distortion. In the synthesis of layered oxides, the resultant structure is decided by man… 14 5 4 117 #/texts/104 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 480.34, 215.5, 95.78] Though sodium ions are low-cost charge carriers, many layered oxides still rely on redox centers that are scarce and/or may be toxic transition metal elements such as cobalt (Berthelot et al. 2010), nickel (Han et al. 2… Though sodium ions are low-cost charge carriers, many layered oxides still rely on redox centers that are scarce and/or may be toxic transition metal elements such as cobalt (Berthelot et al. 2010), nickel (Han et al. 2… 14 6 5 118 #/texts/105 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 592.42, 31.87, 9.61] NaFeO2 NaFeO2 14 7 6 119 #/texts/106 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p14:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 617.31, 215.43, 46.01] NaFeO2 has been reported to have two polymorphs: hexagonal α -NaFeO2 and orthorhombic β -NaFeO2 (Kikkawa et al. 1985). The former one is the prototype of layered oxides, opening the era of LIB NaFeO2 has been reported to have two polymorphs: hexagonal α -NaFeO2 and orthorhombic β -NaFeO2 (Kikkawa et al. 1985). The former one is the prototype of layered oxides, opening the era of LIB 14 3 7 120 #/texts/102 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p14:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 14 8 8 121 #/texts/107 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p14:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 309.38, 215.56, 37.23] LiFeBO3 during delithiation and degradation. Reproduced from ref. (Bo et al. 2014) with permission. e Charge/discharge profiles of mesoporous LiFeBO3/C hollow spheres. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2015) with permis… LiFeBO3 during delithiation and degradation. Reproduced from ref. (Bo et al. 2014) with permission. e Charge/discharge profiles of mesoporous LiFeBO3/C hollow spheres. Reproduced from ref. (Chen et al. 2015) with permis… 14 9 9 122 #/texts/108 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p14:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 368.26, 215.46, 296.02] chemistry. An early study only realized removal of 0.1 Na using chemical oxidizer (Kikkawa et al. 1985). By coupling with Li foil into a battery, Takeda et al. reported the electrochemical desodiation of α -NaFeO2 into … chemistry. An early study only realized removal of 0.1 Na using chemical oxidizer (Kikkawa et al. 1985). By coupling with Li foil into a battery, Takeda et al. reported the electrochemical desodiation of α -NaFeO2 into … 15 1 1 123 #/texts/109 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p15:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p15:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 15 3 2 124 #/texts/111 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p15:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p15:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 54.43, 110.64, 96.98] Fig. 9 a Structural comparison of P2-type and O3-type NaxMO2. Reproduced from ref. (Yabuuchi et al. 2012a) with permission. b Synthesis phase diagram of NaxCoO2 as a function of the Na/ Co ratio from precursors and heat… Fig. 9 a Structural comparison of P2-type and O3-type NaxMO2. Reproduced from ref. (Yabuuchi et al. 2012a) with permission. b Synthesis phase diagram of NaxCoO2 as a function of the Na/ Co ratio from precursors and heat… 15 4 3 125 #/texts/112 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p15:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 380.67, 215.47, 108.31] was also found to show an additional advantage of good thermal stability. As reported by Zhao et al. (Zhao et al. 2013), the highly charged Na0.58FeO2 powder decomposed thermally at a temperature higher than 300 °C, and… was also found to show an additional advantage of good thermal stability. As reported by Zhao et al. (Zhao et al. 2013), the highly charged Na0.58FeO2 powder decomposed thermally at a temperature higher than 300 °C, and… 15 5 4 126 #/texts/113 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p15:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 505.23, 39.4, 9.61] NaxMnO2 NaxMnO2 15 6 5 127 #/texts/114#prov0 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p15:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 530.12, 215.54, 133.2] NaxMnO2 has a variety of polymorphs, which can be divided into two large groups: 2D layered structures consisting of slabs of edge-sharing MO6 octahedra at high x (e.g., Na2/3MnO2, NaMnO2) and 3D tunnel-like structures … NaxMnO2 has a variety of polymorphs, which can be divided into two large groups: 2D layered structures consisting of slabs of edge-sharing MO6 octahedra at high x (e.g., Na2/3MnO2, NaMnO2) and 3D tunnel-like structures … 15 2 6 128 #/texts/110 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p15:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 15 of 40 160 Page 15 of 40 160 15 7 7 129 #/texts/114#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p15:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 378.46, 215.52, 110.53] reported by Ceder et al. (Ma et al. 2011), α -NaMnO2 delivered a reversible capacity of 185 mAh g -1 at 0.1 °C within in the potential window of 2.0 -3.8 V, but only maintained 132 mAh g -1 after 20 cycles. In compariso… reported by Ceder et al. (Ma et al. 2011), α -NaMnO2 delivered a reversible capacity of 185 mAh g -1 at 0.1 °C within in the potential window of 2.0 -3.8 V, but only maintained 132 mAh g -1 after 20 cycles. In compariso… 15 8 8 130 #/texts/115#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p15:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 