page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview text cleaned_text 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p1:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p1:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 41.9, 109.98, 12.26] nature protocols nature protocols nature protocols nature protocols 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 page_header page_header False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None top_margin right None None p1:top_margin:right:off_white [245, 249, 251] off_white False True [391.69, 43.13, 169.57, 7.0] https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01234-9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01234-9 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 94.88, 39.74, 8.75] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow outside_body_flow False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [487.27, 96.48, 73.98, 7.44] Check for updates Check for updates Check for updates Check for updates 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.46, 455.34, 80.07] A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text affiliation False medium front_matter_author_line front_matter_author_line True p1:body_region:0 page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 231.08, 456.64, 22.13] Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.18, 40.84, 8.75] Abstract Abstract Abstract Abstract 1 11 8 7 #/texts/10 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [438.37, 264.16, 49.12, 8.75] Key points Key points Key points Key points 1 16 13 12 #/texts/15 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 541.13, 122.98, 28.52] Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 1 17 14 13 #/texts/16 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 581.89, 116.67, 28.52] Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 1 15 15 14 #/texts/14 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [438.37, 510.52, 70.36, 8.75] Key references Key references Key references Key references 1 18 16 15 #/texts/17 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 622.65, 106.3, 28.52] Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 1 19 17 16 #/texts/18 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 663.41, 121.33, 28.52] Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 1 10 19 18 #/texts/9 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p1:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [236.67, 726.69, 149.06, 6.63] e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ 1 20 20 19 #/texts/19 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 704.17, 115.93, 28.52] Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.aaz7681 Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): 10.1126/science.aaz7681 Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.aaz7681 Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): 10.1126/science.aaz7681 1 21 21 20 #/texts/20 page_footer page_footer False low document_web_address document_web_address True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 738.16, 64.22, 6.58] sz.tsinghua.edu.cn sz.tsinghua.edu.cn sz.tsinghua.edu.cn sz.tsinghua.edu.cn 1 22 22 21 #/texts/21 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 1 23 23 22 #/texts/22 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.26, 763.81, 18.72, 6.99] 2413 2413 2413 2413 2 1 1 23 #/texts/23 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p2:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 2 2 2 24 #/texts/24 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 113.77, 66.8, 9.84] Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction 2 5 5 27 #/texts/27 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 390.54, 156.94, 9.04] Recycling strategies for spent LIBs Recycling strategies for spent LIBs Recycling strategies for spent LIBs Recycling strategies for spent LIBs 2 9 8 30 #/texts/31 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.5, 492.35, 41.76, 5.7] Metallurgical Metallurgical Metallurgical Metallurgical 2 10 9 31 #/texts/32 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.13, 500.15, 28.51, 5.7] recycling recycling recycling recycling 2 15 10 32 #/texts/37 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [279.71, 500.15, 28.51, 5.7] recycling recycling recycling recycling 2 14 11 33 #/texts/36 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.8, 492.36, 18.33, 5.7] Direct Direct Direct Direct 2 17 12 34 #/texts/39 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.73, 500.15, 30.31, 5.7] upcycling upcycling upcycling upcycling 2 16 13 35 #/texts/38 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [440.72, 492.35, 18.33, 5.7] Direct Direct Direct Direct 2 26 14 36 #/texts/48 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:colored [145, 170, 197] colored False True [164.89, 534.28, 17.6, 4.82] Hydro- Hydro- Hydro- Hydro- 2 25 15 37 #/texts/47 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [107.09, 548.3, 13.31, 4.82] Pyro- Pyro- Pyro- Pyro- 2 20 16 38 #/texts/42 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [140.69, 550.35, 6.37, 5.7] or or or or 2 18 17 39 #/texts/40 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.78, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] + + 2 19 18 40 #/texts/41 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [445.63, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] + + 2 36 19 41 #/texts/58 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [87.7, 588.26, 125.37, 5.7] Extracting valuable metal elements from Extracting valuable metal elements from Extracting valuable metal elements from Extracting valuable metal elements from 2 37 20 42 #/texts/59 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [119.93, 596.06, 60.91, 5.7] spent LIBs materials spent LIBs materials spent LIBs materials spent LIBs materials 2 38 21 43 #/texts/60 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.74, 588.26, 130.44, 5.7] Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li 2 39 22 44 #/texts/61 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [244.79, 596.06, 98.35, 5.7] replenishment and defect repair replenishment and defect repair replenishment and defect repair replenishment and defect repair 2 40 23 45 #/texts/62 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [386.98, 588.26, 125.81, 5.7] Optimizing structure and composition to Optimizing structure and composition to Optimizing structure and composition to Optimizing structure and composition to 2 41 24 46 #/texts/63 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [405.64, 596.06, 88.48, 5.7] upgrade spent LIBs materials upgrade spent LIBs materials upgrade spent LIBs materials upgrade spent LIBs materials 2 42 25 47 #/texts/64 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.44, 627.44, 109.97, 5.7] Return back to production materials Return back to production materials Return back to production materials Return back to production materials 2 43 26 48 #/texts/65 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [248.74, 627.44, 90.45, 5.7] Recycled into virgin materials Recycled into virgin materials Recycled into virgin materials Recycled into virgin materials 2 44 27 49 #/texts/66 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [390.63, 627.3, 118.5, 5.7] Upgraded to next-generation materials Upgraded to next-generation materials Upgraded to next-generation materials Upgraded to next-generation materials 2 21 28 50 #/texts/43 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [143.33, 663.08, 3.37, 5.7] + + 2 22 29 51 #/texts/44 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [448.22, 662.13, 6.37, 5.7] or or or or 2 23 30 52 #/texts/45 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [105.44, 694.98, 17.7, 5.7] Li salt Li salt Li salt Li salt 2 24 31 53 #/texts/46 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [149.28, 694.98, 55.07, 5.7] Alloy or precursor Alloy or precursor Alloy or precursor Alloy or precursor 2 27 32 54 #/texts/49 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.4, 694.98, 25.12, 7.38] LiMn 2 O4 LiMn 2 O4 LiMn 2 O4 LiMn 2 O4 2 28 33 55 #/texts/50 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [395.72, 694.98, 11.5, 5.7] LiNi LiNi LiNi LiNi 2 29 34 56 #/texts/51 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [407.21, 698.41, 6.97, 3.95] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 30 35 57 #/texts/52 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [414.17, 694.98, 23.2, 7.38] Mn 1.5 O4 Mn 1.5 O4 Mn 1.5 O4 Mn 1.5 O4 2 31 36 58 #/texts/53 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [455.66, 694.98, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li Li Li 2 32 37 59 #/texts/54 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [460.78, 698.41, 5.55, 3.95] 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 2 33 38 60 #/texts/55 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [466.33, 694.98, 6.36, 5.7] Ni Ni Ni Ni 2 34 39 61 #/texts/56 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True False [472.7, 698.41, 6.82, 3.95] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2 35 40 62 #/texts/57 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [479.51, 694.98, 24.33, 7.38] Mn 0.6 O2 Mn 0.6 O2 Mn 0.6 O2 Mn 0.6 O2 2 11 41 63 #/texts/33 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [128.71, 716.44, 43.19, 5.7] 'Downcycling' 'Downcycling' 'Downcycling' 'Downcycling' 2 12 42 64 #/texts/34 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [276.49, 716.44, 34.94, 5.7] 'Recycling' 'Recycling' 'Recycling' 'Recycling' 2 13 43 65 #/texts/35 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [432.65, 716.44, 34.29, 5.7] 'Upcycling' 'Upcycling' 'Upcycling' 'Upcycling' 2 8 44 66 #/texts/30 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin full None None p2:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 728.46, 506.1, 16.5] Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. 2 45 45 67 #/texts/67 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p2:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 2 46 46 68 #/texts/68 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p2:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.31, 763.81, 18.89, 6.99] 2414 2414 2414 2414 3 1 1 69 #/texts/69 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p3:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 3 2 2 70 #/texts/70 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.3, 326.14, 17.87] Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development 3 9 9 77 #/texts/77 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p3:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p3:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 3 10 10 78 #/texts/78 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p3:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.42, 763.81, 18.55, 6.99] 2415 2415 2415 2415 4 1 1 79 #/texts/79 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p4:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 4 2 2 80 #/texts/80 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p4:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.29, 315.92, 7.87] Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods 4 6 6 84 #/texts/84 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 355.94, 288.03, 9.04] Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials 4 11 11 89 #/texts/89 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p4:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 4 12 12 90 #/texts/90 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p4:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.3, 763.81, 18.9, 6.99] 2416 2416 2416 2416 5 1 1 91 #/texts/91 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 5 3 3 93 #/texts/93 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 page_body left None None p5:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.37, 236.82, 9.04] Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials 5 6 6 96 #/texts/96 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 page_body left None None p5:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 540.45, 129.16, 9.04] Applications of the protocol Applications of the protocol Applications of the protocol Applications of the protocol 5 8 8 98 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p5:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p5:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 5 9 9 99 #/texts/99 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p5:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.86, 763.81, 18.11, 6.99] 2417 2417 2417 2417 6 1 1 100 #/texts/100 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 6 2 2 101 #/texts/101 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 113.77, 123.62, 9.04] Limitations of the protocol Limitations of the protocol Limitations of the protocol Limitations of the protocol 6 11 11 110 #/texts/110 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 528.92, 121.54, 9.04] Overview of the procedure Overview of the procedure Overview of the procedure Overview of the procedure 6 13 13 112 #/texts/112 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 552.52, 191.49, 8.35] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 6 16 16 115 #/texts/115 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 587.11, 202.86, 8.35] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 6 17 17 116 #/texts/116 list_item body_heading False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 598.64, 181.18, 8.35] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 6 19 19 118 #/texts/118 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.97, 192.72, 7.87] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 6 21 21 120 #/texts/120 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p6:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 6 22 22 121 #/texts/121 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p6:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.44, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] 2418 2418 2418 2418 7 1 1 122 #/texts/122 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 7 32 2 123 #/texts/153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:off_white [246, 247, 249] off_white False False [63.78, 117.32, 38.08, 5.7] Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly Disassembly 7 33 3 124 #/texts/154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 251] white False False [191.45, 117.32, 31.52, 5.7] Ingredient Ingredient Ingredient Ingredient 7 54 4 125 #/texts/175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [384.94, 117.46, 75.37, 5.7] Recycling and upcycling Recycling and upcycling Recycling and upcycling Recycling and upcycling 7 9 5 126 #/texts/130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True False [167.51, 141.25, 4.55, 2.63] 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 7 10 6 127 #/texts/131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [182.45, 141.85, 15.86, 2.63] Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical 7 11 7 128 #/texts/132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [182.45, 145.97, 9.49, 2.63] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 7 55 8 129 #/texts/176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.06, 142.55, 64.1, 5.7] Solid phase sintering Solid phase sintering Solid phase sintering Solid phase sintering 7 75 9 130 #/texts/196 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [191, 188, 185] gray True True [423.64, 144.91, 21.66, 3.51] Convection Convection Convection Convection 7 90 10 131 #/texts/211 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.23, 145.83, 47.06, 5.7] repair products repair products repair products repair products 7 89 11 132 #/texts/210 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [505.5, 138.03, 42.52, 5.7] Conventional Conventional Conventional Conventional 7 30 12 133 #/texts/151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 149.78, 5.7, 57.57] Spent LMO battery Spent LMO battery Spent LMO battery Spent LMO battery 7 34 13 134 #/texts/155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [155.53, 152.28, 5.7, 51.37] Failure diagnosis Failure diagnosis Failure diagnosis Failure diagnosis 7 6 14 135 #/texts/127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [167.41, 169.82, 4.65, 2.63] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7 7 15 136 #/texts/128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True False [167.98, 160.29, 4.09, 2.63] 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7 8 16 137 #/texts/129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [224, 