page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left_crossing None None p1:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [224.72, 33.45, 145.08, 11.73] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 text front_matter_heading False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [228.42, 63.48, 140.65, 7.31] Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [219.29, 87.36, 158.93, 12.79] Journal of Power Sources Journal of Power Sources 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text front_matter_heading False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right_crossing None None p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [195.48, 119.22, 206.54, 6.67] journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour journal homepage: 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 168.03, 419.45, 46.81] Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text body_candidate_excluded False medium before_body_started before_body_started False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 227.09, 422.38, 37.94] Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 273.05, 448.21, 15.96] a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea 1 8 8 7 #/texts/7 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 290.17, 362.56, 7.4] b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea 1 9 9 8 #/texts/8 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 298.73, 359.78, 7.4] c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea 1 10 10 9 #/texts/9 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 307.29, 276.21, 7.4] d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea 1 11 11 10 #/texts/10 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 315.85, 324.86, 7.4] e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1 12 12 11 #/texts/11 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 324.47, 333.53, 7.4] f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 1 13 13 12 #/texts/12 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 333.03, 239.14, 7.4] g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea 1 14 14 13 #/texts/13 footnote footnote False low docling_footnote docling_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 341.59, 401.45, 7.4] h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea 1 15 15 14 #/texts/14 section_header front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 375.28, 69.91, 6.4] H I G H L I G H T S H I G H L I G H T S 1 21 16 15 #/texts/20 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [201.99, 375.28, 125.99, 6.4] G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T 1 16 17 16 #/texts/15 list_item unknown_text False high outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 394.76, 135.36, 25.68] A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. 1 17 18 17 #/texts/16 list_item unknown_text False high outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 423.95, 135.37, 25.69] This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. 1 18 19 18 #/texts/17 list_item body True None recovered_body_same_page_outside_flow recovered_body_same_page_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 453.09, 135.36, 35.32] Atomic-scale HR-TEM analysis confirms that the engineered interface successfully mitigates rock-salt phase transitions. Atomic-scale HR-TEM analysis confirms that the engineered interface successfully mitigates rock-salt phase transitions. 1 19 20 19 #/texts/18 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 491.87, 135.37, 35.27] The optimized surface architecture inhibits oxygen evolution and reduces manganese dissolution by more than 95%. The optimized surface architecture inhibits oxygen evolution and reduces manganese dissolution by more than 95%. 1 20 21 20 #/texts/19 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 530.65, 135.36, 25.69] Enhanced interfacial kinetics enable a high-rate capacity of 130 mAh/g at 5C with 90.3% retention over 200 cycles. Enhanced interfacial kinetics enable a high-rate capacity of 130 mAh/g at 5C with 90.3% retention over 200 cycles. 1 22 22 21 #/texts/21 footnote footnote False low outside_body_flow_footnote outside_body_flow_footnote False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [41.61, 634.57, 399.17, 6.58] This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. 1 23 23 22 #/texts/22 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 644.15, 78.79, 6.58] * Corresponding author. * Corresponding author. 1 24 24 23 #/texts/23 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 653.73, 82.36, 6.58] ** Corresponding author. ** Corresponding author. 1 25 25 24 #/texts/24 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [42.63, 663.26, 85.99, 6.58] *** Corresponding author. *** Corresponding author. 1 27 26 25 #/texts/26 footnote footnote False low outside_body_flow_footnote outside_body_flow_footnote False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [43.71, 680.69, 159.27, 8.31] 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. 1 26 27 26 #/texts/25 footnote footnote False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.55, 672.84, 370.79, 6.58] E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). 1 28 28 27 #/texts/27 section_header metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [37.59, 699.43, 158.54, 6.58] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599 1 31 29 28 #/texts/30 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.52, 714.7, 110.87, 11.73] Available online 11 February 2026 Available online 11 February 2026 1 29 30 29 #/texts/28 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 708.95, 322.41, 6.58] Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 1 30 31 30 #/texts/29 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin full None None p1:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.52, 724.32, 522.04, 11.73] 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ). 