492.76, 215.49, 170.56] With the Na/Mn ratio of around 2/3, the distortion of the ideal P2 structure is dependent on the synthesis conditions. Lowering the sintering temperature below 600 °C with a more oxidizing atmosphere stabilizes a higher… With the Na/Mn ratio of around 2/3, the distortion of the ideal P2 structure is dependent on the synthesis conditions. Lowering the sintering temperature below 600 °C with a more oxidizing atmosphere stabilizes a higher… 16 2 1 131 #/texts/116 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 16 3 2 132 #/texts/117 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 16 of 40 Page 16 of 40 16 4 3 133 #/texts/118 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p16:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 16 5 4 134 #/texts/119 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 202.0, 215.43, 27.39] Fig. 10 a Initial charge/discharge curves of NaFeO2 on the dependence of different cut-off potentials. Reprinted from ref. (Okada et al. 2006) with permission. b Voltage profiles along Fig. 10 a Initial charge/discharge curves of NaFeO2 on the dependence of different cut-off potentials. Reprinted from ref. (Okada et al. 2006) with permission. b Voltage profiles along 16 1 5 135 #/texts/115#prov1 text body True None body body caption_continuation_used_by_asset figure Fig. 10 Fig. 10 a Initial charge/discharge curves of NaFeO2 on the dependence of different cut-off potentials. Reprinted from ref. (Okada et al. 2006) with permission. b Voltage profiles along cycling. c A diagram illustrating … False None page_body right None None p16:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 200.13, 215.46, 29.18] cycling. c A diagram illustrating the electrochemical active Fe 3+ / Fe 4+ redox couple. Reproduced from ref. (Lee et al. 2015) with permission cycling. c A diagram illustrating the electrochemical active Fe 3+ / Fe 4+ redox couple. Reproduced from ref. (Lee et al. 2015) with permission 16 6 6 136 #/texts/120 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 279.28, 110.59, 156.79] Fig. 11 a Stability domain of the different structural types observed for as-synthesized NaxMnO2 compounds. Reproduced from ref. (Clément et al. 2015) with permission. b Schematic representations of β -NaMnO2 and an int… Fig. 11 a Stability domain of the different structural types observed for as-synthesized NaxMnO2 compounds. Reproduced from ref. (Clément et al. 2015) with permission. b Schematic representations of β -NaMnO2 and an int… 17 2 1 137 #/texts/121 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p17:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 17 3 2 138 #/texts/122 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p17:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 17 of 40 160 Page 17 of 40 160 17 1 3 139 #/texts/115#prov2 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.74, 56.9, 215.56, 419.61] a sol-gel method, Caballero et al. reported the synthesis of an undistorted P2-Na0.6MnO2 phase at a high temperature of 800 °C. They further tested the material in SIBs, which delivered ca. 140 mAh g -1 , but only withs… a sol-gel method, Caballero et al. reported the synthesis of an undistorted P2-Na0.6MnO2 phase at a high temperature of 800 °C. They further tested the material in SIBs, which delivered ca. 140 mAh g -1 , but only withs… 17 4 4 140 #/texts/123 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 480.34, 215.54, 182.98] Tunnel Na0.44MnO2 with an orthorhombic structure is another widely studied cathode material for SIBs. As shown in Fig. 13a (He et al. 2016), an open 3D framework is constructed by sheets of edge-sharing MnO6 and columns… Tunnel Na0.44MnO2 with an orthorhombic structure is another widely studied cathode material for SIBs. As shown in Fig. 13a (He et al. 2016), an open 3D framework is constructed by sheets of edge-sharing MnO6 and columns… 17 5 5 141 #/texts/124 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right None None p17:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 601.25, 215.47, 37.5] Fig. 12 a , b Charge-discharge curves of o -NMO ( a ) and h -NMO ( b ). c , d Operando XRD patterns of o -NMO ( c ) and h -NMO ( d ) over initial charge/discharge curves. Reproduced from ref. (Kumakura et al. 2016) with… Fig. 12 a , b Charge-discharge curves of o -NMO ( a ) and h -NMO ( b ). c , d Operando XRD patterns of o -NMO ( c ) and h -NMO ( d ) over initial charge/discharge curves. Reproduced from ref. (Kumakura et al. 2016) with… 18 1 1 142 #/texts/125 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p18:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 18 2 2 143 #/texts/126 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p18:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 18 of 40 Page 18 of 40 18 4 3 144 #/texts/128 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p18:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 54.43, 110.65, 126.91] Fig. 13 a Schematic representation of the tunnel Na0.44MnO2. b Voltage profiles of the monocrystal Na0.44MnO2 nanoplates. c Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the Na0.44MnO2 electrode between 2.0 and 4.0 Vat a scanning rate … Fig. 13 a Schematic representation of the tunnel Na0.44MnO2. b Voltage profiles of the monocrystal Na0.44MnO2 nanoplates. c Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the Na0.44MnO2 electrode between 2.0 and 4.0 Vat a scanning rate … 18 5 4 145 #/texts/129 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p18:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 302.49, 215.52, 295.06] (Sauvage et al. 2007). The optimization of preparation method and morphology control contribute to much improved electrochemical