224, 224] gray True False [168.26, 150.78, 3.8, 2.63] 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 7 5 17 138 #/texts/126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [170.02, 179.33, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 0 0 7 100 18 139 #/texts/221 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [216, 216, 216] gray True True [173.05, 191.23, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 111 19 140 #/texts/232 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [196, 196, 196] gray True False [175.35, 214.14, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 10 10 7 101 20 141 #/texts/222 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [178.34, 193.73, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 110 21 142 #/texts/231 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [207, 207, 207] gray True False [180.63, 216.35, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 10 10 7 102 22 143 #/texts/223 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [216, 216, 216] gray True False [183.7, 196.29, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 3 23 144 #/texts/124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [184.0, 183.04, 2.37, 2.63] Li Li Li Li 7 109 24 145 #/texts/230 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True False [186.58, 219.01, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 10 10 7 103 25 146 #/texts/224 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [189.67, 198.51, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 108 26 147 #/texts/229 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [185, 185, 185] gray True True [192.07, 221.96, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 10 10 7 112 27 148 #/texts/233 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [199.55, 221.96, 2.47, 1.75] 20 20 20 20 7 4 28 149 #/texts/125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [201.69, 183.04, 4.36, 2.63] Mn Mn Mn Mn 7 104 29 150 #/texts/225 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [204.84, 200.24, 9.49, 2.63] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 7 113 30 151 #/texts/234 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True True [206.91, 221.96, 2.57, 1.75] 30 30 30 30 7 114 31 152 #/texts/235 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True True [214.23, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] 40 40 40 40 7 105 32 153 #/texts/226 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [170, 170, 170] gray True True [215.39, 225.03, 1.66, 2.63] 2 2 2 2 7 106 33 154 #/texts/227 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [217.06, 225.07, 1.84, 2.58] θ θ 7 107 34 155 #/texts/228 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True False [218.9, 225.03, 4.01, 2.63] (°) (°) 7 119 35 156 #/texts/240 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [221.81, 221.96, 2.54, 1.75] 50 50 50 50 7 120 36 157 #/texts/241 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [229.04, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] 60 60 60 60 7 115 37 158 #/texts/236 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [229.69, 199.97, 9.18, 1.75] Observed Observed Observed Observed 7 116 38 159 #/texts/237 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [229.69, 202.1, 10.22, 1.75] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 7 117 39 160 #/texts/238 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True False [229.69, 204.37, 4.6, 1.75] Error Error Error Error 7 118 40 161 #/texts/239 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [229.69, 206.58, 13.67, 1.75] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 7 121 41 162 #/texts/242 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [236.67, 221.96, 2.41, 1.75] 70 70 70 70 7 122 42 163 #/texts/243 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [168, 168, 168] gray True True [244.01, 221.96, 2.58, 1.75] 80 80 80 80 7 77 43 164 #/texts/198 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [292.79, 168.45, 5.7, 37.76] Heating rod Heating rod Heating rod Heating rod 7 28 44 165 #/texts/149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [387.82, 196.73, 3.51, 32.44] Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 7 27 45 166 #/texts/148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [391.79, 197.93, 8.17, 2.63] 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 7 25 46 167 #/texts/146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [394.02, 210.06, 5.94, 2.63] 600 600 600 600 7 24 47 168 #/texts/145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [198, 198, 198] gray True True [394.03, 216.13, 5.94, 2.63] 400 400 400 400 7 26 48 169 #/texts/147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [190, 190, 190] gray True True [394.06, 204.0, 5.91, 2.63] 800 800 800 800 7 23 49 170 #/texts/144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [198, 198, 198] gray True True [394.22, 222.18, 5.75, 2.63] 200 200 200 200 7 22 50 171 #/texts/143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True False [397.92, 228.25, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 0 0 7 74 51 172 #/texts/195 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [142, 142, 142] gray True True [403.18, 151.36, 3.51, 17.61] Radiation Radiation Radiation Radiation 7 70 52 173 #/texts/191 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [405.44, 187.6, 57.02, 5.7] Thermal flow drive Thermal flow drive Thermal flow drive Thermal flow drive 7 73 53 174 #/texts/194 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [421.8, 211.25, 16.84, 5.7] ~ 16 h ~ 16 h ~ 16 h ~ 16 h 7 76 54 175 #/texts/197 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [138, 135, 133] gray True True [423.56, 172.24, 22.14, 3.51] Conduction Conduction Conduction Conduction 7 95 55 176 #/texts/216 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True False [502.09, 219.89, 4.82, 11.1] LMR LMR LMR LMR 7 94 56 177 #/texts/215 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [502.14, 187.07, 4.82, 16.09] LNMO LNMO LNMO LNMO 7 93 57 178 #/texts/214 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [502.35, 161.11, 4.82, 12.11] LMO LMO LMO LMO 7 12 58 179 #/texts/133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [401.2, 232.32, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 0 0 7 13 59 180 #/texts/134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [408.95, 232.32, 1.66, 2.63] 2 2 2 2 7 14 60 181 #/texts/135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [416.42, 232.32, 1.85, 2.63] 4 4 4 4 7 15 61 182 #/texts/136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True True [423.96, 232.32, 1.86, 2.63] 6 6 6 6 7 29 62 183 #/texts/150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True False [428.62, 236.82, 15.2, 3.51] Time (h) Time (h) Time (h) Time (h) 7 16 63 184 #/texts/137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [431.54, 232.32, 1.82, 2.63] 8 8 8 8 7 17 64 185 #/texts/138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [438.38, 232.32, 3.24, 2.63] 10 10 10 10 7 18 65 186 #/texts/139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [446.14, 232.32, 2.86, 2.63] 12 12 12 12 7 19 66 187 #/texts/140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [453.58, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] 14 14 14 14 7 20 67 188 #/texts/141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [192, 192, 192] gray True True [461.14, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] 16 16 16 16 7 21 68 189 #/texts/142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [468.73, 232.32, 3.02, 2.63] 18 18 18 18 7 48 69 190 #/texts/169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [168.05, 267.54, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li Li Li 7 49 70 191 #/texts/170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [173.18, 271.34, 5.67, 3.95] 1-x 1-x 1-x 1-x 7 50 71 192 #/texts/171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [178.86, 267.54, 15.83, 7.74] Mn 2-y Mn 2-y Mn 2-y Mn 2-y 7 51 72 193 #/texts/172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.69, 267.54, 8.05, 7.74] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 7 52 73 194 #/texts/173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [200.38, 257.29, 24.75, 5.7] Li ? Ni ? Li ? Ni ? Li ? Ni ? Li ? Ni ? 7 38 74 195 #/texts/159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [225.8, 267.66, 11.5, 5.7] LiNi LiNi LiNi LiNi 7 35 75 196 #/texts/156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [233.75, 257.29, 14.59, 5.7] LiMn LiMn LiMn LiMn 7 39 76 197 #/texts/160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [237.3, 271.46, 6.98, 3.95] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7 40 77 198 #/texts/161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [244.27, 267.66, 15.16, 7.75] Mn 1.5 Mn 1.5 Mn 1.5 Mn 1.5 7 36 78 199 #/texts/157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [224, 224, 224] gray True False [248.33, 261.09, 2.49, 3.95] 2 2 2 2 7 37 79 200 #/texts/158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [250.83, 257.29, 8.05, 7.74] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 7 41 80 201 #/texts/162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [259.43, 267.66, 8.05, 7.75] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 7 56 81 202 #/texts/177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.06, 261.43, 40.85, 5.7] Joule heating Joule heating Joule heating Joule heating 7 78 82 203 #/texts/199 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [348.35, 272.45, 41.0, 5.7] Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature 7 82 83 204 #/texts/203 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [209, 213, 213] gray True False [408.81, 273.36, 3.42, 5.7] - - 7 83 84 205 #/texts/204 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [202, 203, 203] gray True True [427.81, 259.25, 14.21, 3.51] Electric Electric Electric Electric 7 84 85 206 #/texts/205 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [168, 170, 169] gray True True [430.74, 264.05, 8.36, 3.51] field field field field 7 86 86 207 #/texts/207 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:colored [210, 195, 146] colored False True [438.09, 273.39, 2.76, 2.92] e - e - e - e - 7 81 87 208 #/texts/202 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [208, 212, 211] gray True True [456.29, 274.01, 3.37, 5.7] + + 7 91 88 209 #/texts/212 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [499.99, 257.38, 49.04, 5.7] Nonequilibrium Nonequilibrium Nonequilibrium Nonequilibrium 7 92 89 210 #/texts/213 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [500.98, 265.18, 47.06, 5.7] repair products repair products repair products repair products 7 31 90 211 #/texts/152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 274.33, 5.7, 59.17] Spent LMO powder Spent LMO powder Spent LMO powder Spent LMO powder 7 88 91 212 #/texts/209 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [55.01, 312.73, 5.7, 38.62] Li deficiency Li deficiency Li deficiency Li deficiency 7 87 92 213 #/texts/208 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [124.01, 310.57, 5.7, 42.93] Mn deficiency Mn deficiency Mn deficiency Mn deficiency 7 53 93 214 #/texts/174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [155.53, 283.65, 5.7, 56.49] Mixing ingredients Mixing ingredients Mixing ingredients Mixing ingredients 7 42 94 215 #/texts/163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [222.76, 277.11, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li Li Li 7 43 95 216 #/texts/164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.89, 280.9, 5.56, 3.95] 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 7 44 96 217 #/texts/165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [233.45, 277.11, 6.36, 5.7] Ni Ni Ni Ni 7 45 97 218 #/texts/166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [239.81, 280.9, 6.83, 3.95] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7 46 98 219 #/texts/167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.64, 277.11, 16.57, 7.74] Mn 0.6 Mn 0.6 Mn 0.6 Mn 0.6 7 47 99 220 #/texts/168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.21, 277.11, 7.77, 7.74] O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 7 80 100 221 #/texts/201 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.49, 296.8, 5.7, 47.87] Power interface Power interface Power interface Power interface 7 79 101 222 #/texts/200 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [358.75, 280.25, 20.19, 5.7] sensor sensor sensor sensor 7 69 102 223 #/texts/190 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True False [386.38, 315.28, 3.51, 32.44] Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 7 67 103 224 #/texts/188 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True False [392.29, 317.37, 7.79, 2.63] 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 7 66 104 225 #/texts/187 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [185, 185, 185] gray True True [394.14, 324.44, 5.95, 2.63] 900 900 900 900 7 65 105 226 #/texts/186 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [394.14, 331.5, 5.94, 2.63] 600 600 600 600 7 64 106 227 #/texts/185 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [394.19, 338.57, 5.9, 2.63] 300 300 300 300 7 63 107 228 #/texts/184 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [398.04, 345.64, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 0 0 7 57 108 229 #/texts/178 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [401.81, 349.7, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 0 0 7 71 109 230 #/texts/192 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [415.45, 306.73, 39.46, 5.58] Electric drive Electric drive Electric drive Electric drive 7 58 110 231 #/texts/179 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [415.53, 349.7, 1.81, 2.63] 3 3 3 3 7 59 111 232 #/texts/180 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [196, 196, 196] gray True True [429.11, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] 6 6 6 6 7 85 112 233 #/texts/206 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:colored [212, 194, 148] colored False False [429.45, 275.13, 2.76, 2.92] e - e - e - e - 7 60 113 234 #/texts/181 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [442.7, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] 9 9 9 9 7 72 114 235 #/texts/193 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [444.18, 322.75, 14.14, 5.7] ~15 s ~15 s ~15 s ~15 s 7 61 115 236 #/texts/182 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True False [455.8, 349.7, 2.86, 2.63] 12 12 12 12 7 62 116 237 #/texts/183 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True False [469.36, 349.7, 2.96, 2.63] 15 15 15 15 7 96 117 238 #/texts/217 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [502.09, 280.75, 4.82, 12.11] LMO LMO LMO LMO 7 97 118 239 #/texts/218 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True False [502.09, 306.71, 4.82, 16.09] LNMO LNMO LNMO LNMO 7 98 119 240 #/texts/219 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [502.09, 339.53, 4.82, 11.1] LMR LMR LMR LMR 7 99 120 241 #/texts/220 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [550.0, 277.93, 4.82, 68.46] Beneficial defect structure Beneficial defect structure Beneficial defect structure Beneficial defect structure 7 68 121 242 #/texts/189 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [428.07, 353.76, 14.73, 3.51] Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) 7 2 122 243 #/texts/123 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 367.97, 242.92, 26.5] Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required 7 123 123 244 #/texts/244 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 367.97, 240.94, 26.5] additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. 