2 2 1 31 #/texts/32 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p2:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:top_margin:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 2 1 2 32 #/texts/31 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:1 top_margin column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:top_margin:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 2 3 3 33 #/texts/33 section_header front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 64.26, 78.1, 6.4] A R T I C L E I N F O A R T I C L E I N F O 2 10 4 34 #/texts/40 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_2_of_3 2 3 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.0, 64.26, 56.72, 6.4] A B S T R A C T A B S T R A C T 2 4 5 35 #/texts/34 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p2:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 83.2, 59.2, 57.27] Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode 2 11 6 36 #/texts/41 text abstract_candidate False medium inside_abstract inside_abstract True p2:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_3 2 3 p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.0, 81.66, 357.8, 132.94] Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt… Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt… 2 5 7 37 #/texts/35 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 247.11, 60.25, 7.31] 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2 6 8 38 #/texts/36 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 268.03, 253.44, 153.8] The transition to a sustainable energy economy necessitates the development of next-generation energy storage technologies to meet the demands of transportation sector electrification and establish grid-scale energy sto… The transition to a sustainable energy economy necessitates the development of next-generation energy storage technologies to meet the demands of transportation sector electrification and establish grid-scale energy sto… 2 7 9 39 #/texts/37 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 424.95, 253.43, 90.99] Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) hold promise as nextgeneration cathode materials, delivering specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) [19 -24] notably exceeding those of conventional materials (200 mAh g 1 ) by simu… Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) hold promise as nextgeneration cathode materials, delivering specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) [19 -24] notably exceeding those of conventional materials (200 mAh g 1 ) by simu… 2 8 10 40 #/texts/38 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 519.12, 253.44, 185.1] One of the biggest challenges faced by LMRs is the severe continuous voltage fading during cycling, which leads to a rapid decrease in overall energy density and thereby negates the primary advantage of these cathode ma… One of the biggest challenges faced by LMRs is the severe continuous voltage fading during cycling, which leads to a rapid decrease in overall energy density and thereby negates the primary advantage of these cathode ma… 2 9 11 41 #/texts/39 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_3 1 3 p2:bottom_margin:column_1_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 707.39, 253.44, 28.23] Surface modification through the deposition of protective coatings is one of the most viable and effective strategies for confronting these multifaceted and interconnected failure modes [29,35,36]. A Surface modification through the deposition of protective coatings is one of the most viable and effective strategies for confronting these multifaceted and interconnected failure modes [29,35,36]. A 2 12 12 42 #/texts/42 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 247.11, 253.43, 70.07] well-designed coating acts as a multifunctional shield passivating the reactive LMR surface and creating a robust physical and chemical barrier against the corrosive electrolyte. Among the potential coating materials, L… well-designed coating acts as a multifunctional shield passivating the reactive LMR surface and creating a robust physical and chemical barrier against the corrosive electrolyte. Among the potential coating materials, L… 2 13 13 43 #/texts/43 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 320.35, 253.43, 153.75] Herein, we examine the ability of a uniform nanoscale carbon-coated LFP (C-LFP) layer to function as a shield mitigating the primary degradation pathways in LMR cathodes. Unlike previous works employing conventional and… Herein, we examine the ability of a uniform nanoscale carbon-coated LFP (C-LFP) layer to function as a shield mitigating the primary degradation pathways in LMR cathodes. Unlike previous works employing conventional and… 2 14 14 44 #/texts/44 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 487.71, 98.06, 7.31] 2. Experimental methods 2. Experimental methods 2 15 15 45 #/texts/45 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 508.63, 81.33, 7.31] 2.1. Materials synthesis 2.1. Materials synthesis 2 16 16 46 #/texts/46 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 529.55, 196.82, 7.31] 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) 2 17 17 47 #/texts/47 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 body_zone column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 540.04, 253.41, 122.34] NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and MnSO4 ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in deionized water to prepare a solution with a Mn:Ni molar ratio of 65:35 and total sulfate concentration of 2.0 M. This solut… NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and MnSO4 ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in deionized water to prepare a solution with a Mn:Ni molar ratio of 65:35 and total sulfate concentration of 2.0 M. This solut… 2 18 18 48 #/texts/48#prov0 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:bottom_margin:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 665.56, 253.42, 70.07] The dried precursor was uniformly mixed with LiOH ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) at a Li:TM molar ratio of 1.4:1, and the mixture was calcined in a muffle