performance. For example, single crystalline Na0.44MnO2 nanowires prepared by Cao et al. d… (Sauvage et al. 2007). The optimization of preparation method and morphology control contribute to much improved electrochemical performance. For example, single crystalline Na0.44MnO2 nanowires prepared by Cao et al. d… 18 6 5 146 #/texts/131#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p18:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 642.2, 215.43, 21.12] Considering the distinct features of the two single metal oxides, it is promising to develop Fe and Mn-mixed Considering the distinct features of the two single metal oxides, it is promising to develop Fe and Mn-mixed 18 3 6 147 #/texts/127 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p18:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 18 7 7 148 #/texts/131#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p18:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 302.49, 215.51, 357.31] Nax(FeyMn1-y)O2 which is expected to combine the high potential of NaFeO2 and high capacity of NaMnO2 to target high-energy and cost-effective electrodes. Komaba ' s group made a critical step by reporting the unprecede… Nax(FeyMn1-y)O2 which is expected to combine the high potential of NaFeO2 and high capacity of NaMnO2 to target high-energy and cost-effective electrodes. Komaba ' s group made a critical step by reporting the unprecede… 19 2 1 149 #/texts/132 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 19 1 2 150 #/texts/131#prov2 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.51, 170.56] same formula of Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2. As a result, the O3 structure demonstrated similar electrochemical performance (Gonzalo et al. 2014) or even slightly higher reversible capacity (Han et al. 2015) compared with its P2 … same formula of Na2/3Fe2/3Mn1/3O2. As a result, the O3 structure demonstrated similar electrochemical performance (Gonzalo et al. 2014) or even slightly higher reversible capacity (Han et al. 2015) compared with its P2 … 19 4 3 151 #/texts/134 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 231.29, 215.5, 182.98] As the Fe- and Mn-based oxides suffer from the significant capacity drop as well as unsatisfactory rate capability, continuous efforts have been made to mitigate the issues. Low-valance metal substitution is still deeme… As the Fe- and Mn-based oxides suffer from the significant capacity drop as well as unsatisfactory rate capability, continuous efforts have been made to mitigate the issues. Low-valance metal substitution is still deeme… 19 5 4 152 #/texts/135 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 446.44, 199.79, 21.16] Fe- and Mn-based polyanion compounds as SIB cathodes Fe- and Mn-based polyanion compounds as SIB cathodes 19 6 5 153 #/texts/136 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.78, 483.8, 215.46, 46.01] As discussed above, polyanion compounds feature robust crystal framework with the oxygen atoms covalently bonded by counterions (S, P, Si, etc.), affording favorable structural stability toward lithium As discussed above, polyanion compounds feature robust crystal framework with the oxygen atoms covalently bonded by counterions (S, P, Si, etc.), affording favorable structural stability toward lithium 19 7 6 154 #/texts/137 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p19:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 543.58, 110.57, 96.98] Fig. 14 Phase evolution in Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 and Nisubstituted Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.15Fe0.2O2 over the first cycle, and schematic illustration of Mn/Fe migration into tetrahedral sites in the Na space at high potential. Rep… Fig. 14 Phase evolution in Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.5O2 and Nisubstituted Na0.67Mn0.65Ni0.15Fe0.2O2 over the first cycle, and schematic illustration of Mn/Fe migration into tetrahedral sites in the Na space at high potential. Rep… 19 3 7 155 #/texts/133 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p19:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 19 of 40 160 Page 19 of 40 160 19 8 8 156 #/texts/138 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p19:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.9, 215.49, 70.95] (de)insertion. Such merit is more demanded in SIB chemistry, as the movement of the larger Na ions puts forward higher requirement for structural stability. Given the poor cycling stability haunting most of the layered … (de)insertion. Such merit is more demanded in SIB chemistry, as the movement of the larger Na ions puts forward higher requirement for structural stability. Given the poor cycling stability haunting most of the layered … 19 9 9 157 #/texts/139 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p19:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 147.55, 114.29, 8.65] Fe-and Mn-based phosphates Fe-and Mn-based phosphates 19 10 10 158 #/texts/140#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p19:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 172.44, 215.5, 357.6] Olivine LFP is the most successful polyanion cathode for LIBs. Unfortunately, its sodium counterpart NaFePO4 (NFP) simply cannot duplicate its success, as the thermodynamically stable phase of NFP is a maricite structur… Olivine LFP is the most successful polyanion cathode for LIBs. Unfortunately, its sodium counterpart NaFePO4 (NFP) simply cannot duplicate its success, as the thermodynamically stable phase of NFP is a maricite structur… 20 2 1 159 #/texts/141 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p20:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p20:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 