7 125 125 246 #/texts/246 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 494.92, 183.55, 7.87] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 7 127 127 248 #/texts/248 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 598.69, 264.17, 7.87] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 7 129 129 250 #/texts/250 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p7:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p7:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 7 130 130 251 #/texts/251 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p7:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.11, 763.81, 18.86, 6.99] 2419 2419 2419 2419 8 1 1 252 #/texts/252 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p8:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 8 2 2 253 #/texts/253 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.37, 204.38, 7.87] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 8 4 4 255 #/texts/255 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 206.61, 180.81, 7.87] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 8 6 6 257 #/texts/257 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 286.75, 113.12, 9.04] Key steps of the protocol Key steps of the protocol Key steps of the protocol Key steps of the protocol 8 13 13 264 #/texts/264 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 425.71, 74.16, 7.87] Special reminder Special reminder Special reminder Special reminder 8 15 15 266 #/texts/266 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p8:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 551.98, 49.91, 9.84] Materials Materials Materials Materials 8 16 16 267 #/texts/267 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p8:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 586.58, 42.83, 9.04] Reagents Reagents Reagents Reagents 8 20 20 271 #/texts/271 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p8:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 8 21 21 272 #/texts/272 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p8:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.48, 763.81, 20.72, 6.99] 2420 2420 2420 2420 9 1 1 273 #/texts/273 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 9 15 15 287 #/texts/287 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 425.66, 299.07, 9.43] Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) 9 17 17 289 #/texts/289 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 494.85, 253.95, 9.43] Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) 9 20 20 292 #/texts/292 list_item affiliation False medium outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 529.46, 348.75, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep it the package sealed. ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep it the package sealed. 9 22 22 294 #/texts/294 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 575.59, 4.88, 8.35] · · 9 25 25 297 #/texts/297 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 621.71, 217.49, 8.35] Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) 9 26 26 298 #/texts/298 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 633.24, 165.63, 8.35] PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) 9 32 32 304 #/texts/304 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None bottom_margin left None None p9:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 737.03, 182.17, 8.35] Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) 9 33 33 305 #/texts/305 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p9:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 9 34 34 306 #/texts/306 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p9:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.51, 763.81, 18.46, 6.99] 2421 2421 2421 2421 10 1 1 307 #/texts/307 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 10 10 10 316 #/texts/316 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 252.15, 51.43, 9.04] Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment 10 12 12 318 #/texts/318 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 275.76, 343.57, 19.88] Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) 10 14 14 320 #/texts/320 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 310.34, 286.45, 8.35] Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) 10 18 18 324 #/texts/324 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 414.13, 339.58, 8.35] Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) 10 21 21 327 #/texts/327 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 471.79, 267.47, 8.35] Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) 10 22 22 328 #/texts/328 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 483.32, 254.39, 8.35] Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) 10 23 23 329 #/texts/329 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 494.85, 285.71, 8.35] Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) 10 25 25 331 #/texts/331 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 540.99, 328.63, 8.35] Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) 10 26 26 332 #/texts/332 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 552.51, 355.16, 8.35] Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) 10 29 29 335 #/texts/335 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 610.18, 228.27, 8.35] Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) 10 33 33 339 #/texts/339 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 690.9, 4.88, 8.35] · · 10 35 34 340 #/texts/341 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 690.9, 366.64, 31.42] Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always 10 37 37 343 #/texts/343 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p10:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 10 38 38 344 #/texts/344 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p10:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.34, 763.81, 19.86, 6.99] 2422 2422 2422 2422 11 1 1 345 #/texts/345 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 11 4 4 348 #/texts/348 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 137.37, 146.47, 8.35] EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) 11 9 9 353 #/texts/353 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 195.01, 356.39, 8.35] Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) 11 11 11 355 #/texts/355 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 252.68, 334.38, 8.35] Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) 11 17 17 361 #/texts/361 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 321.86, 268.38, 9.44] Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) 11 18 18 362 #/texts/362 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 344.41, 41.71, 9.04] Software Software Software Software 11 19 19 363 #/texts/363 text unknown_text False high outside_body_flow outside_body_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.48, 350.1, 77.53] EverBatt2023 (https://www.anl.gov/amd/everbatt) OriginPro (https://www.originlab.com) MDI Jade (https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade) FullProf (https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html) Digital Micrograp (https://w… EverBatt2023 ( OriginPro ( MDI Jade ( FullProf ( Digital Micrograp ( suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 ( EverBatt2023 (https://www.anl.gov/amd/everbatt) OriginPro (https://www.originlab.com) MDI Jade (https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade) FullProf (https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html) Digital Micrograp (https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy- suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 (https://www.neware.com.cn/) EverBatt2023 ( OriginPro ( MDI Jade ( FullProf ( Digital Micrograp ( suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 ( 11 20 20 364 #/texts/364 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 448.2, 65.85, 9.04] Reagent setup Reagent setup Reagent setup Reagent setup 11 21 21 365 #/texts/365 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.33, 69.85, 7.87] Deionized water Deionized water Deionized water Deionized water 11 23 23 367 #/texts/367 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.99, 29.75, 7.87] Others Others Others Others 11 25 25 369 #/texts/369 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 563.52, 78.97, 9.04] Equipment setup Equipment setup Equipment setup Equipment setup 11 26 26 370 #/texts/370 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 575.65, 105.72, 7.87] Glass/plastic equipment Glass/plastic equipment Glass/plastic equipment Glass/plastic equipment 11 28 28 372 #/texts/372 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 633.31, 29.75, 7.87] Others Others Others Others 11 30 30 374 #/texts/374 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 678.84, 69.25, 9.04] Software setup Software setup Software setup Software setup 11 31 31 375 #/texts/375 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.97, 141.34, 7.87] Techno-economic analysis setup Techno-economic analysis setup Techno-economic analysis setup Techno-economic analysis setup 11 33 33 377 #/texts/377 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p11:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p11:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 11 34 34 378 #/texts/378 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p11:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.86, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] 2423 2423 2423 2423 12 1 1 379 #/texts/379 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p12:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 12 3 3 381 #/texts/381 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.67, 110.22, 7.87] FullProf refinement setup FullProf refinement setup FullProf refinement setup FullProf refinement setup 12 5 5 383 #/texts/383 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.22, 98.87, 8.35] Zero point and scale Zero point and scale Zero point and scale Zero point and scale 12 6 6 384 #/texts/384 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 275.75, 142.5, 8.35] Cell parameters of the material Cell parameters of the material Cell parameters of the material Cell parameters of the material 12 7 7 385 #/texts/385 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 287.28, 110.82, 8.35] Peak shape parameters Peak shape parameters Peak shape parameters Peak shape parameters 12 8 8 386 #/texts/386 list_item body_heading False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 298.81, 131.64, 8.35] Background of the XRD data Background of the XRD data Background of the XRD data Background of the XRD data 12 9 9 387 #/texts/387 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 310.34, 158.54, 8.35] Preferred orientation of the crystal Preferred orientation of the crystal Preferred orientation of the crystal Preferred orientation of the crystal 12 10 10 388 #/texts/388 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 321.87, 68.89, 8.35] Shape factor Shape factor Shape factor Shape factor 12 11 11 389 #/texts/389 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.39, 97.78, 8.35] Atomic coordinates Atomic coordinates Atomic coordinates Atomic coordinates 12 12 12 390 #/texts/390 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 344.92, 108.45, 8.35] Symmetry parameters Symmetry parameters Symmetry parameters Symmetry parameters 12 13 13 391 #/texts/391 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.45, 93.31, 8.35] Atomic occupancy Atomic occupancy Atomic occupancy Atomic occupancy 12 17 17 395 #/texts/395 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 482.79, 55.81, 9.84] Procedure Procedure Procedure Procedure 12 18 18 396 #/texts/396 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.39, 205.01, 9.04] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 12 19 19 397 #/texts/397 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 530.24, 58.2, 7.0] ● TIMING 45 h ● TIMING 45 h ● TIMING 45 h ● TIMING 45 h 12 25 25 403 #/texts/403 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p12:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p12:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 12 26 26 404 #/texts/404 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p12:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.95, 763.81, 20.25, 6.99] 2424 2424 2424 2424 13 1 1 405 #/texts/405 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p13:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p13:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 13 13 13 417 #/texts/417 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p13:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 13 14 14 418 #/texts/418 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.02, 763.81, 19.95, 6.99] 2425 2425 2425 2425 14 1 1 419 #/texts/419 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p14:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 14 6 6 424 #/texts/424 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p14:page_body:left:colored [197, 220, 234] colored False True [73.7, 275.91, 89.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 14 21 21 439 #/texts/439 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p14:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 14 22 22 440 #/texts/440 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p14:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.94, 763.81, 20.26, 6.99] 2426 2426 2426 2426 15 1 1 441 #/texts/441 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p15:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 15 3 3 443 #/texts/443 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.09, 194.14, 9.04] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 15 4 4 444 #/texts/444 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 241.94, 52.78, 7.0] ● TIMING 2 h ● TIMING 2 h ● TIMING 2 h ● TIMING 2 h 15 18 18 458 #/texts/458 list_item affiliation False medium outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 656.28, 369.41, 19.88] Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. 15 22 22 462 #/texts/462 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p15:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 15 23 23 463 #/texts/463 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.5, 763.81, 19.47, 6.99] 2427 2427 2427 2427 16 1 1 464 #/texts/464 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 16 7 7 470 #/texts/471 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:gray [236, 243, 248] gray True False [56.69, 379.69, 89.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 16 17 17 480 #/texts/481 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.7, 702.57, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 16 19 19 482 #/texts/483 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p16:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p16:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 16 20 20 483 #/texts/484 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p16:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.08, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] 2428 2428 2428 2428 17 1 1 484 #/texts/485 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p17:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 17 2 2 485 #/texts/486 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.3, 354.75, 17.87] Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes 17 4 4 487 #/texts/488 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 263.69, 280.56, 9.04] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 17 5 5 488 #/texts/489 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 276.54, 80.61, 7.0] ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h 17 7 7 490 #/texts/491 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.87, 150.42, 7.87] Solid-phase sintering regeneration Solid-phase sintering regeneration Solid-phase sintering regeneration Solid-phase sintering regeneration 17 11 11 494 #/texts/495 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p17:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p17:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 17 12 12 495 #/texts/496 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p17:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.67, 763.81, 20.3, 6.99] 2429 2429 2429 2429 18 1 1 496 #/texts/497 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p18:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p18:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 18 12 12 507 #/texts/508 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p18:body_region:0 page_body left None None p18:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 541.13, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 18 18 18 513 #/texts/514 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p18:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p18:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 18 19 19 514 #/texts/515 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p18:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.14, 763.81, 21.06, 6.99] 2430 2430 2430 2430 19 1 1 515 #/texts/516 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p19:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 19 9 9 523 #/texts/524 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p19:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 552.53, 179.72, 7.87] Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration 19 14 14 528 #/texts/529 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p19:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 19 15 15 529 #/texts/530 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p19:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.22, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] 2431 2431 2431 2431 20 1 1 530 #/texts/531 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p20:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 20 3 3 532 #/texts/533 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.9, 374.14, 31.41] Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. Weigh and record the mass. Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. Weigh and record the mass. 20 17 17 546 #/texts/547 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p20:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 656.45, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 20 19 19 548 #/texts/549 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p20:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 713.97, 362.74, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the temperature in the chamber may still exceed ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the temperature in the chamber may still exceed 20 20 20 549 #/texts/550 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p20:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 20 21 21 550 #/texts/551 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p20:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.04, 763.81, 20.16, 6.99] 2432 2432 2432 2432 21 1 1 551 #/texts/552 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 21 4 4 554 #/texts/555 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 206.61, 355.06, 9.11] Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 21 6 6 556 #/texts/557 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.22, 389.93, 42.94] Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 71 to complete the upcycling process. Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 71 to complete the upcycling process. 21 8 8 558 #/texts/559 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 402.64, 380.51, 9.13] Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 21 10 10 560 #/texts/561 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.27, 376.46, 42.94] Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 74 to complete the upcycling process. Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 74 to complete the upcycling process. 21 12 12 562 #/texts/563 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 563.52, 218.45, 9.04] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 21 13 13 563 #/texts/564 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 576.37, 53.14, 7.0] ● TIMING 8 h ● TIMING 8 h ● TIMING 8 h ● TIMING 8 h 21 17 17 567 #/texts/568 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p21:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p21:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 21 18 18 568 #/texts/569 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p21:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.6, 763.81, 20.38, 6.99] 2433 2433 2433 2433 22 1 1 569 #/texts/570 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p22:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 22 2 2 570 #/texts/571 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 113.77, 20.06, 9.04] SEM SEM SEM SEM 22 14 14 582 #/texts/583 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 402.74, 89.43, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 22 16 16 584 #/texts/585 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 448.2, 34.6, 9.04] HRTEM HRTEM HRTEM HRTEM 22 24 24 592 #/texts/593 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p22:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 22 25 25 593 #/texts/594 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p22:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.58, 763.81, 20.62, 6.99] 2434 2434 2434 2434 23 1 1 594 #/texts/595 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p23:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 23 5 5 598 #/texts/599 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:gray [241, 246, 249] gray True False [58.68, 206.7, 94.44, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 23 7 7 600 #/texts/601 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 252.15, 18.27, 9.04] EPR EPR EPR EPR 23 14 14 607 #/texts/608 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 436.67, 192.77, 19.85] Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d 23 25 25 618 #/texts/619 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p23:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 23 26 26 619 #/texts/620 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p23:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.69, 763.81, 20.29, 6.99] 2435 2435 2435 2435 24 1 1 620 #/texts/621 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 24 4 4 623 #/texts/624 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p24:page_body:left:gray [241, 246, 249] gray True False [58.68, 172.11, 94.44, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 24 5 5 624 #/texts/625 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.5, 384.78, 31.41] Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed dust. Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed dust. 24 8 8 627 #/texts/628 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p24:page_body:left:gray [242, 246, 250] gray True False [58.68, 310.5, 94.44, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 24 14 14 633 #/texts/634 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 540.99, 377.18, 19.88] Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. 24 20 20 639 #/texts/640 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p24:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 24 21 21 640 #/texts/641 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p24:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.61, 763.81, 20.59, 6.99] 2436 2436 2436 2436 25 1 1 641 #/texts/642 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p25:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 25 2 2 642 #/texts/643 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.32, 270.18, 17.87] Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol 25 5 5 645 #/texts/646 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.68, 264.37, 94.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 9 9 649 #/texts/650 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.68, 368.14, 94.43, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 12 12 652 #/texts/653 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.69, 448.88, 94.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 13 13 653 #/texts/654 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 482.79, 88.45, 9.84] Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Troubleshooting 25 15 15 655 #/texts/656 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 554.27, 106.67, 7.87] Table 5 | Troubleshooting Table 5 | Troubleshooting Table 5 | Troubleshooting Table 5 | Troubleshooting 25 16 16 656 #/texts/657 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p25:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 25 17 17 657 #/texts/658 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p25:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.21, 763.81, 19.77, 6.99] 2437 2437 2437 2437 26 1 1 658 #/texts/659 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p26:top_margin:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 26 2 2 659 #/texts/660 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 114.31, 157.13, 7.87] Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting 26 3 3 660 #/texts/661 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 632.71, 36.82, 9.84] Timing Timing Timing Timing 26 4 4 661 #/texts/662 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 667.31, 205.01, 9.04] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 26 6 6 663 #/texts/664 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p26:bottom_margin:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 26 7 7 664 #/texts/665 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p26:bottom_margin:right:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False True [540.71, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] 2438 2438 2438 2438 27 1 1 665 #/texts/666 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p27:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 27 6 6 670 #/texts/671 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 182.96, 194.14, 9.04] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 27 20 10 674 #/texts/685 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 254.01, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 27 23 11 675 #/texts/688 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [149.35, 254.01, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 27 24 12 676 #/texts/689 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [270.79, 254.01, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 27 25 13 677 #/texts/690 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [127, 141, 161] colored False True [288.72, 279.88, 74.12, 5.7] LMO cathode layer (~65 LMO cathode layer (~65 LMO cathode layer (~65 LMO cathode layer (~65 27 26 14 678 #/texts/691 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [127, 143, 164] colored False True [362.84, 279.83, 4.03, 6.03] µ µ 27 27 15 679 #/texts/692 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [112, 127, 146] colored False True [366.87, 279.88, 8.01, 5.7] m) m) m) m) 27 21 16 680 #/texts/686 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [55.23, 351.02, 67.46, 5.7] Spent 2 Ah pouch cell Spent 2 Ah pouch cell Spent 2 Ah pouch cell Spent 2 Ah pouch cell 27 22 17 681 #/texts/687 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.69, 344.85, 86.54, 13.5] LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell 27 28 18 682 #/texts/693 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [105, 121, 144] colored False True [287.46, 348.08, 71.05, 5.7] Al foil current collector Al foil current collector Al foil current collector Al foil current collector 27 29 19 683 #/texts/694 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 370.4, 6.0, 7.95] d d d d 27 31 20 684 #/texts/696 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [149.35, 370.4, 5.62, 7.95] e e e e 27 41 21 685 #/texts/706 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [98, 122, 140] colored False True [413.19, 385.51, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks Cracks Cracks 27 42 22 686 #/texts/707 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [99, 130, 148] colored False True [479.68, 390.81, 39.23, 4.82] Broken particle Broken particle Broken particle Broken particle 27 33 23 687 #/texts/698 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:colored [122, 140, 158] colored False True [203.67, 419.6, 23.38, 4.82] Residual Residual Residual Residual 27 39 24 688 #/texts/704 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left_crossing None None p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored [110, 130, 148] colored False True [283.7, 414.04, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks Cracks Cracks 27 110 25 689 #/texts/775 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:colored [112, 137, 143] colored False True [164.75, 427.37, 25.83, 4.82] Impurities Impurities Impurities Impurities 27 34 26 690 #/texts/699 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [146, 156, 164] gray True True [206.24, 426.2, 18.24, 4.82] binder binder binder binder 27 40 27 691 #/texts/705 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [105, 128, 147] colored False True [407.58, 426.49, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks Cracks Cracks 27 30 28 692 #/texts/695 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.08, 464.78, 50.2, 13.5] Spent LMO cathode powder Spent LMO cathode powder Spent LMO cathode powder Spent LMO cathode powder 27 32 29 693 #/texts/697 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [172.94, 464.78, 49.18, 13.5] Residual binder and impurities Residual binder and impurities Residual binder and impurities Residual binder and impurities 27 38 30 694 #/texts/703 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [292.1, 472.58, 19.84, 5.7] cracks cracks cracks cracks 27 37 31 695 #/texts/702 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.21, 464.78, 17.61, 5.7] Shear Shear Shear Shear 27 36 32 696 #/texts/701 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [385.77, 464.78, 41.31, 13.5] Intragranular cracks Intragranular cracks Intragranular cracks Intragranular cracks 27 35 33 697 #/texts/700 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [497.62, 464.78, 26.42, 13.5] Broken particles Broken particles Broken particles Broken particles 27 43 34 698 #/texts/708 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 494.74, 3.65, 7.95] f f f f 27 60 35 699 #/texts/725 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [99.48, 500.38, 20.56, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 27 56 36 700 #/texts/721 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [173.04, 499.87, 25.25, 4.82] Observed Observed Observed Observed 27 62 37 701 #/texts/727 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [235.89, 496.74, 2.82, 7.95] i i i i 27 52 38 702 #/texts/717 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [53.31, 505.47, 5.7, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 27 106 39 703 #/texts/771 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [84.07, 509.27, 34.74, 4.82] Space group: Space group: Space group: Space group: 27 107 40 704 #/texts/772 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.81, 509.35, 7.94, 4.72] Fd Fd Fd Fd 27 108 41 705 #/texts/773 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [126.75, 509.27, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 3 3 27 109 42 706 #/texts/774 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [130.07, 509.35, 4.93, 4.72] m m m m 27 57 43 707 #/texts/722 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [173.04, 506.89, 28.1, 4.82] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 27 58 44 708 #/texts/723 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [173.04, 513.9, 12.64, 4.82] Error Error Error Error 27 59 45 709 #/texts/724 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [173.04, 520.92, 37.59, 4.82] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 27 99 46 710 #/texts/764 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [98, 126, 148] colored False True [301.75, 533.34, 30.48, 5.7] Structural Structural Structural Structural 27 100 47 711 #/texts/765 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [97, 123, 141] colored False True [302.31, 541.14, 29.37, 5.7] distortion distortion distortion distortion 27 64 48 712 #/texts/729 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [110, 149, 180] colored False True [406.91, 539.38, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 27 65 49 713 #/texts/730 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True True [442.77, 508.07, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 27 69 50 714 #/texts/734 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [138, 112, 96] colored False True [445.39, 534.05, 10.11, 6.5] Mn 3 Mn 3 Mn 3 Mn 3 27 71 51 715 #/texts/736 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [144, 117, 100] colored False True [447.38, 540.65, 12.76, 4.82] (103) (103) (103) (103) 27 70 52 716 #/texts/735 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [141, 115, 99] colored False True [455.5, 534.05, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 27 96 53 717 #/texts/761 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [117, 153, 180] colored False True [504.21, 505.56, 45.8, 4.82] Li-deficient phase Li-deficient phase Li-deficient phase Li-deficient phase 27 44 54 718 #/texts/709 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [58.63, 570.99, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 10 10 27 45 55 719 #/texts/710 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [80.9, 570.99, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 27 46 56 720 #/texts/711 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [103.42, 570.99, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 27 