page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview text cleaned_text 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left_crossing None None p1:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [224.72, 33.45, 145.08, 11.73] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 text front_matter_heading False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [228.42, 63.48, 140.65, 7.31] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [219.29, 87.36, 158.93, 12.79] Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text front_matter_heading False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [195.48, 119.22, 206.54, 6.67] journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour journal homepage: journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour journal homepage: 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 168.03, 419.45, 46.81] Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text body_candidate_excluded False medium before_body_started before_body_started False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 227.09, 422.38, 37.94] Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 273.05, 448.21, 15.96] a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea 1 8 8 7 #/texts/7 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 290.17, 362.56, 7.4] b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea 1 9 9 8 #/texts/8 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 298.73, 359.78, 7.4] c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea 1 10 10 9 #/texts/9 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 307.29, 276.21, 7.4] d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea 1 11 11 10 #/texts/10 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 315.85, 324.86, 7.4] e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1 12 12 11 #/texts/11 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 324.47, 333.53, 7.4] f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1 13 13 12 #/texts/12 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 333.03, 239.14, 7.4] g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea 1 14 14 13 #/texts/13 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 341.59, 401.45, 7.4] h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea 1 15 15 14 #/texts/14 section_header front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 375.28, 69.91, 6.4] H I G H L I G H T S H I G H L I G H T S H I G H L I G H T S H I G H L I G H T S 1 21 16 15 #/texts/20 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [201.99, 375.28, 125.99, 6.4] G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T 1 16 17 16 #/texts/15 list_item unknown_text False high outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 394.76, 135.36, 25.68] A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. 1 17 18 17 #/texts/16 list_item unknown_text False high outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 423.95, 135.37, 25.69] This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. 1 22 22 21 #/texts/21 footnote footnote False low outside_body_flow_footnote outside_body_flow_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [41.61, 634.57, 399.17, 6.58] This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. 1 23 23 22 #/texts/22 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 644.15, 78.79, 6.58] * Corresponding author. * Corresponding author. * Corresponding author. * Corresponding author. 1 24 24 23 #/texts/23 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 653.73, 82.36, 6.58] ** Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. 1 25 25 24 #/texts/24 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 663.26, 85.99, 6.58] *** Corresponding author. *** Corresponding author. *** Corresponding author. *** Corresponding author. 1 27 26 25 #/texts/26 footnote footnote False low outside_body_flow_footnote outside_body_flow_footnote False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [43.71, 680.69, 159.27, 8.31] 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 26 27 26 #/texts/25 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.55, 672.84, 370.79, 6.58] E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). 1 28 28 27 #/texts/27 section_header metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [37.59, 699.43, 158.54, 6.58] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599 1 31 29 28 #/texts/30 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.52, 714.7, 110.87, 11.73] Available online 11 February 2026 Available online 11 February 2026 Available online 11 February 2026 Available online 11 February 2026 1 29 30 29 #/texts/28 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 708.95, 322.41, 6.58] Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 1 30 31 30 #/texts/29 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin full None None p1:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.52, 724.32, 522.04, 11.73] 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ). 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ). 2 2 1 31 #/texts/32 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:top_margin:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 2 1 2 32 #/texts/31 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:top_margin:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 2 3 3 33 #/texts/33 section_header front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 64.26, 78.1, 6.4] A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O 2 10 4 34 #/texts/40 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_2_of_3 2 3 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.0, 64.26, 56.72, 6.4] A B S T R A C T A B S T R A C T A B S T R A C T A B S T R A C T 2 4 5 35 #/texts/34 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 83.2, 59.2, 57.27] Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode 2 11 6 36 #/texts/41 text abstract_candidate False medium inside_abstract inside_abstract True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_3 2 3 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.0, 81.66, 357.8, 132.94] Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt… Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt… Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries, their commercialization is severely hindered by voltage fading, structural degradation, and safety concerns arising from surface instability. To address these problems, we deposited an insular protective layer