20 3 2 160 #/texts/142 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p20:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p20:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 20 of 40 Page 20 of 40 20 1 3 161 #/texts/140#prov1 text body True None body body True p20:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p20:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.54, 195.45] which is electrochemically active for (de)lithiation, is reinvestigated as a cathode material for SIBs (Fang et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015b; Liu et al. 2012b). With the nanosized particle and high content of conductive c… which is electrochemically active for (de)lithiation, is reinvestigated as a cathode material for SIBs (Fang et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2015b; Liu et al. 2012b). With the nanosized particle and high content of conductive c… 20 5 4 162 #/texts/144 text body True None body body True p20:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p20:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 256.18, 215.54, 232.81] Also, Fe-based phosphates crystalized in other structures have also been investigated as SIB cathodes. Trad et al. reported the electrochemical performance of a B layered ^ Na3Fe3(PO4)4, where only ~ 80 mAh g -1 was dis… Also, Fe-based phosphates crystalized in other structures have also been investigated as SIB cathodes. Trad et al. reported the electrochemical performance of a B layered ^ Na3Fe3(PO4)4, where only ~ 80 mAh g -1 was dis… 20 6 5 163 #/texts/145#prov0 text body True None body body True p20:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p20:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 492.75, 215.53, 170.57] Like NFP, NaMnPO4 (NMP) also crystalized favorably in the maricite phase. However, the olivine phase of NMP is still more stable than olivine NFP. Lee et al. (Lee et al. 2011) and Boyadzhieva et al. (Boyadzhieva et al. … Like NFP, NaMnPO4 (NMP) also crystalized favorably in the maricite phase. However, the olivine phase of NMP is still more stable than olivine NFP. Lee et al. (Lee et al. 2011) and Boyadzhieva et al. (Boyadzhieva et al. … 20 4 6 164 #/texts/143 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p20:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 20 7 7 165 #/texts/145#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p20:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.91, 215.53, 58.48] obtained (Lee et al. 2011). Besides, Fe- and Mn-mixed alluaudite-type phosphates have been investigated as SIB cathodes (Huang et al. 2015a; Trad et al. 2010a), where the existence of Mn further lowers the limited speci… obtained (Lee et al. 2011). Besides, Fe- and Mn-mixed alluaudite-type phosphates have been investigated as SIB cathodes (Huang et al. 2015a; Trad et al. 2010a), where the existence of Mn further lowers the limited speci… 20 8 8 166 #/texts/146 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p20:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 131.62, 134.79, 8.65] Fe- and Mn-based pyrophosphates Fe- and Mn-based pyrophosphates 20 9 9 167 #/texts/147 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p20:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 156.57, 215.53, 344.83] Though pyrophosphates have been eclipsed by LFP in the LIB system due to the large gap of capacities, the pyrophosphates show intrinsically better kinetics when compared to other polyanion materials, including LFP (Furu… Though pyrophosphates have been eclipsed by LFP in the LIB system due to the large gap of capacities, the pyrophosphates show intrinsically better kinetics when compared to other polyanion materials, including LFP (Furu… 20 10 10 168 #/texts/148#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p20:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 505.23, 215.52, 158.09] Along with the success of Na2FeP2O7, its Mn analog Na2MnP2O7 has also been investigated. Unlike most Mn-based cathode materials suffering from sluggish kinetics, Park et al. found the unexpected high activity of micron-… Along with the success of Na2FeP2O7, its Mn analog Na2MnP2O7 has also been investigated. Unlike most Mn-based cathode materials suffering from sluggish kinetics, Park et al. found the unexpected high activity of micron-… 21 1 1 169 #/texts/149 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 21 2 2 170 #/texts/150 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p21:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 21 of 40 160 Page 21 of 40 160 21 3 3 171 #/texts/151 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 52.9, 110.62, 138.37] Fig. 15 a -e Crystal structures of olivine NFP, maricite NFP, NASICON-type Na3Fe2(PO4)3, layered Na3Fe3(PO4)4, alluauditetype Na2Fe3(PO4)3. Reproduced from ref. (Naoaki and Shinichi 2014) with permission. Their typical … Fig. 15 a -e Crystal structures of olivine NFP, maricite NFP, NASICON-type Na3Fe2(PO4)3, layered Na3Fe3(PO4)4, alluauditetype Na2Fe3(PO4)3. Reproduced from ref. (Naoaki and Shinichi 2014) with permission. Their typical … 22 2 1 172 #/texts/152 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 22 3 2 173 #/texts/153 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 22 of 40 Page 22 of 40 22 1 3 174 #/texts/148#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.51, 58.48] and thermodynamically feasible (Barpanda et al. 2013b). Their further atomistic simulations disclosed low barriers for long-range Na + diffusion in all directions in Na2(Fe, Mn)P2O7, theoretically proving the 3D Na + pa… and thermodynamically feasible (Barpanda et al. 2013b). Their further atomistic simulations