47 57 721 #/texts/712 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.07, 570.99, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 40 40 27 48 58 722 #/texts/713 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [148.81, 570.99, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 27 49 59 723 #/texts/714 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [171.41, 570.99, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 27 50 60 724 #/texts/715 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.32, 570.99, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 70 70 27 51 61 725 #/texts/716 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [216.78, 570.99, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 80 80 27 68 62 726 #/texts/733 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [136, 136, 136] gray True True [441.37, 565.36, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 27 72 63 727 #/texts/737 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [118, 130, 152] colored False True [472.73, 562.75, 12.33, 4.82] LiMn LiMn LiMn LiMn 27 75 64 728 #/texts/740 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [107, 118, 138] colored False True [475.99, 569.35, 14.38, 4.82] (040) (040) (040) (040) 27 73 65 729 #/texts/738 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [98, 108, 127] colored False True [485.07, 566.18, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 2 2 27 74 66 730 #/texts/739 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [103, 114, 133] colored False True [487.01, 562.75, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 27 98 67 731 #/texts/763 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [122, 133, 141] colored False True [502.64, 564.25, 36.74, 4.82] Regular phase Regular phase Regular phase Regular phase 27 53 68 732 #/texts/718 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [132.85, 579.83, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 2 2 27 54 69 733 #/texts/719 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [218, 218, 218] gray True True [136.45, 579.93, 3.98, 5.58] θ θ 27 55 70 734 #/texts/720 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [140.43, 579.83, 8.68, 5.7] (°) (°) 27 102 71 735 #/texts/767 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [128, 141, 152] colored False True [334.72, 584.71, 37.23, 5.7] degradation degradation degradation degradation 27 101 72 736 #/texts/766 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [108, 126, 141] colored False True [338.09, 576.91, 30.48, 5.7] Structural Structural Structural Structural 27 61 73 737 #/texts/726 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [39.69, 589.75, 5.99, 7.95] g g g g 27 95 74 738 #/texts/760 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [140.03, 589.75, 5.85, 7.95] h h h h 27 66 75 739 #/texts/731 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left_crossing None None p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored [109, 124, 134] colored False True [284.27, 588.23, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 27 90 76 740 #/texts/755 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [51.04, 597.99, 11.75, 4.82] 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 27 94 77 741 #/texts/759 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [72.22, 602.65, 48.49, 4.82] Cathode electrode Cathode electrode Cathode electrode Cathode electrode 27 15 78 742 #/texts/680 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [154.23, 602.42, 50.26, 4.82] Gr anode electrode Gr anode electrode Gr anode electrode Gr anode electrode 27 93 79 743 #/texts/758 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 617.17, 5.71, 32.77] Li/Mn ratio Li/Mn ratio Li/Mn ratio Li/Mn ratio 27 89 80 744 #/texts/754 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.53, 620.22, 12.27, 4.82] 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 27 88 81 745 #/texts/753 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [50.88, 642.43, 11.92, 4.82] 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 27 91 82 746 #/texts/756 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [73.98, 611.52, 15.61, 4.82] 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508 27 92 83 747 #/texts/757 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [101.64, 638.64, 14.97, 4.82] 0.447 0.447 0.447 0.447 27 16 84 748 #/texts/681 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [140.96, 609.16, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 27 63 85 749 #/texts/728 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [127, 140, 151] colored False True [382.49, 607.48, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 27 67 86 750 #/texts/732 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [441.11, 626.41, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 27 76 87 751 #/texts/741 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [116, 127, 148] colored False True [473.47, 624.11, 12.33, 4.82] LiMn LiMn LiMn LiMn 27 79 88 752 #/texts/744 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [109, 120, 141] colored False True [476.72, 630.71, 14.38, 4.82] (040) (040) (040) (040) 27 77 89 753 #/texts/742 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [82, 90, 105] colored False True [485.8, 627.54, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 2 2 27 78 90 754 #/texts/743 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [104, 114, 133] colored False True [487.74, 624.11, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 27 97 91 755 #/texts/762 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [101, 131, 153] colored False True [503.89, 623.21, 32.94, 4.82] Li-rich phase Li-rich phase Li-rich phase Li-rich phase 27 87 92 756 #/texts/752 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [50.36, 664.66, 12.44, 4.82] 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 27 11 93 757 #/texts/676 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [155.25, 668.26, 10.2, 4.82] 664 664 664 664 27 18 94 758 #/texts/683 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [155.34, 652.84, 9.45, 4.82] Mn Mn Mn Mn 27 19 95 759 #/texts/684 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [164.79, 652.92, 6.5, 4.72] 2p 2p 2p 2p 27 12 96 760 #/texts/677 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [235, 235, 235] gray True True [175.89, 668.26, 10.04, 4.82] 656 656 656 656 27 13 97 761 #/texts/678 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [196.41, 668.26, 10.14, 4.82] 648 648 648 648 27 14 98 762 #/texts/679 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [216.75, 668.26, 10.54, 4.82] 640 640 640 640 27 105 99 763 #/texts/770 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [171, 174, 177] gray True True [261.25, 662.51, 20.56, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 27 104 100 764 #/texts/769 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [159, 162, 164] gray True True [358.53, 662.73, 30.02, 5.7] mismatch mismatch mismatch mismatch 27 103 101 765 #/texts/768 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [155, 157, 159] gray True True [363.21, 654.93, 20.66, 5.7] Lattice Lattice Lattice Lattice 27 80 102 766 #/texts/745 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [130, 139, 126] gray True True [442.63, 659.27, 4.33, 4.82] Li Li Li Li 27 81 103 767 #/texts/746 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [89, 95, 86] gray True True [446.97, 662.7, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 2 2 27 84 104 768 #/texts/749 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [132, 140, 127] gray True True [447.38, 665.87, 13.34, 4.82] (022) (022) (022) (022) 27 82 105 769 #/texts/747 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [130, 138, 130] gray True True [448.9, 659.27, 9.94, 6.5] Mn 2 Mn 2 Mn 2 Mn 2 27 83 106 770 #/texts/748 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [109, 123, 131] colored False True [458.84, 659.27, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 O 4 O 4 27 85 107 771 #/texts/750 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.27, 671.83, 30.49, 30.49] Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial 27 86 108 772 #/texts/751 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [96.89, 671.32, 16.78, 16.78] Spent Spent Spent Spent 27 17 109 773 #/texts/682 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.43, 678.42, 60.09, 5.7] Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV) 27 10 110 774 #/texts/675 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p27:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 708.46, 247.3, 36.51] Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left 27 111 111 775 #/texts/776 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None bottom_margin right_crossing None None p27:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 708.47, 252.55, 36.51] to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). 27 112 112 776 #/texts/777 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p27:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 27 113 113 777 #/texts/778 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p27:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.34, 763.81, 20.64, 6.99] 2439 2439 2439 2439 28 1 1 778 #/texts/779 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p28:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 28 90 2 779 #/texts/868 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.15, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 28 91 3 780 #/texts/869 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [221.87, 115.15, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 28 92 4 781 #/texts/870 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.66, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 28 89 5 782 #/texts/867 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [80.99, 130.92, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 85 6 783 #/texts/863 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 127.22, 29.84, 5.7] Observed Observed Observed Observed 28 86 7 784 #/texts/864 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 135.07, 33.22, 5.7] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 28 29 8 785 #/texts/807 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [262.59, 130.81, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 25 9 786 #/texts/803 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 127.11, 29.84, 5.7] Observed Observed Observed Observed 28 26 10 787 #/texts/804 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 134.97, 33.21, 5.7] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 28 12 11 788 #/texts/790 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.1, 129.81, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 87 12 789 #/texts/865 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 142.92, 14.94, 5.7] Error Error Error Error 28 27 13 790 #/texts/805 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 142.82, 14.94, 5.7] Error Error Error Error 28 13 14 791 #/texts/791 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.1, 138.63, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 97 15 792 #/texts/875 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [71.42, 150.19, 36.2, 4.82] Space group: Space group: Space group: Space group: 28 98 16 793 #/texts/876 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [107.62, 150.27, 6.48, 4.72] Fd Fd Fd Fd 28 99 17 794 #/texts/877 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [114.1, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 3 3 28 100 18 795 #/texts/878 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [117.42, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] m m m m 28 88 19 796 #/texts/866 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 150.77, 44.43, 5.7] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 28 93 20 797 #/texts/871 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [252.02, 150.19, 34.74, 4.82] Space group: Space group: Space group: Space group: 28 94 21 798 #/texts/872 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.76, 150.27, 7.94, 4.72] Fd Fd Fd Fd 28 95 22 799 #/texts/873 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [294.7, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 3 3 28 96 23 800 #/texts/874 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [298.02, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] m m m m 28 28 24 801 #/texts/806 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [328.5, 150.67, 44.43, 5.7] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 28 78 25 802 #/texts/856 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 158.83, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 24 26 803 #/texts/802 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [222.8, 158.72, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 9 27 804 #/texts/787 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [402.58, 156.93, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 14 28 805 #/texts/792 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [493.92, 193.19, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 28 15 29 806 #/texts/793 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [497.97, 193.09, 24.8, 5.7] = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 28 70 30 807 #/texts/848 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [46.79, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 10 10 28 71 31 808 #/texts/849 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [66.88, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 28 72 32 809 #/texts/850 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [87.27, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 28 73 33 810 #/texts/851 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [107.76, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 40 40 28 74 34 811 #/texts/852 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [128.37, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 28 75 35 812 #/texts/853 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [148.81, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 28 76 36 813 #/texts/854 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [169.59, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 70 70 28 77 37 814 #/texts/855 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [189.89, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 80 80 28 16 38 815 #/texts/794 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.4, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 10 10 28 17 39 816 #/texts/795 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [248.51, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 28 18 40 817 #/texts/796 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [268.88, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 28 19 41 818 #/texts/797 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [289.38, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 40 40 28 20 42 819 #/texts/798 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [309.97, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 28 21 43 820 #/texts/799 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [330.42, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 28 22 44 821 #/texts/800 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [351.19, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 70 70 28 23 45 822 #/texts/801 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [218, 218, 218] gray True True [371.5, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 80 80 28 3 46 823 #/texts/781 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [417.97, 245.58, 10.49, 4.82] 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.98 28 4 47 824 #/texts/782 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [442.12, 245.58, 10.57, 4.82] 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 28 5 48 825 #/texts/783 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [465.5, 245.58, 12.09, 4.82] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 28 6 49 826 #/texts/784 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [490.45, 245.58, 10.54, 4.82] 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 28 7 50 827 #/texts/785 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [514.16, 245.58, 11.38, 4.82] 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 28 8 51 828 #/texts/786 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [538.19, 245.58, 11.67, 4.82] 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 28 79 52 829 #/texts/857 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [113.47, 254.51, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 2 2 28 80 53 830 #/texts/858 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [117.07, 254.61, 3.98, 5.58] θ θ 28 81 54 831 #/texts/859 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [121.06, 254.51, 8.68, 5.7] (°) (°) 28 82 55 832 #/texts/860 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [295.08, 255.32, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 2 2 28 83 56 833 #/texts/861 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [298.68, 255.42, 3.98, 5.58] θ θ 28 84 57 834 #/texts/862 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [302.67, 255.32, 8.68, 5.7] (°) (°) 28 10 58 835 #/texts/788 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [471.01, 255.13, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 28 11 59 836 #/texts/789 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [475.05, 255.04, 21.16, 5.7] Factor Factor Factor Factor 28 30 60 837 #/texts/808 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 270.92, 6.0, 7.95] d d d d 28 31 61 838 #/texts/809 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [305.81, 270.92, 5.62, 7.95] e e e e 28 107 62 839 #/texts/885 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [148, 148, 148] gray True True [198.