furnace in air at 650 ◦ C for 4 h (heating rate: 2 ◦ C min 1 ) fo… The dried precursor was uniformly mixed with LiOH ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) at a Li:TM molar ratio of 1.4:1, and the mixture was calcined in a muffle furnace in air at 650 ◦ C for 4 h (heating rate: 2 ◦ C min 1 ) fo… 2 19 19 49 #/texts/49 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_3_of_3 3 3 p2:bottom_margin:column_3_of_3:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 2 2 3 2 1 50 #/texts/50 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p3:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 3 1 2 51 #/texts/48#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p3:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 3 3 3 52 #/texts/51 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 55.48, 83.95, 7.31] and stored in dry room. and stored in dry room. 3 4 4 53 #/texts/52 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 76.4, 199.65, 7.31] 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles 3 5 5 54 #/texts/53 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 86.89, 253.43, 90.99] Stoichiometric amounts of FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and aqueous H2O2 (25 wt%) were introduced into a continuously stirred tank reactor. Subsequently, an aqueous NH4H2PO4 ( ≥ 98%, SigmaAldrich) solution was co… Stoichiometric amounts of FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and aqueous H2O2 (25 wt%) were introduced into a continuously stirred tank reactor. Subsequently, an aqueous NH4H2PO4 ( ≥ 98%, SigmaAldrich) solution was co… 3 6 6 55 #/texts/54 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 181.0, 253.44, 80.56] The dried FePO4 precursor was mixed with Li2CO3 ( ≥ 99%, SigmaAldrich) and glucose ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) in deionized water under continuous stirring and heating. The Li:TM molar ratio was adjusted to 1.03:1 to ensure… The dried FePO4 precursor was mixed with Li2CO3 ( ≥ 99%, SigmaAldrich) and glucose ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) in deionized water under continuous stirring and heating. The Li:TM molar ratio was adjusted to 1.03:1 to ensure… 3 7 7 56 #/texts/55 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 275.17, 128.43, 7.31] 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process 3 8 8 57 #/texts/56 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 285.6, 253.44, 122.4] A predetermined amount of C-LFP (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, or 2.00 wt% relative to LMR) was mixed with LMR powder (50 g) in the mechanofusion chamber, and the mixture was subjected to high-speed mechanical processing (KMTECH Co… A predetermined amount of C-LFP (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, or 2.00 wt% relative to LMR) was mixed with LMR powder (50 g) in the mechanofusion chamber, and the mixture was subjected to high-speed mechanical processing (KMTECH Co… 3 9 9 58 #/texts/57 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 422.23, 105.97, 7.31] 2.2. Materials characterization 2.2. Materials characterization 3 10 10 59 #/texts/58 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 443.2, 179.22, 7.31] 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization 3 11 11 60 #/texts/59 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 453.64, 253.44, 174.67] High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected using a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer with a Cu K α radiation source ( λ = 1.5406 Å) operating at 45 kV and 200 mA. Data were recorded in the 2 θ range of… High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected using a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer with a Cu K α radiation source ( λ = 1.5406 Å) operating at 45 kV and 200 mA. Data were recorded in the 2 θ range of… 3 12 12 61 #/texts/60 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 641.91, 133.52, 7.31] 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization 3 13 13 62 #/texts/61#prov0 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 652.4, 253.45, 90.99] LMR@F x was used as the active cathode material, carbon black (Ketjen black, EC-600JD, AkzoNobel Co.) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs, Sigma-Aldrich) as conductive additives, and a solution of polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF;… LMR@F x was used as the active cathode material, carbon black (Ketjen black, EC-600JD, AkzoNobel Co.) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs, Sigma-Aldrich) as conductive additives, and a solution of polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF;… 3 14 14 63 #/texts/61#prov1 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 253.42, 132.82] mixer (AR-100, Thinky Co.). Subsequently, LMR@F x was incorporated into this premix so that the final electrode formulation contained 96.5 wt% active material, 1.5 wt% carbon black, and 2.0 wt% binder. The mixture was f… mixer (AR-100, Thinky Co.). Subsequently, LMR@F x was incorporated into this premix so that the final electrode formulation contained 96.5 wt% active material, 1.5 wt% carbon black, and 2.0 wt% binder. The mixture was f… 3 15 15 64 #/texts/62 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 191.49, 253.4, 80.5] Galvanostatic charge -discharge cycling was performed using a WBCS3000L battery testing system (WonATech Co.) at 28 ◦ C in the voltage range of 2.0 -4.7 V vs. Li/Li + . The cells were subjected to three initial cycles a… Galvanostatic charge -discharge cycling was performed using a WBCS3000L battery testing system (WonATech Co.) at 28 ◦ C in the voltage range of 2.0 -4.7 V vs. Li/Li + . The cells were subjected to three initial cycles a… 3 16 16 65 #/texts/63 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 275.17, 253.42, 70.07] Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Biologic VMP3 potentiostat in the frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHz at an alternating-current amplitude of 5 mV. Electrochemical impedance sp… Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Biologic