disclosed low barriers for long-range Na + diffusion in all directions in Na2(Fe, Mn)P2O7, theoretically proving the 3D Na + pa… 22 5 4 175 #/texts/155 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 144.09, 154.12, 8.65] Fe- and Mn-based sulfates and oxalates Fe- and Mn-based sulfates and oxalates 22 6 5 176 #/texts/156 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 166.76, 215.55, 210.14] The stronger inductive effect of the SO4 2group can elevate the redox potential when compared with common PO4 3 . In 2014, Barpanda et al. reported the use of a new Na2Fe2(SO4)3 with the alluaudite-type as a cathode mat… The stronger inductive effect of the SO4 2group can elevate the redox potential when compared with common PO4 3 . In 2014, Barpanda et al. reported the use of a new Na2Fe2(SO4)3 with the alluaudite-type as a cathode mat… 22 10 6 177 #/texts/160 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p22:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 624.25, 215.51, 38.76] Fig. 16 a -c Triclinic structure ( P -1) of Na2FeP2O7 and corresponding electrochemical properties. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2012) with permission. d Voltage profiles of P -1 Na2MnP2O7. Reproduced from ref.… Fig. 16 a -c Triclinic structure ( P -1) of Na2FeP2O7 and corresponding electrochemical properties. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2012) with permission. d Voltage profiles of P -1 Na2MnP2O7. Reproduced from ref.… 22 4 7 178 #/texts/154 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p22:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 22 7 8 179 #/texts/157 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p22:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.9, 215.53, 133.21] Apart from alluaudite-type sulfates, Kröhnkite-type Na2Fe(SO4)2·2H2O was also explored as a 3.25 V insertion compound for SIBs, showing a reversible capacity of around 70 mAh g -1 (Barpanda et al. 2014a). Besides, eldfe… Apart from alluaudite-type sulfates, Kröhnkite-type Na2Fe(SO4)2·2H2O was also explored as a 3.25 V insertion compound for SIBs, showing a reversible capacity of around 70 mAh g -1 (Barpanda et al. 2014a). Besides, eldfe… 22 8 9 180 #/texts/158 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p22:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 193.93, 215.54, 158.03] Mn-based sulfates progressed much slower. Barpanda et al. continued to explore the sulfate-based cathode family by reporting the isostructural alluauditetype Na2+2 x Mn2 -x (SO4)3, but no electrochemical data was presen… Mn-based sulfates progressed much slower. Barpanda et al. continued to explore the sulfate-based cathode family by reporting the isostructural alluauditetype Na2+2 x Mn2 -x (SO4)3, but no electrochemical data was presen… 22 9 10 181 #/texts/159#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p22:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 353.56, 215.49, 23.34] Oxalates have also been investigated as Na + host materials. According to the electronegativity order of Oxalates have also been investigated as Na + host materials. According to the electronegativity order of 22 11 11 182 #/texts/161 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p22:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 623.9, 215.53, 29.14] permission. e , f Crystal structure of β -Na2MnP2O7 (triclinic P 1) and its voltage profiles. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2013b) with permission permission. e , f Crystal structure of β -Na2MnP2O7 (triclinic P 1) and its voltage profiles. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2013b) with permission 23 1 1 183 #/texts/162 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p23:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 23 2 2 184 #/texts/163 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p23:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 23 of 40 160 Page 23 of 40 160 23 3 3 185 #/texts/164 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 629.3, 215.52, 27.31] Fig. 17 Crystal structures of alluaudite-type Na2Fe2(SO4)3 ( a ), eldfellite NaFe(SO4)2 ( b ), Na2Fe2(C2O4)3·2H2O ( c ), and Na2Fe(C2O4)F2 with their voltage profiles are shown on the right Fig. 17 Crystal structures of alluaudite-type Na2Fe2(SO4)3 ( a ), eldfellite NaFe(SO4)2 ( b ), Na2Fe2(C2O4)3·2H2O ( c ), and Na2Fe(C2O4)F2 with their voltage profiles are shown on the right 23 4 4 186 #/texts/165 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p23:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 629.29, 215.45, 17.33] side. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2014b), (Singh et al. 2015), (Yao et al. 2017b), and (Yao et al. 2017a) with permissions side. Reproduced from ref. (Barpanda et al. 2014b), (Singh et al. 2015), (Yao et al. 2017b), and (Yao et al. 2017a) with permissions 24 1 1 187 #/texts/166 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 67.14, 7.44] 160 Page 24 of 40 160 Page 24 of 40 24 2 2 188 #/texts/167 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p24:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 24 3 3 189 #/texts/168 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 52.9, 110.66, 178.23] Fig. 18 a -d Crystal structures of Na2FePO4F ( a ), Na2MnPO4F ( b ), Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) ( c ), and Na3MnPO4CO3 ( d ). Reproduced from ref. (Naoaki and Shinichi 2014) with permission. Their representative voltage profile… Fig. 18 a -d Crystal structures of Na2FePO4F ( a ), Na2MnPO4F ( b ), Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) ( c ), and Na3MnPO4CO3 ( d ). Reproduced from ref. (Naoaki and Shinichi 2014) with permission. Their representative voltage profile… 