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 28 34 63 840 #/texts/812 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [87, 99, 110] colored False True [221.81, 284.58, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 36 64 841 #/texts/814 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [117, 127, 138] colored False True [245.99, 280.34, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 104 65 842 #/texts/882 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [465.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 28 52 66 843 #/texts/830 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [106, 121, 134] colored False True [490.89, 286.65, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 54 67 844 #/texts/832 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [111, 127, 142] colored False True [513.34, 280.4, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 101 68 845 #/texts/879 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [220, 223, 225] gray True True [99.47, 295.23, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 28 32 69 846 #/texts/810 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [89, 101, 113] colored False True [198.03, 303.72, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 35 70 847 #/texts/813 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [110, 126, 141] colored False True [224.35, 289.98, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 110 71 848 #/texts/888 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [150, 154, 157] gray True True [346.71, 299.47, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 28 65 72 849 #/texts/843 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [170, 175, 178] gray True True [377.56, 300.57, 66.66, 5.7] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 28 50 73 850 #/texts/828 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [105, 124, 141] colored False True [469.66, 298.36, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 51 74 851 #/texts/829 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [101, 119, 134] colored False True [470.58, 303.76, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 53 75 852 #/texts/831 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [107, 121, 135] colored False True [493.43, 292.05, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 33 76 853 #/texts/811 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [105, 119, 132] colored False True [198.94, 309.12, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 66 77 854 #/texts/844 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [173, 178, 182] gray True True [379.9, 308.37, 62.0, 5.7] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 28 48 78 855 #/texts/826 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [130, 141, 152] colored False True [95.83, 332.24, 66.66, 5.7] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 28 108 79 856 #/texts/886 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [176, 176, 176] gray True True [198.41, 325.7, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 28 44 80 857 #/texts/822 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [222.39, 328.71, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 45 81 858 #/texts/823 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [99, 113, 125] colored False True [224.92, 334.11, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 46 82 859 #/texts/824 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [119, 131, 140] colored False True [245.98, 324.8, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 105 83 860 #/texts/883 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [136, 136, 136] gray True True [465.41, 325.69, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 28 62 84 861 #/texts/840 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [88, 100, 111] colored False True [491.39, 330.53, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 63 85 862 #/texts/841 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [108, 123, 137] colored False True [493.92, 335.93, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 64 86 863 #/texts/842 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [113, 136, 153] colored False True [513.34, 324.85, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 102 87 864 #/texts/880 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [149, 156, 159] gray True True [64.58, 353.87, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 28 49 88 865 #/texts/827 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [137, 148, 154] gray True True [98.16, 340.04, 62.0, 5.7] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 28 42 89 866 #/texts/820 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [89, 101, 112] colored False True [198.51, 349.92, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 43 90 867 #/texts/821 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [91, 104, 115] colored False True [199.43, 355.32, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 111 91 868 #/texts/889 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [158, 167, 174] gray True True [433.99, 350.94, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 28 60 92 869 #/texts/838 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [97, 112, 129] colored False True [467.13, 342.36, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 61 93 870 #/texts/839 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [102, 120, 133] colored False True [468.05, 347.76, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 103 94 871 #/texts/881 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [112, 125, 134] colored False True [155.31, 371.09, 3.6, 5.7] II II II II 28 109 95 872 #/texts/887 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [198.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 28 39 96 873 #/texts/817 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [104, 118, 131] colored False True [222.85, 374.5, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 41 97 874 #/texts/819 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [114, 131, 144] colored False True [245.99, 369.52, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 69 98 875 #/texts/847 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [162, 168, 173] gray True True [345.29, 368.07, 41.17, 5.7] stacking fault stacking fault stacking fault stacking fault 28 68 99 876 #/texts/846 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [164, 168, 172] gray True True [356.06, 360.27, 19.63, 5.7] Slight Slight Slight Slight 28 106 100 877 #/texts/884 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [143, 143, 143] gray True True [465.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] III III III III 28 57 101 878 #/texts/835 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [89, 101, 112] colored False True [491.17, 374.58, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 59 102 879 #/texts/837 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [119, 135, 147] colored False True [513.34, 369.58, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 40 103 880 #/texts/818 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [108, 124, 140] colored False True [225.39, 379.9, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 112 104 881 #/texts/890 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [206, 209, 212] gray True True [327.32, 382.92, 1.8, 5.7] I I I I 28 55 105 882 #/texts/833 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [100, 117, 131] colored False True [467.87, 387.02, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 58 106 883 #/texts/836 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 128] colored False True [493.7, 379.98, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) (111) (111) 28 47 107 884 #/texts/825 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [114, 151, 178] colored False True [51.45, 398.19, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 37 108 885 #/texts/815 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [84, 96, 111] colored False True [200.6, 395.0, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 28 38 109 886 #/texts/816 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [100, 114, 126] colored False True [201.52, 400.4, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 67 110 887 #/texts/845 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [175, 179, 182] gray True True [317.07, 398.62, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 56 111 888 #/texts/834 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [107, 125, 139] colored False True [468.79, 392.42, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) (002) (002) 28 2 112 889 #/texts/780 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 416.02, 251.94, 26.5] Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm 28 113 113 890 #/texts/891 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 416.02, 245.51, 16.5] ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). 28 114 114 891 #/texts/892 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.26, 280.56, 9.04] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 28 120 120 897 #/texts/898 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 575.05, 218.45, 9.04] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 28 126 126 903 #/texts/904 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 655.77, 192.77, 9.04] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 28 134 134 911 #/texts/912 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p28:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p28:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 28 135 135 912 #/texts/913 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p28:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [539.9, 763.81, 21.3, 6.99] 2440 2440 2440 2440 29 1 1 913 #/texts/914 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p29:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 29 73 2 914 #/texts/986 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 29 65 3 915 #/texts/978 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [50.35, 121.5, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 29 71 4 916 #/texts/984 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [123.34, 124.67, 52.42, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell LMO || Li half cell LMO || Li half cell LMO || Li half cell 29 75 5 917 #/texts/988 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [228.21, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 29 44 6 918 #/texts/957 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [289.14, 123.56, 71.82, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C 29 69 7 919 #/texts/982 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 155.94, 5.7, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 29 64 8 920 #/texts/977 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.85, 152.14, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 29 63 9 921 #/texts/976 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [50.42, 182.79, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 29 72 10 922 #/texts/985 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [124.43, 132.47, 50.25, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 29 66 11 923 #/texts/979 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 175.82, 20.57, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 29 67 12 924 #/texts/980 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 184.79, 30.91, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 68 13 925 #/texts/981 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 193.77, 30.23, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 42 14 926 #/texts/955 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [232.14, 133.33, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 41 15 927 #/texts/954 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [242.88, 130.68, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 29 40 16 928 #/texts/953 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [243.06, 148.53, 8.96, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 29 39 17 929 #/texts/952 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [244.87, 166.37, 7.15, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 29 38 18 930 #/texts/951 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [244.88, 184.22, 7.14, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 29 37 19 931 #/texts/950 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [244.96, 202.07, 7.06, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 29 49 20 932 #/texts/962 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.07, 139.19, 12.9, 4.82] 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 29 50 21 933 #/texts/963 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [283.1, 140.39, 13.93, 4.82] 0.5 C 0.5 C 0.5 C 0.5 C 29 46 22 934 #/texts/959 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 165.99, 20.46, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 29 47 23 935 #/texts/960 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 174.77, 30.86, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 48 24 936 #/texts/961 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 183.54, 30.22, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 45 25 937 #/texts/958 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [297.14, 131.36, 55.84, 5.7] voltage: 3.0-4.5 V voltage: 3.0-4.5 V voltage: 3.0-4.5 V voltage: 3.0-4.5 V 29 51 26 938 #/texts/964 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [303.67, 142.14, 7.64, 4.82] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 29 52 27 939 #/texts/965 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [323.55, 146.77, 8.49, 4.82] 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 29 53 28 940 #/texts/966 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [342.89, 158.1, 8.67, 4.82] 5 C 5 C 5 C 5 C 29 55 29 941 #/texts/968 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [362.0, 171.74, 11.35, 4.82] 10 C 10 C 10 C 10 C 29 54 30 942 #/texts/967 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [384.09, 142.54, 7.64, 4.82] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 29 62 31 943 #/texts/975 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [49.92, 213.44, 8.62, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 29 36 32 944 #/texts/949 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [248.27, 219.92, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 56 33 945 #/texts/969 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [70.3, 233.56, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 57 34 946 #/texts/970 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [95.07, 233.56, 7.08, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 29 58 35 947 #/texts/971 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [121.44, 233.56, 7.16, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 29 59 36 948 #/texts/972 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True False [147.85, 233.56, 7.17, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 29 60 37 949 #/texts/973 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True True [173.33, 233.56, 9.0, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 29 61 38 950 #/texts/974 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [199.65, 233.56, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 29 28 39 951 #/texts/941 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [254.87, 232.81, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 29 40 952 #/texts/942 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [274.87, 232.81, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 4 4 29 30 41 953 #/texts/943 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [294.8, 232.81, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 8 8 29 31 42 954 #/texts/944 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.69, 232.81, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 12 12 29 32 43 955 #/texts/945 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True True [333.42, 232.81, 5.58, 4.82] 16 16 16 16 29 33 44 956 #/texts/946 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [352.64, 232.81, 6.78, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 29 34 45 957 #/texts/947 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [372.64, 232.81, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 24 24 29 35 46 958 #/texts/948 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [392.58, 232.81, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 28 28 29 70 47 959 #/texts/983 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [94.36, 242.38, 81.01, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 43 48 960 #/texts/956 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [307.23, 243.06, 42.96, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 29 74 49 961 #/texts/987 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 257.