VMP3 potentiostat in the frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHz at an alternating-current amplitude of 5 mV. Electrochemical impedance sp… 3 17 17 66 #/texts/64 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 348.42, 253.42, 59.58] Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + values) during discharge were determined using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements. The cells were discharged at 0.1C for 30 min and allowed to relax… Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + values) during discharge were determined using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements. The cells were discharged at 0.1C for 30 min and allowed to relax… 3 18 18 67 #/texts/66 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 448.53, 253.41, 49.15] where mB is the mass of the active material, VM is the molar volume of the active material, MB is the molar mass of the active material, S is the electrode -electrolyte contact area, Δ Es is the steady-state voltage cha… where mB is the mass of the active material, VM is the molar volume of the active material, MB is the molar mass of the active material, S is the electrode -electrolyte contact area, Δ Es is the steady-state voltage cha… 3 19 19 68 #/texts/67 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 500.86, 253.37, 17.74] The volume resistivity of the cathode material was measured using an electrode resistance meter (Hioki RM2610). The volume resistivity of the cathode material was measured using an electrode resistance meter (Hioki RM2610). 3 20 20 69 #/texts/68 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 532.21, 157.07, 7.31] 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis 3 21 21 70 #/texts/69 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 542.7, 253.4, 59.64] TM dissolution was quantified as follows. After 50 cycles at 0.5C, the cells were disassembled, and the cell components were rinsed with an identical volume of the electrolyte used in the cells (composition described ab… TM dissolution was quantified as follows. After 50 cycles at 0.5C, the cells were disassembled, and the cell components were rinsed with an identical volume of the electrolyte used in the cells (composition described ab… 3 22 22 71 #/texts/70 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 605.46, 253.42, 80.56] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, DSC204 F1 Phoenix, Netzsch) measurements were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of charged cathodes. Coin cells were charged to 4.8 V at 0.1C and then disassembled. The … Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, DSC204 F1 Phoenix, Netzsch) measurements were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of charged cathodes. Coin cells were charged to 4.8 V at 0.1C and then disassembled. The … 3 23 23 72 #/texts/71#prov0 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 689.14, 253.43, 49.15] The gas evolution in the cells was monitored and quantified by insitu differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), which was constructed by a home-built design. The slurry of active material (LMR or LFP-coated… The gas evolution in the cells was monitored and quantified by insitu differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), which was constructed by a home-built design. The slurry of active material (LMR or LFP-coated… 3 24 24 73 #/texts/72 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 3 3 4 2 1 74 #/texts/73 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 4 1 2 75 #/texts/71#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 4 3 3 76 #/texts/74 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 55.48, 253.44, 174.67] foil was used as a counter and reference electrode. Coin-type cells with a meshed top were assembled with the working electrode, the lithium electrode, and a glass microfiber membrane separator (GF/CTM, Whatman Co.) soa… foil was used as a counter and reference electrode. Coin-type cells with a meshed top were assembled with the working electrode, the lithium electrode, and a glass microfiber membrane separator (GF/CTM, Whatman Co.) soa… 4 4 4 77 #/texts/75 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 98.62, 7.31] 3. Results and discussion 3. Results and discussion 4 5 5 78 #/texts/76 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 76.41, 229.26, 7.31] 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) 4 6 6 79 #/texts/77#prov0 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 97.33, 253.43, 153.75] The core strategy of this work is to engineer a protective, ionically conductive, and electronically non-obstructive surface layer on Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) layered oxide cathodes to mitigate their intrinsic degradation … The core strategy of this work is to engineer a protective, ionically conductive, and electronically non-obstructive surface layer on Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) layered oxide cathodes to mitigate their intrinsic degradation … 4 7 7 80 #/texts/78 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 717.45, 522.2, 25.69] Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter… Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter… 4 8 8 81 #/texts/79 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p4:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 4 4 5 2 1 82 #/texts/80 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p5:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 5 1 2 83 #/texts/77#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p5:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 5 3 3 84 #/texts/81 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 55.48, 253.39, 17.8] and chemical barrier passivating the reactive surface and preserving the structural integrity of the underlying layered framework. and chemical barrier passivating the reactive surface and preserving the structural integrity of the underlying layered framework. 