25 3 1 190 #/texts/169 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p25:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 25 5 2 191 #/texts/171 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p25:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 387.39, 215.52, 37.23] Fig. 19 a Crystal structure of PBAs with a face-centered cubic phase. b Charge and discharge curves of Na2MnMn(CN)6. c , d The schematic illustrations of the step-wise structural evolution over the extraction/insertion … Fig. 19 a Crystal structure of PBAs with a face-centered cubic phase. b Charge and discharge curves of Na2MnMn(CN)6. c , d The schematic illustrations of the step-wise structural evolution over the extraction/insertion … 25 1 3 192 #/texts/159#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p25:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 439.44, 215.53, 223.76] SO4 2 -> C2O4 2 -> PO4 3 -, metal oxalates can display competitive redox potentials. In 2014, Yamada ' s group prepared K4Na2[Fe(C2O4)2]3·2 H2O and studied its Na storage capability (Wang et al. 2015b). The material ini… SO4 2 -> C2O4 2 -> PO4 3 -, metal oxalates can display competitive redox potentials. In 2014, Yamada ' s group prepared K4Na2[Fe(C2O4)2]3·2 H2O and studied its Na storage capability (Wang et al. 2015b). The material ini… 25 4 4 193 #/texts/170 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p25:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 25 of 40 160 Page 25 of 40 160 25 6 5 194 #/texts/172 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p25:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 387.39, 215.51, 27.25] (Lee et al. 2014) with permission. e , f Voltage profile and cycling performance of a Prussian blue@C composite. Reproduced from ref. (Jiang et al. 2016) with permission (Lee et al. 2014) with permission. e , f Voltage profile and cycling performance of a Prussian blue@C composite. Reproduced from ref. (Jiang et al. 2016) with permission 25 2 6 195 #/texts/159#prov2 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p25:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 442.87, 215.38, 33.53] critical issues should be addressed before their practical application, including the air (water, oxygen) sensitivity and thermal instability (decomposition) (Fig. 17). critical issues should be addressed before their practical application, including the air (water, oxygen) sensitivity and thermal instability (decomposition) (Fig. 17). 25 7 7 196 #/texts/173 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p25:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 492.76, 169.93, 21.12] Fe- and Mn-based mixed anion compounds (fluorophosphates and mixed polyanions) Fe- and Mn-based mixed anion compounds (fluorophosphates and mixed polyanions) 25 8 8 197 #/texts/174#prov0 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p25:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 525.52, 215.5, 137.8] The combination of different anion groups (F -, PO4 3 -, P2O7 4 -, CO3 2 -, etc.) offers new opportunities toward desirable electrode materials. The induction of highly electronegative F -ions enables higher redox poten… The combination of different anion groups (F -, PO4 3 -, P2O7 4 -, CO3 2 -, etc.) offers new opportunities toward desirable electrode materials. The induction of highly electronegative F -ions enables higher redox poten… 26 2 1 198 #/texts/175 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p26:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p26:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 26 3 2 199 #/texts/176 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p26:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p26:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 26 of 40 Page 26 of 40 26 1 3 200 #/texts/174#prov1 text body True None body body True p26:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p26:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.54, 158.09] Na ions can transport between the layers. The structure also favors a small volume change (3.7%) after extraction of one Na + ion, corresponding to a theoretical capacity of around 124 mAh g -1 as a cathode for SIBs. Th… Na ions can transport between the layers. The structure also favors a small volume change (3.7%) after extraction of one Na + ion, corresponding to a theoretical capacity of around 124 mAh g -1 as a cathode for SIBs. Th… 26 5 4 201 #/texts/178 text body True None body body True p26:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p26:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.76, 218.81, 215.52, 282.59] Different from the 2D-layered Na2FePO4F, Na2MnPO4F adopts a 3D tunnel structure (space group: P 21/ n ) (Fig. 19b) (Yakubovich et al. 1997). By investigating the Mn-substituted Na2Fe1 -x Mn x PO4F, the presence of 0.25 … Different from the 2D-layered Na2FePO4F, Na2MnPO4F adopts a 3D tunnel structure (space group: P 21/ n ) (Fig. 19b) (Yakubovich et al. 1997). By investigating the Mn-substituted Na2Fe1 -x Mn x PO4F, the presence of 0.25 … 26 6 5 202 #/texts/179#prov0 text body True None body body True p26:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p26:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 505.23, 215.53, 158.09] Kim et al. first introduced the Fe-based mixed phosphate compound Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) to SIBs. As shown in Fig. 18c, the structure belongs to the orthorhombic Pbcn space group, which is constructed by [Fe3P2O13] layers a… Kim et al. first introduced the Fe-based mixed phosphate compound Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) to SIBs. As shown in Fig. 18c, the structure belongs to the orthorhombic Pbcn