of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) nanoparticles on LMR secondary particles using a scalable solvent-free mechanofusion strategy. The optimal coating (C-LFP loading = 0.75 wt%) notably enhanced electrochemical performance, resulting in a capacity retention of 60.7% at 3C (cf. 38% for pristine LMR) and 93.43% after 200 cycles at 0.5C while suppressing voltage fading. According to the proposed synergistic mechanism, C-LFP provided electronic conductivity exceeding that of bare LMR, the insular morphology preserved direct electron transport pathways, and the nanoscale C-LFP particle size enabled rapid Li-ion transport and shortened diffusion lengths. The C-LFP coating prevented the formation of highly resistive rock-salt degradation layers, maintained a low interfacial impedance, and suppressed Mn dissolution ( > 95% reduction) and O2 evolution. Thus, this work demonstrates that rationally designed surface modification can unlock the full potential of LMR cathodes for next-generation energy storage applications. Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries, their commercialization is severely hindered by voltage fading, structural degradation, and safety concerns arising from surface instability. To address these problems, we deposited an insular protective layer of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) nanoparticles on LMR secondary particles using a scalable solvent-free mechanofusion strategy. The optimal coating (C-LFP loading = 0.75 wt%) notably enhanced electrochemical performance, resulting in a capacity retention of 60.7% at 3C (cf. 38% for pristine LMR) and 93.43% after 200 cycles at 0.5C while suppressing voltage fading. According to the proposed synergistic mechanism, C-LFP provided electronic conductivity exceeding that of bare LMR, the insular morphology preserved direct electron transport pathways, and the nanoscale C-LFP particle size enabled rapid Li-ion transport and shortened diffusion lengths. The C-LFP coating prevented the formation of highly resistive rock-salt degradation layers, maintained a low interfacial impedance, and suppressed Mn dissolution ( > 95% reduction) and O2 evolution. Thus, this work demonstrates that rationally designed surface modification can unlock the full potential of LMR cathodes for next-generation energy storage applications. 2 5 7 37 #/texts/35 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 247.11, 60.25, 7.31] 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2 14 14 44 #/texts/44 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 487.71, 98.06, 7.31] 2. Experimental methods 2. Experimental methods 2. Experimental methods 2. Experimental methods 2 15 15 45 #/texts/45 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 508.63, 81.33, 7.31] 2.1. Materials synthesis 2.1. Materials synthesis 2.1. Materials synthesis 2.1. Materials synthesis 2 16 16 46 #/texts/46 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 529.55, 196.82, 7.31] 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2 19 19 49 #/texts/49 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:bottom_margin:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 50 #/texts/50 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p3:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 3 1 2 51 #/texts/48#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p3:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 3 4 4 53 #/texts/52 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 76.4, 199.65, 7.31] 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 3 7 7 56 #/texts/55 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 275.17, 128.43, 7.31] 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 3 9 9 58 #/texts/57 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 422.23, 105.97, 7.31] 2.2. Materials characterization 2.2. Materials characterization 2.2. Materials characterization 2.2. Materials characterization 3 10 10 59 #/texts/58 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 443.2, 179.22, 7.31] 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 3 12 12 61 #/texts/60 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 641.91, 133.52, 7.31] 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 3 20 20 69 #/texts/68 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 532.21, 157.07, 7.31] 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 3 24 24 73 #/texts/72 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 3 3 3 3 4 2 1 74 #/texts/73 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 4 1 2 75 #/texts/71#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 4 4 4 77 #/texts/75 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 98.62, 7.31] 3. Results and discussion 3. Results and discussion 3. Results and discussion 3. Results and discussion 4 5 5 78 #/texts/76 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 76.41, 229.26, 7.31] 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 4 7 7 80 #/texts/78 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 717.45, 522.2, 25.69] Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter… Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter… Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP). Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP). 4 8 8 81 #/texts/79 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 4 4 4 4 5 2 1 82 #/texts/80 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p5:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 5 1 2 83 #/texts/77#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p5:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 5 8 8 89 #/texts/85 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 233.73, 148.48, 7.31] 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 5 10 10 91 #/texts/87 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 698.35, 522.18, 44.79] Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. … Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. … Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) 5 11 11 92 #/texts/88 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 5 5 5 5 6 1 1 93 #/texts/89 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 6 2 2 94 #/texts/90 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 6 3 3 95 #/texts/91 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 384.16, 522.16, 25.69] Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta… Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta… Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles. Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles. 6 6 6 98 #/texts/94 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 425.18, 244.54, 17.8] 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 6 10 10 102 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 6 6 6 6 7 2 1 103 #/texts/99 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 7 1 2 104 #/texts/97#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 7 3 3 105 #/texts/100 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 379.39, 522.21, 25.74] Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V … Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V … Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle. Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle. 7 9 9 111 #/texts/107 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 7 7 7 7 8 2 1 112 #/texts/108 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 8 1 2 113 #/texts/106#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p8:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 8 10 10 121 #/texts/116 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 673.32, 203.54, 7.31] 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 8 18 18 129 #/texts/123 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 8 8 8 8 9 2 1 130 #/texts/124 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 9 1 2 131 #/texts/122#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 9 3 3 132 #/texts/125 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 501.68, 522.2, 57.32] Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE… Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE… Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes. Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes. 9 8 8 137 #/texts/129 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 9 9 9 9 10 2 1 138 #/texts/130 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p10:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 10 1 2 139 #/texts/128#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 37.0, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 10 4 4 141 #/texts/132 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 76.74, 54.38, 7.31] 4. Conclusion 4. Conclusion 4. Conclusion 4. Conclusion 10 8 8 145 #/texts/136 section_header back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 673.32, 161.94, 7.31] CRediT authorship contribution statement CRediT authorship contribution statement CRediT authorship contribution statement CRediT authorship contribution statement 10 9 9 146 #/texts/137#prov0 text affiliation False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15] Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J… Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J… Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. Juhyoung Kim: Methodology, Investigation. Jun Ho Shin: Methodology, Investigation. Junhee Lee: Methodology, Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. Juhyoung Kim: Methodology, Investigation. Jun Ho Shin: Methodology, Investigation. Junhee Lee: Methodology, 10 10 10 147 #/texts/137#prov1 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 253.41, 49.15] Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing … Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing … Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing -original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing -original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. 10 11 11 148 #/texts/138 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 119.66, 128.59, 7.31] Declaration of competing interest Declaration of competing interest Declaration of competing interest Declaration of competing interest 10 12 12 149 #/texts/139 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 140.58, 253.42, 28.23] The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 10 13 13 150 #/texts/140 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 182.76, 73.84, 7.31] Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 10 14 14 151 #/texts/141 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 203.68, 253.43, 70.07] This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no… This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no… This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no. 2410004404 and 2410005140) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and project No. SS2222 -20 funded by Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT). This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no. 2410004404 and 2410005140) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and project No. SS2222 -20 funded by Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT). 10 15 15 152 #/texts/142 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 287.7, 32.47, 7.31] Glossary Glossary Glossary Glossary 10 16 16 153 #/texts/143 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 308.62, 253.43, 101.42] Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros… Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros… Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electric vehicle (EV), fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), LiFePO4 (LFP), Li-ion battery (LIB), Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR), polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), transition metal (TM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electric vehicle (EV), fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), LiFePO4 (LFP), Li-ion battery (LIB), Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR), polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), transition metal (TM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). 10 17 17 154 #/texts/144 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 423.99, 128.57, 7.31] Appendix A. Supplementary data Appendix A. Supplementary data Appendix A. Supplementary data Appendix A. Supplementary data 10 18 18 155 #/texts/145 text reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 444.91, 253.41, 17.8] Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. 10 19 19 156 #/texts/146 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 476.31, 63.51, 7.31] Data availability Data availability Data availability Data availability 10 20 20 157 #/texts/147 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [318.56, 497.23, 140.32, 7.31] Data will be made available on request. Data will be made available on request. Data will be made available on request. 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