5 4 4 85 #/texts/82 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 76.4, 253.44, 165.31] The effects of mechanofusion on bulk crystal structure were probed by XRD (Fig. 1b -d). The pattern of pristine LMR (Fig. 1b) exhibited the expected peaks, including the (003) and (104) peaks of the rhombohedral ( R 3 m… The effects of mechanofusion on bulk crystal structure were probed by XRD (Fig. 1b -d). The pattern of pristine LMR (Fig. 1b) exhibited the expected peaks, including the (003) and (104) peaks of the rhombohedral ( R 3 m… 5 5 5 86 #/texts/83#prov0 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 244.89, 253.44, 122.34] The morphology of pristine and coated LMR particles was examined using FE-SEM (Fig. 2). The hydroxide precursor comprised spherical secondary particles (~5 μ m) composed of agglomerated plate-like primary particles (Fig… The morphology of pristine and coated LMR particles was examined using FE-SEM (Fig. 2). The hydroxide precursor comprised spherical secondary particles (~5 μ m) composed of agglomerated plate-like primary particles (Fig… 5 6 6 87 #/texts/83#prov1 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 253.38, 17.8] accessibility of the active-material bulk for lithiation/delithiation, these results demonstrate the need to control the C-LFP loading. accessibility of the active-material bulk for lithiation/delithiation, these results demonstrate the need to control the C-LFP loading. 5 7 7 88 #/texts/84 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 76.41, 253.41, 143.32] The distribution of C-LFP was examined using EDS. Line scan analysis across a cross-sectioned LMR@F0.75 particle (Fig. 2g and h) revealed a uniform distribution of Mn and Ni. Importantly, Fe and P, the constituent eleme… The distribution of C-LFP was examined using EDS. Line scan analysis across a cross-sectioned LMR@F0.75 particle (Fig. 2g and h) revealed a uniform distribution of Mn and Ni. Importantly, Fe and P, the constituent eleme… 5 8 8 89 #/texts/85 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 233.73, 148.48, 7.31] 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance 5 9 9 90 #/texts/86 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 254.65, 253.43, 122.4] The electrochemical performance of pristine and C-LFP-coated LMR cathodes was evaluated using coin-type half-cells. For all samples, the initial charge -discharge profiles recorded at 0.1C were characteristic of LMR cat… The electrochemical performance of pristine and C-LFP-coated LMR cathodes was evaluated using coin-type half-cells. For all samples, the initial charge -discharge profiles recorded at 0.1C were characteristic of LMR cat… 5 10 10 91 #/texts/87 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p5:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 698.35, 522.18, 44.79] Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. … Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. … 5 11 11 92 #/texts/88 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 5 5 6 1 1 93 #/texts/89 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 6 2 2 94 #/texts/90 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 6 3 3 95 #/texts/91 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 384.16, 522.16, 25.69] Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta… Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta… 6 4 4 96 #/texts/92 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 425.18, 253.44, 164.24] The most notable advantage of the C-LFP coating became evident in rate capability tests (Fig. 3b). As the C-rate was incrementally increased from 0.1C to 3C, all cells exhibited a predictable decrease in capacity. Howev… The most notable advantage of the C-LFP coating became evident in rate capability tests (Fig. 3b). As the C-rate was incrementally increased from 0.1C to 3C, all cells exhibited a predictable decrease in capacity. Howev… 6 5 5 97 #/texts/93 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 592.53, 253.44, 143.32] The C-LFP coating also improved long-term cycling stability (200 cycles at 0.5C), a critical challenge for LMR cathodes (Fig. 3c) [27]. The pristine LMR cathode suffered from notable capacity fading, retaining only 89.9… The C-LFP coating also improved long-term cycling stability (200 cycles at 0.5C), a critical challenge for LMR cathodes (Fig. 3c) [27]. The pristine LMR cathode suffered from notable capacity fading, retaining only 89.9… 6 6 6 98 #/texts/94 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 425.18, 244.54, 17.8] 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics 6 7 7 99 #/texts/95 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 456.59, 253.42, 101.42] A central and remarkable finding of this study is the profound improvement in both rate capability and cycling stability achieved through the application of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles. The simultaneous en… A central and remarkable finding of this study is the profound improvement in both rate capability and cycling stability achieved through the application of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles. The simultaneous en… 6 8 8 100 #/texts/96 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 561.18, 253.41, 153.75] A critical concern in the development of surface modification strategies is the potential trade-off between surface protection and electronic insulation. Pristine LFP is inherently insulating, featuring an electronic co… A critical concern in the development of surface modification strategies is the potential trade-off between surface protection and electronic insulation. Pristine LFP is inherently insulating, featuring an electronic co… 6 9 9 101 #/texts/97#prov0 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 718.05, 253.42, 17.8] Furthermore, the mechanofusion process creates a discrete, islandlike morphology rather than a complete encapsulation. This Furthermore, the mechanofusion process creates a discrete, islandlike morphology rather than a complete encapsulation. This 6 10 10 102 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p6:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 