space group, which is constructed by [Fe3P2O13] layers a… 26 4 6 203 #/texts/177 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p26:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 26 7 7 204 #/texts/179#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p26:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 56.9, 215.54, 220.34] Na x Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) (Kim et al. 2013a). Wood et al. simulated molecular dynamics for Na4M3(PO4)2P2O7 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni), with the results showed a small activation barrier of 0.20 -0.24 eV for 3D Na + migration and d… Na x Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) (Kim et al. 2013a). Wood et al. simulated molecular dynamics for Na4M3(PO4)2P2O7 (M = Fe, Mn, Co, Ni), with the results showed a small activation barrier of 0.20 -0.24 eV for 3D Na + migration and d… 26 8 8 205 #/texts/180 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p26:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 281.06, 215.56, 270.17] Carbonophosphates are an emerging class of mixed polyanion compounds in SIB system. The idea of engaging carbonophosphates was proposed by Ceder ' s group using ab initio computations (Hautier et al. 2011). They success… Carbonophosphates are an emerging class of mixed polyanion compounds in SIB system. The idea of engaging carbonophosphates was proposed by Ceder ' s group using ab initio computations (Hautier et al. 2011). They success… 26 9 9 206 #/texts/181 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p26:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 579.95, 161.55, 8.75] Fe- and Mn-based hexacyanometalates Fe- and Mn-based hexacyanometalates 26 10 10 207 #/texts/182 text body True None body body False None page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p26:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.88, 604.83, 215.45, 59.44] Metal hexacyanometalates, also known as Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), have a general formula of AxP[R(CN)6]1-y □ y·nH2O (A: removable cations, P: N-coordinated metal ion; R: C-coordinated metal ion; □ : [R(CN)6] vacancy… Metal hexacyanometalates, also known as Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), have a general formula of AxP[R(CN)6]1-y □ y·nH2O (A: removable cations, P: N-coordinated metal ion; R: C-coordinated metal ion; □ : [R(CN)6] vacancy… 27 1 1 208 #/texts/183 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p27:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 27 2 2 209 #/texts/184 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p27:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 27 of 40 160 Page 27 of 40 160 27 3 3 210 #/texts/185 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.5, 606.42] They are crystallized into a cubic structure with the space group of Fm -3m . The cyanide ligands link the coordinated metal ions together to form elementary cubes that can host various cations due to the large channels… They are crystallized into a cubic structure with the space group of Fm -3m . The cyanide ligands link the coordinated metal ions together to form elementary cubes that can host various cations due to the large channels… 27 4 4 211 #/texts/186 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [287.89, 333.72, 7.44, 327.83] Table 1 Electrochemical properties of representative Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs Table 1 Electrochemical properties of representative Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs 28 1 1 212 #/texts/187 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p28:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 28 2 2 213 #/texts/188 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p28:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 28 of 40 Page 28 of 40 28 3 3 214 #/texts/189 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p28:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [398.16, 34.25, 102.12, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 28 4 4 215 #/texts/190 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.79, 333.85, 7.44, 327.41] Table 2 Electrochemical properties of representative Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for SIBs Table 2 Electrochemical properties of representative Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for SIBs 29 1 1 216 #/texts/191 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p29:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 102.17, 7.35] J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 J Nanopart Res (2018) 20: 160 29 3 2 217 #/texts/193 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p29:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 213.91, 378.27, 7.44] Fig. 20 Illustration of the energy densities of those Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs ( a ) and SIBs ( b ) Fig. 20 Illustration of the energy densities of those Fe- and Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs ( a ) and SIBs ( b ) 29 4 3 218 #/texts/194 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 243.7, 215.49, 21.12] Therefore, the practical difficulties regarding sulfates also exist here. Therefore, the practical difficulties regarding sulfates also exist here. 29 5 4 219 #/texts/195 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 293.54, 93.5, 8.75] Summary and outlook Summary and outlook 29 6 5 220 #/texts/196 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 318.42, 215.53, 207.92] Considering the technology advances achieved on energy conversion and storage and the pressing concerns of carbon emission and environmental pollution, the transitions to clean, green, and sustainable