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 29 15 50 962 #/texts/928 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [58.38, 268.08, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 29 27 51 963 #/texts/940 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [231, 233, 243] gray True False [377.48, 268.3, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 29 16 52 964 #/texts/929 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [48.15, 272.31, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 14 53 965 #/texts/927 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [58.56, 285.94, 9.02, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 29 13 54 966 #/texts/926 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [60.4, 303.79, 7.18, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 29 12 55 967 #/texts/925 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [60.41, 321.64, 7.17, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 29 11 56 968 #/texts/924 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [60.49, 339.5, 7.09, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 29 23 57 969 #/texts/936 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 306.99, 20.5, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO S-LMO 29 24 58 970 #/texts/937 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 318.28, 30.88, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 25 59 971 #/texts/938 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 329.57, 30.22, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 19 60 972 #/texts/932 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [261.56, 325.2, 83.5, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V 29 18 61 973 #/texts/931 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [267.57, 317.4, 71.48, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C 29 22 62 974 #/texts/935 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [251, 252, 253] white False False [338.08, 282.91, 18.3, 5.7] 89.7% 89.7% 89.7% 89.7% 29 20 63 975 #/texts/933 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:off_white [240, 249, 248] off_white False False [339.25, 306.11, 18.82, 5.7] 84.3% 84.3% 84.3% 84.3% 29 26 64 976 #/texts/939 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [224, 226, 240] gray True False [377.48, 298.05, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 21 65 977 #/texts/934 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [391.08, 273.99, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 29 10 66 978 #/texts/923 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [63.83, 357.35, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 3 67 979 #/texts/916 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [72.09, 365.31, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 29 4 68 980 #/texts/917 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [119.29, 365.31, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 29 5 69 981 #/texts/918 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [166.74, 365.31, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 29 6 70 982 #/texts/919 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [215.82, 365.31, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 29 7 71 983 #/texts/920 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [263.95, 365.31, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 29 8 72 984 #/texts/921 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [313.02, 365.31, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 250 250 29 9 73 985 #/texts/922 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [361.44, 365.31, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 29 17 74 986 #/texts/930 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [200.74, 375.23, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 29 2 75 987 #/texts/915 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 387.25, 373.59, 26.5] Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. 29 76 76 988 #/texts/989 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 448.2, 88.1, 9.04] Anticipated results Anticipated results Anticipated results Anticipated results 29 78 78 990 #/texts/991 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 505.86, 266.41, 9.04] Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials 29 81 81 993 #/texts/994 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p29:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p29:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 29 82 82 994 #/texts/995 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p29:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.05, 763.81, 18.93, 6.99] 2441 2441 2441 2441 30 1 1 995 #/texts/996 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p30:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p30:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 30 39 2 996 #/texts/1034 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 117.35, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 30 40 3 997 #/texts/1035 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.85, 116.35, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 30 41 4 998 #/texts/1036 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [400.92, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 30 14 5 999 #/texts/1009 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [72.04, 129.74, 25.75, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 38 6 1000 #/texts/1033 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [268.07, 132.1, 21.78, 4.72] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 34 7 1001 #/texts/1029 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 127.94, 33.41, 5.58] Observed Observed Observed Observed 30 35 8 1002 #/texts/1030 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 134.77, 36.79, 5.58] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 30 94 9 1003 #/texts/1089 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.63, 129.76, 25.75, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 95 10 1004 #/texts/1090 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.63, 137.48, 25.97, 5.58] C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO 30 98 11 1005 #/texts/1093 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [256.51, 144.26, 50.61, 4.72] Space group: Fd3m Space group: Fd3m Space group: Fd3m Space group: Fd3m 30 36 12 1006 #/texts/1031 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 141.59, 18.5, 5.58] Error Error Error Error 30 37 13 1007 #/texts/1032 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 148.42, 48.02, 5.58] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 30 19 14 1008 #/texts/1014 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.71, 157.73, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 11 15 1009 #/texts/1006 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [70.08, 177.06, 41.5, 7.26] SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 30 12 16 1010 #/texts/1007 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [111.58, 177.06, 12.75, 7.26] CO 3 CO 3 CO 3 CO 3 30 13 17 1011 #/texts/1008 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [124.33, 177.06, 32.41, 5.58] = 1:2/3:1/6 = 1:2/3:1/6 = 1:2/3:1/6 = 1:2/3:1/6 30 10 18 1012 #/texts/1005 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 247] gray True False [154.45, 160.86, 33.45, 4.72] PDF#80-2162 PDF#80-2162 PDF#80-2162 PDF#80-2162 30 30 19 1013 #/texts/1025 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.88, 156.85, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 91 20 1014 #/texts/1086 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.95, 156.72, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 96 21 1015 #/texts/1091 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [490.24, 189.12, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 30 97 22 1016 #/texts/1092 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [494.3, 189.12, 24.84, 5.58] = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 30 15 23 1017 #/texts/1010 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [154.48, 205.29, 33.99, 4.72] PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 30 21 24 1018 #/texts/1016 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 247] gray True False [154.48, 216.02, 32.67, 4.72] PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 30 20 25 1019 #/texts/1015 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [255, 233, 233] colored False False [154.56, 225.61, 32.36, 4.72] PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 30 2 26 1020 #/texts/997 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [46.48, 238.97, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 10 10 30 3 27 1021 #/texts/998 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [66.06, 238.97, 6.8, 4.72] 20 20 20 20 30 4 28 1022 #/texts/999 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [85.93, 238.97, 7.08, 4.72] 30 30 30 30 30 5 29 1023 #/texts/1000 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [105.91, 238.97, 7.15, 4.72] 40 40 40 40 30 6 30 1024 #/texts/1001 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [126.0, 238.97, 6.98, 4.72] 50 50 50 50 30 7 31 1025 #/texts/1002 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True False [145.92, 238.97, 7.16, 4.72] 60 60 60 60 30 8 32 1026 #/texts/1003 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [166.18, 238.97, 6.64, 4.72] 70 70 70 70 30 9 33 1027 #/texts/1004 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [185.97, 238.97, 7.09, 4.72] 80 80 80 80 30 22 34 1028 #/texts/1017 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [234.21, 238.88, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 10 10 30 23 35 1029 #/texts/1018 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [253.53, 238.88, 6.8, 4.72] 20 20 20 20 30 24 36 1030 #/texts/1019 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [273.11, 238.88, 7.07, 4.72] 30 30 30 30 30 25 37 1031 #/texts/1020 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [292.83, 238.88, 7.15, 4.72] 40 40 40 40 30 26 38 1032 #/texts/1021 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [312.63, 238.88, 6.98, 4.72] 50 50 50 50 30 27 39 1033 #/texts/1022 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [332.3, 238.88, 7.16, 4.72] 60 60 60 60 30 28 40 1034 #/texts/1023 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [352.28, 238.88, 6.64, 4.72] 70 70 70 70 30 29 41 1035 #/texts/1024 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [371.8, 238.88, 7.09, 4.72] 80 80 80 80 30 85 42 1036 #/texts/1080 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [416.99, 238.88, 10.51, 4.72] 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.98 30 86 43 1037 #/texts/1081 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [440.2, 238.88, 10.58, 4.72] 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 30 87 44 1038 #/texts/1082 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [462.64, 238.88, 12.11, 4.72] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 30 88 45 1039 #/texts/1083 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [486.67, 238.88, 10.55, 4.72] 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 30 89 46 1040 #/texts/1084 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [509.46, 238.88, 11.41, 4.72] 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 30 90 47 1041 #/texts/1085 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [532.57, 238.88, 11.68, 4.72] 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 30 16 48 1042 #/texts/1011 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [111.52, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 2 2 30 17 49 1043 #/texts/1012 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False True [115.13, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] θ θ 30 18 50 1044 #/texts/1013 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.73, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] (°) (°) 30 31 51 1045 #/texts/1026 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [298.32, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 2 2 30 32 52 1046 #/texts/1027 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True True [301.92, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] θ θ 30 33 53 1047 #/texts/1028 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [305.52, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] (°) (°) 30 92 54 1048 #/texts/1087 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [467.71, 248.5, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 30 93 55 1049 #/texts/1088 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [471.76, 248.5, 21.19, 5.58] Factor Factor Factor Factor 30 82 56 1050 #/texts/1077 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 263.8, 6.0, 7.95] d d d d 30 84 57 1051 #/texts/1079 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [302.44, 263.8, 3.65, 7.95] f f f f 30 66 58 1052 #/texts/1061 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [111, 136, 151] colored False True [512.76, 270.8, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 61 59 1053 #/texts/1056 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [128, 128, 128] gray True True [462.53, 272.99, 1.8, 5.58] I I I I 30 64 60 1054 #/texts/1059 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [104, 118, 131] colored False True [489.73, 276.56, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 65 61 1055 #/texts/1060 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [98, 112, 126] colored False True [492.26, 281.96, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) (111) (111) 30 62 62 1056 #/texts/1057 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 116, 130] colored False True [466.94, 290.11, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 63 63 1057 #/texts/1058 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [467.86, 295.51, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) (002) (002) 30 79 64 1058 #/texts/1074 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [149, 74, 0] colored False True [149.52, 315.65, 6.36, 5.58] Ni Ni Ni Ni 30 80 65 1059 #/texts/1075 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:unknown None unknown False True [204.16, 315.7, 9.45, 5.58] Mn Mn Mn Mn 30 81 66 1060 #/texts/1076 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [0, 113, 112] colored False True [263.64, 315.74, 5.27, 5.58] O O O O 30 60 67 1061 #/texts/1055 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [133, 142, 148] gray True True [375.07, 308.98, 1.8, 5.58] I I I I 30 59 68 1062 #/texts/1054 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [131, 131, 131] gray True True [462.53, 316.26, 3.6, 5.58] II II II II 30 76 69 1063 #/texts/1071 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [121, 136, 152] colored False True [512.76, 316.04, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 83 70 1064 #/texts/1078 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 