6 6 7 2 1 103 #/texts/99 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p7:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 7 1 2 104 #/texts/97#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p7:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 7 3 3 105 #/texts/100 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 379.39, 522.21, 25.74] Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V … Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V … 7 4 4 106 #/texts/101 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 420.42, 253.44, 132.83] architecture is crucial because it creates a synergistic conductive network where the C-LFP islands function as additional ' conductive nodes ' bridging the Super P conductive additive and the LMR active material. Conse… architecture is crucial because it creates a synergistic conductive network where the C-LFP islands function as additional ' conductive nodes ' bridging the Super P conductive additive and the LMR active material. Conse… 7 5 5 107 #/texts/102 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 556.42, 253.45, 174.67] Beyond electronic conductivity, the kinetics of Li-ion transport are equally critical for high-rate performance. The calculated D Li + values were higher for the coated samples across the entire voltage window (Fig. 4b … Beyond electronic conductivity, the kinetics of Li-ion transport are equally critical for high-rate performance. The calculated D Li + values were higher for the coated samples across the entire voltage window (Fig. 4b … 7 6 6 108 #/texts/104 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 443.89, 253.43, 101.48] Although bulk LFP is limited by one-dimensional diffusion channels along the [010] direction, reducing the particle size to the nanoscale ( < 100 nm) drastically shortened L . Consequently, the LFP nanoislands functione… Although bulk LFP is limited by one-dimensional diffusion channels along the [010] direction, reducing the particle size to the nanoscale ( < 100 nm) drastically shortened L . Consequently, the LFP nanoislands functione… 7 7 7 109 #/texts/105 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 548.48, 253.4, 70.94] To rationalize the abovementioned stability and kinetic improvements, we monitored the evolution of interfacial impedance before and after the initial three cycles. This analysis allowed us to decouple the contributions… To rationalize the abovementioned stability and kinetic improvements, we monitored the evolution of interfacial impedance before and after the initial three cycles. This analysis allowed us to decouple the contributions… 7 8 8 110 #/texts/106#prov0 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 621.73, 253.43, 111.91] The parameters extracted from the Nyquist plots are listed in Table S1. The LMR@F0.75 electrode exhibited the lowest R ct of 63.4 Ω (cf. 82.5 Ω for pristine LMR), which indicates that the optimized islandlike coating lo… The parameters extracted from the Nyquist plots are listed in Table S1. The LMR@F0.75 electrode exhibited the lowest R ct of 63.4 Ω (cf. 82.5 Ω for pristine LMR), which indicates that the optimized islandlike coating lo… 7 9 9 111 #/texts/107 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 7 7 8 2 1 112 #/texts/108 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 8 1 2 113 #/texts/106#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p8:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 8 3 3 114 #/texts/109 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 55.48, 165.11, 8.18] medium-frequency semicircle representing R ct . medium-frequency semicircle representing R ct . 8 4 4 115 #/texts/110 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 65.97, 253.44, 38.66] The comparison of pristine and optimized (LFP@F0.75) samples revealed a critical divergence in electrochemical evolution driven by the competition between electrochemical activation and surface passivation. The comparison of pristine and optimized (LFP@F0.75) samples revealed a critical divergence in electrochemical evolution driven by the competition between electrochemical activation and surface passivation. 8 5 5 116 #/texts/111 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.23, 118.24, 251.79, 111.91] Pristine LMR (passivation dominance). R ct decreased from 82.5 Ω (fresh) to 74.5 Ω (cycled) because of the electrochemical activation of LMR and improved electrolyte infiltration into the porous electrode structure. How… Pristine LMR (passivation dominance). R ct decreased from 82.5 Ω (fresh) to 74.5 Ω (cycled) because of the electrochemical activation of LMR and improved electrolyte infiltration into the porous electrode structure. How… 8 6 6 117 #/texts/112 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.23, 233.33, 251.79, 132.83] LMR@F0.75 (activation dominance). In stark contrast, the LMR@F0.75 electrode demonstrated a successful decoupling of activation and passivation. R ct decreased from 63.4 Ω (fresh) to 56.4 Ω (cycled), which indicated tha… LMR@F0.75 (activation dominance). In stark contrast, the LMR@F0.75 electrode demonstrated a successful decoupling of activation and passivation. R ct decreased from 63.4 Ω (fresh) to 56.4 Ω (cycled), which indicated tha… 8 7 7 118 #/texts/113 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.23, 369.34, 251.79, 70.07] Overcoated LMR@F2.0 (barrier effect). When the C-LFP loading was increased to 2.0 wt%, R sf (11.4 Ω ) and R ct (70.1 Ω ) rebounded (Table S2). Thus, although the excessively thick coating protected the surface, it acted… Overcoated LMR@F2.0 (barrier effect). When the C-LFP loading was increased to 2.0 wt%, R sf (11.4 Ω ) and R ct (70.1 Ω ) rebounded (Table S2). Thus, although the excessively thick coating protected the surface, it acted… 8 8 8 119 #/texts/114 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 453.01, 253.44, 133.64] Our electrochemical analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism governing performance enhancement. The C-LFP islands functioned not merely as a passive shield but as a