development are pr… Considering the technology advances achieved on energy conversion and storage and the pressing concerns of carbon emission and environmental pollution, the transitions to clean, green, and sustainable development are pr… 29 7 6 221 #/texts/197#prov0 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p29:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 530.11, 215.47, 133.2] This review involves the discussion of most of the Feand Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs, including oxides, polyanion compounds, and hexacyanometalates (for SIBs). We especially emphasize their merits, draw… This review involves the discussion of most of the Feand Mn-based cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs, including oxides, polyanion compounds, and hexacyanometalates (for SIBs). We especially emphasize their merits, draw… 29 2 7 222 #/texts/192 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [433.24, 34.25, 67.04, 7.44] Page 29 of 40 160 Page 29 of 40 160 29 8 8 223 #/texts/197#prov1 text body True None body body False None front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 243.69, 215.51, 58.48] straightforward comparison, it is easy to understand the different development phases and goals of cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs. To meet the requirement of practical applications, significant challenges in this f… straightforward comparison, it is easy to understand the different development phases and goals of cathode materials for LIBs and SIBs. To meet the requirement of practical applications, significant challenges in this f… 29 9 9 224 #/texts/198 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 318.41, 215.42, 58.48] The extensively investigated strategies of constructing conductive composites and tailoring particle size easily cause insufficient gravimetric and volumetric energy densities as well as additional materials and process… The extensively investigated strategies of constructing conductive composites and tailoring particle size easily cause insufficient gravimetric and volumetric energy densities as well as additional materials and process… 29 10 10 225 #/texts/199 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 380.72, 215.5, 58.42] Due to the large size of the Na ion, conventional host structures do not favor efficient and repeatable Na ion (de)intercalation. A critical step to realizing large-scale SIB applications is to search stable and kinetic… Due to the large size of the Na ion, conventional host structures do not favor efficient and repeatable Na ion (de)intercalation. A critical step to realizing large-scale SIB applications is to search stable and kinetic… 29 11 11 226 #/texts/200 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 442.97, 215.42, 70.89] Instead of emphasizing the electrode performance of a cathode material in a half cell, the practical performance should be demonstrated in full battery level, which requires innovation in the design and optimization of … Instead of emphasizing the electrode performance of a cathode material in a half cell, the practical performance should be demonstrated in full battery level, which requires innovation in the design and optimization of … 29 12 12 227 #/texts/201 text body True None body body False None body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p29:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.89, 542.57, 215.52, 120.73] As discussed above, nanostructuring is used to boost the reactivity for many electrode materials, given that it reduce the diffusion lengths of mobile ions and electrons, which also have been reviewed intensively (Armst… As discussed above, nanostructuring is used to boost the reactivity for many electrode materials, given that it reduce the diffusion lengths of mobile ions and electrons, which also have been reviewed intensively (Armst… 30 1 1 228 #/texts/202 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p30:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 34.25, 12.51, 7.44] 160 160 30 2 2 229 #/texts/203 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p30:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.64, 34.25, 46.28, 7.35] Page 30 of 40 Page 30 of 40 30 4 3 230 #/texts/205 text body True None body body True p30:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 56.9, 215.51, 394.72] However, to compete with the benchmark LCO and NMC, efforts should be made to improving the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities at reduced cost. In comparison to the B external ^ modifications, governing the cry… However, to compete with the benchmark LCO and NMC, efforts should be made to improving the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities at reduced cost. In comparison to the B external ^ modifications, governing the cry… 30 5 4 231 #/texts/206 text back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p30:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 468.74, 215.52, 17.28] Acknowledgments Funding support from ARC through its LP and DP programs is acknowledged. Acknowledgments Funding support from ARC through its LP and DP programs is acknowledged. 30 6 5 232 #/texts/207 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p30:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 501.12, 121.83, 7.44] Compliance with ethical standards Compliance with ethical standards 30 7 6 233 #/texts/208 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p30:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p30:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 523.51, 215.49, 17.33] Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 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