multifunctional active component. First, the carbon c… Our electrochemical analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism governing performance enhancement. The C-LFP islands functioned not merely as a passive shield but as a multifunctional active component. First, the carbon c… 8 9 9 120 #/texts/115 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 588.96, 253.43, 70.07] This suppression of the resistive surface layer is linked to the structural stability of the host material. The high resistance of the pristine sample is a signature of the irreversible phase transition from a layered s… This suppression of the resistive surface layer is linked to the structural stability of the host material. The high resistance of the pristine sample is a signature of the irreversible phase transition from a layered s… 8 10 10 121 #/texts/116 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 673.32, 203.54, 7.31] 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism 8 11 11 122 #/texts/117#prov0 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15] Having established the kinetic benefits of C-LFP islands, we examined the origin of the enhanced structural and chemical stability. The degradation of LMR cathodes is governed by a complex interplay of surface phase tra… Having established the kinetic benefits of C-LFP islands, we examined the origin of the enhanced structural and chemical stability. The degradation of LMR cathodes is governed by a complex interplay of surface phase tra… 8 12 12 123 #/texts/117#prov1 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 69.5, 7.31] operation ( > 4.5 V). operation ( > 4.5 V). 8 13 13 124 #/texts/118 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 65.98, 253.42, 187.31] The structural integrity of the electrode surface is the primary determinant of long-term electrochemical stability. To directly visualize the impact of the C-LFP coating on crystal structure evolution, electrodes after… The structural integrity of the electrode surface is the primary determinant of long-term electrochemical stability. To directly visualize the impact of the C-LFP coating on crystal structure evolution, electrodes after… 8 14 14 125 #/texts/119 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 256.4, 253.42, 144.39] In striking contrast, LMR@F0.75 (Fig. 5g -l) demonstrated exceptional structural preservation. HRTEM imaging (Fig. 5h) revealed a clean well-defined interface with crystalline lattice fringes coherently extending to the… In striking contrast, LMR@F0.75 (Fig. 5g -l) demonstrated exceptional structural preservation. HRTEM imaging (Fig. 5h) revealed a clean well-defined interface with crystalline lattice fringes coherently extending to the… 8 15 15 126 #/texts/120 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 403.97, 253.43, 174.67] The structural stability revealed by HRTEM is linked to the suppression of anionic redox-induced gas evolution. Lattice oxygen release from the LMR surface during the initial high-voltage charge can trigger surface reco… The structural stability revealed by HRTEM is linked to the suppression of anionic redox-induced gas evolution. Lattice oxygen release from the LMR surface during the initial high-voltage charge can trigger surface reco… 8 16 16 127 #/texts/121 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 front_matter column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 581.82, 253.4, 101.42] This stabilization directly translates into enhanced thermal safety, a critical parameter for practical battery applications. The DSC analysis of charged cathodes (Fig. 5o) revealed that pristine LMR underwent a sharp e… This stabilization directly translates into enhanced thermal safety, a critical parameter for practical battery applications. The DSC analysis of charged cathodes (Fig. 5o) revealed that pristine LMR underwent a sharp e… 8 17 17 128 #/texts/122#prov0 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 686.42, 253.42, 49.15] Finally, the chemical stability of the interface was probed by quantifying Mn dissolution, a major degradation mechanism involving the attack of HF (generated by LiPF6 hydrolysis) on the cathode surface. Mn leaching res… Finally, the chemical stability of the interface was probed by quantifying Mn dissolution, a major degradation mechanism involving the attack of HF (generated by LiPF6 hydrolysis) on the cathode surface. Mn leaching res… 8 18 18 129 #/texts/123 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p8:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 8 8 9 2 1 130 #/texts/124 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 9 1 2 131 #/texts/122#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 9 3 3 132 #/texts/125 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 501.68, 522.2, 57.32] Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE… Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE… 9 4 4 133 #/texts/126 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 574.34, 253.44, 70.07] cell performance. Fig. S4 presents the concentration of Mn in the electrolyte after 50 cycles. Pristine LMR suffered from severe metal dissolution (Mn concentration = 1.33 mg kg 1 ), which was suppressed by the C-LFP co… cell performance. Fig. S4 presents the concentration of Mn in the electrolyte after 50 cycles. Pristine LMR suffered from severe metal dissolution (Mn concentration = 1.33 mg kg 1 ), which was suppressed by the C-LFP co… 9 5 5 134 #/texts/127#prov0 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 647.53, 253.45, 91.05] This protection was attributed to the scavenging effect of the C-LFP nanoislands. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is unavoidably generated in LiPF6based electrolytes through hydrolysis (LiPF6 + H2O → POF3 + 2HF). The phosphate g… This protection was attributed to the scavenging effect of the C-LFP nanoislands. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is unavoidably generated in LiPF6based electrolytes through hydrolysis (LiPF6 + H2O → POF3 + 2HF). The phosphate g… 9 6 6 135 #/texts/127#prov1 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:1 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 572.1, 253.42, 51.38] preventing the acid-induced disproportionation of Mn 3 + to soluble Mn 2 + . This chemical protection mechanism complements the physical barrier effect, ensuring that even if the physical coverage is incomplete (as with… preventing the acid-induced disproportionation of Mn 3 + to soluble Mn 2 + . This chemical protection mechanism complements the physical barrier effect, ensuring that even if the physical coverage is incomplete (as with… 9 7 7 136 #/texts/128#prov0 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:1 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 626.61, 253.43, 113.04] The results of multimodal analyses provide a comprehensive picture of the stabilization mechanism of the C-LFP nanoislands. By preserving the atomic-level structural integrity of the high-capacity layered phases ( C 2/ … The results of multimodal analyses provide a comprehensive picture of the stabilization mechanism of the C-LFP nanoislands. By preserving the atomic-level structural integrity of the high-capacity layered phases ( C 2/ … 9 8 8 137 #/texts/129 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] 9 9 10 2 1 138 #/texts/130 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p10:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 10 1 2 139 #/texts/128#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 37.0, 461.87, 5.85] E. Kim et al. E. Kim et al. 10 3 3 140 #/texts/131 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 55.48, 204.45, 7.31] voltage fading and superior electrochemical performance. voltage fading and superior electrochemical performance. 10 4 4 141 #/texts/132 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 76.74, 54.38, 7.31] 4. Conclusion 4. Conclusion 10 5 5 142 #/texts/133 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 97.66, 253.44, 80.5] A highly effective and commercially viable strategy for overcoming the challenges hindering the commercialization of LMR cathodes was developed, corresponding to the deposition of a nanoisland-like C-LFP coating onto th… A highly effective and commercially viable strategy for overcoming the challenges hindering the commercialization of LMR cathodes was developed, corresponding to the deposition of a nanoisland-like C-LFP coating onto th… 10 6 6 143 #/texts/134 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 181.34, 253.45, 331.6] At an optimized loading of only 0.75 wt%, C-LFP dramatically enhanced electrochemical performance, increasing capacity retention at 3C to > 60% and imparting superior long-term cycling stability (200 cycles) with notabl… At an optimized loading of only 0.75 wt%, C-LFP dramatically enhanced electrochemical performance, increasing capacity retention at 3C to > 60% and imparting superior long-term cycling stability (200 cycles) with notabl… 10 7 7 144 #/texts/135 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 516.06, 253.44, 143.32] This study not only presents a high-performance LMR cathode but also provides fundamental insights into the principles of designing surface coatings for next-generation battery materials. The mechanofusion-based approac… This study not only presents a high-performance LMR cathode but also provides fundamental insights into the principles of designing surface coatings for next-generation battery materials. The mechanofusion-based approac… 10 8 8 145 #/texts/136 section_header back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p10:body_region:0 body_zone column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 673.32, 161.94, 7.31] CRediT authorship contribution statement CRediT authorship contribution statement 10 9 9 146 #/texts/137#prov0 text affiliation False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p10:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15] Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J… Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J… 10 10 10 147 #/texts/137#prov1 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 top_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 55.49, 253.41, 49.15] Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing … Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing … 10 11 11 148 #/texts/138 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 119.66, 128.59, 7.31] Declaration of competing interest Declaration of competing interest 10 12 12 149 #/texts/139 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 140.58, 253.42, 28.23] The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 10 13 13 150 #/texts/140 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 182.76, 73.84, 7.31] Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 10 14 14 151 #/texts/141 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 203.68, 253.43, 70.07] This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no… This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no… 10 15 15 152 #/texts/142 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.59, 287.7, 32.47, 7.31] Glossary Glossary 10 16 16 153 #/texts/143 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 308.62, 253.43, 101.42] Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros… Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros… 10 17 17 154 #/texts/144 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 423.99, 128.57, 7.31] Appendix A. Supplementary data Appendix A. Supplementary data 10 18 18 155 #/texts/145 text reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 444.91, 253.41, 17.8] Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. 10 19 19 156 #/texts/146 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.6, 476.31, 63.51, 7.31] Data availability Data availability 10 20 20 157 #/texts/147 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p10:body_region:1 body_zone column_2_of_2 2 2 p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [318.56, 497.23, 140.32, 7.31] Data will be made available on request. 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