330.93, 5.62, 7.95] e e e e 30 77 71 1065 #/texts/1072 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [171, 177, 181] gray True True [350.38, 328.94, 66.66, 5.58] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 30 72 72 1066 #/texts/1067 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [104, 119, 133] colored False True [466.94, 335.34, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 74 73 1067 #/texts/1069 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [490.34, 321.38, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 75 74 1068 #/texts/1070 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [95, 109, 121] colored False True [492.87, 326.78, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) (111) (111) 30 47 75 1069 #/texts/1042 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [63.38, 342.07, 15.2, 5.58] Mn K Mn K Mn K Mn K 30 48 76 1070 #/texts/1043 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [78.58, 341.93, 4.14, 6.03] α α 30 49 77 1071 #/texts/1044 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True True [82.72, 342.07, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 1 1 30 78 78 1072 #/texts/1073 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [164, 168, 173] gray True True [352.71, 336.74, 62.0, 5.58] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 30 73 79 1073 #/texts/1068 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [467.86, 340.74, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) (002) (002) 30 53 80 1074 #/texts/1048 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.18, 343.27, 5.59, 39.16] Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) 30 50 81 1075 #/texts/1045 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [63.38, 349.86, 12.11, 5.58] Ni K Ni K Ni K Ni K 30 51 82 1076 #/texts/1046 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [75.49, 349.72, 4.14, 6.03] α α 30 99 83 1077 #/texts/1094 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [78.43, 353.24, 15.88, 23.4] Surface Surface Surface Surface 30 52 84 1078 #/texts/1047 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [221, 221, 221] gray True False [79.63, 349.86, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 1 1 30 100 85 1079 #/texts/1095 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [125.65, 355.7, 97.37, 10.86] Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution 30 54 86 1080 #/texts/1049 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [265.02, 352.87, 5.58, 13.16] Bulk Bulk Bulk Bulk 30 56 87 1081 #/texts/1051 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [167, 169, 170] gray True True [338.44, 354.06, 5.4, 5.58] III III III III 30 58 88 1082 #/texts/1053 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [157, 162, 165] gray True True [428.98, 357.73, 3.6, 5.58] II II II II 30 57 89 1083 #/texts/1052 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [462.53, 363.11, 5.4, 5.58] III III III III 30 69 90 1084 #/texts/1064 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 128] colored False True [490.35, 366.78, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 70 91 1085 #/texts/1065 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [96, 110, 123] colored False True [492.89, 372.18, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) (111) (111) 30 71 92 1086 #/texts/1066 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [110, 136, 151] colored False True [512.77, 361.54, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 67 93 1087 #/texts/1062 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 117, 130] colored False True [466.94, 380.84, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 30 68 94 1088 #/texts/1063 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 117, 130] colored False True [467.86, 386.24, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) (002) (002) 30 42 95 1089 #/texts/1037 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [64.17, 394.47, 3.75, 4.72] 0 0 0 0 30 43 96 1090 #/texts/1038 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [104.63, 394.47, 12.4, 4.72] 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 30 44 97 1091 #/texts/1039 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [150.16, 394.47, 10.91, 4.72] 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 30 45 98 1092 #/texts/1040 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.52, 394.47, 11.75, 4.72] 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 30 46 99 1093 #/texts/1041 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [239.34, 394.47, 11.68, 4.72] 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 30 55 100 1094 #/texts/1050 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [154, 155, 156] gray True True [312.28, 393.77, 25.71, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 101 101 1095 #/texts/1096 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [147.06, 403.79, 30.26, 5.58] Distance ( Distance ( Distance ( Distance ( 30 102 102 1096 #/texts/1097 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [177.32, 403.65, 4.04, 6.03] µ µ 30 103 103 1097 #/texts/1098 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [181.35, 403.79, 8.02, 5.58] m) m) m) m) 30 104 104 1098 #/texts/1099 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 415.86, 246.66, 36.5] Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums 30 105 105 1099 #/texts/1100 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 415.86, 251.7, 26.5] of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). 30 107 107 1101 #/texts/1102 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.11, 214.54, 9.04] Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials 30 109 109 1103 #/texts/1104 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p30:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p30:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 30 110 110 1104 #/texts/1105 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p30:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.87, 763.81, 20.33, 6.99] 2442 2442 2442 2442 31 1 1 1105 #/texts/1106 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p31:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p31:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 31 53 2 1106 #/texts/1158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 31 15 3 1107 #/texts/1120 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [103.75, 122.42, 63.76, 5.7] U-LNMO || Li half cell U-LNMO || Li half cell U-LNMO || Li half cell U-LNMO || Li half cell 31 78 4 1108 #/texts/1183 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 31 31 5 1109 #/texts/1136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.48, 123.65, 76.46, 5.7] LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C 31 14 6 1110 #/texts/1119 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 155.98, 5.7, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 31 11 7 1111 #/texts/1116 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [50.77, 175.41, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 31 13 8 1112 #/texts/1118 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.93, 132.5, 8.53, 4.82] 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 31 12 9 1113 #/texts/1117 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.28, 154.23, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 31 10 10 1114 #/texts/1115 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [51.35, 196.59, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 31 89 11 1115 #/texts/1194 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [68.04, 165.81, 11.76, 6.39] Mn 3+ Mn 3+ Mn 3+ Mn 3+ 31 90 12 1116 #/texts/1195 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [79.77, 165.81, 14.08, 6.39] /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ 31 51 13 1117 #/texts/1156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [97.3, 169.59, 4.83, 22.81] (mAh/V) (mAh/V) (mAh/V) (mAh/V) 31 49 14 1118 #/texts/1154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [97.3, 195.91, 4.83, 5.67] /d /d /d /d 31 47 15 1119 #/texts/1152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True False [97.3, 206.04, 4.83, 3.45] d d d d 31 50 16 1120 #/texts/1155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [97.38, 192.41, 4.73, 3.5] V V V V 31 48 17 1121 #/texts/1153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True True [97.38, 201.58, 4.73, 4.46] Q Q Q Q 31 16 18 1122 #/texts/1121 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.52, 130.22, 50.22, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 31 79 19 1123 #/texts/1184 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [117.24, 183.08, 11.82, 6.39] Mn 3+ Mn 3+ Mn 3+ Mn 3+ 31 91 20 1124 #/texts/1196 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [122.9, 141.91, 5.39, 4.82] Ni Ni Ni Ni 31 92 21 1125 #/texts/1197 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [244, 245, 249] gray True False [128.29, 140.34, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 31 80 22 1126 #/texts/1185 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.03, 183.08, 14.15, 6.39] /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ 31 81 23 1127 #/texts/1186 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 253] white False False [129.69, 176.37, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni Ni Ni 31 93 24 1128 #/texts/1198 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [132.01, 141.91, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 31 85 25 1129 #/texts/1190 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [235, 236, 245] gray True False [133.45, 165.79, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni Ni Ni 31 82 26 1130 #/texts/1187 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [135.07, 174.8, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 31 83 27 1131 #/texts/1188 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 251] white False False [138.78, 176.37, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 31 86 28 1132 #/texts/1191 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:off_white [246, 247, 250] off_white False False [138.82, 164.22, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 31 94 29 1133 #/texts/1199 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 244, 249] gray True False [139.61, 140.34, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 31 87 30 1134 #/texts/1192 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [142.68, 165.79, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 31 84 31 1135 #/texts/1189 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [146.38, 174.8, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 31 88 32 1136 #/texts/1193 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 251] white False False [150.28, 164.22, 4.0, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 31 95 33 1137 #/texts/1200 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [169.27, 138.88, 5.39, 4.82] Ni Ni Ni Ni 31 96 34 1138 #/texts/1201 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [174.66, 137.31, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 31 97 35 1139 #/texts/1202 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [178.52, 138.88, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 31 98 36 1140 #/texts/1203 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [238, 240, 247] gray True False [186.12, 137.31, 4.0, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 31 99 37 1141 #/texts/1204 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [231.42, 133.26, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 29 38 1142 #/texts/1134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.36, 132.49, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 31 28 39 1143 #/texts/1133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [242.55, 152.37, 8.95, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 31 27 40 1144 #/texts/1132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [244.36, 172.33, 7.14, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 31 26 41 1145 #/texts/1131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [244.36, 192.21, 7.14, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 31 35 42 1146 #/texts/1140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [262.17, 137.64, 15.24, 5.7] 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 31 36 43 1147 #/texts/1141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.05, 140.26, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 31 33 44 1148 #/texts/1138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.12, 198.63, 25.85, 5.7] C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO 31 34 45 1149 #/texts/1139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.12, 207.37, 25.63, 5.7] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 31 32 46 1150 #/texts/1137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [298.3, 131.45, 60.88, 5.7] voltage: 3.5-4.9 V voltage: 3.5-4.9 V voltage: 3.5-4.9 V voltage: 3.5-4.9 V 31 37 47 1151 #/texts/1142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [302.57, 142.72, 10.03, 5.7] 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 31 38 48 1152 #/texts/1143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [322.68, 147.33, 10.24, 5.7] 5 C 5 C 5 C 5 C 31 39 49 1153 #/texts/1144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [341.72, 156.15, 13.41, 5.7] 10 C 10 C 10 C 10 C 31 41 50 1154 #/texts/1146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [361.92, 175.95, 12.8, 5.7] 15 C 15 C 15 C 15 C 31 40 51 1155 #/texts/1145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [383.63, 140.17, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 31 9 52 1156 #/texts/1114 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.84, 217.74, 8.62, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 31 42 53 1157 #/texts/1147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [103.3, 215.33, 7.06, 3.95] 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 31 43 54 1158 #/texts/1148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [116.54, 215.33, 6.64, 3.95] 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 31 44 55 1159 #/texts/1149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [129.33, 215.33, 7.12, 3.95] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 31 45 56 1160 #/texts/1150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [142.57, 215.33, 6.7, 3.95] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 31 46 57 1161 #/texts/1151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [155.46, 215.33, 6.98, 3.95] 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 31 25 58 1162 #/texts/1130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [244.44, 212.17, 7.05, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 31 52 59 1163 #/texts/1157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [118.55, 220.93, 28.66, 4.82] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 31 3 60 1164 #/texts/1108 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [71.37, 233.97, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 31 4 61 1165 #/texts/1109 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [93.09, 233.97, 7.08, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 31 5 62 1166 #/texts/1110 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [116.45, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 31 6 63 1167 #/texts/1111 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [139.83, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 31 7 64 1168 #/texts/1112 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [162.29, 233.97, 9.0, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 31 8 65 1169 #/texts/1113 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [185.61, 233.97, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 31 17 66 1170 #/texts/1122 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [255.18, 233.79, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 31 18 67 1171 #/texts/1123 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [275.11, 233.79, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 4 4 31 19 68 1172 #/texts/1124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [294.96, 233.79, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 8 8 31 20 69 1173 #/texts/1125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.76, 233.79, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 12 12 31 21 70 1174 #/texts/1126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [333.41, 233.79, 5.58, 4.82] 16 16 16 16 31 22 71 1175 #/texts/1127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [352.56, 233.79, 6.77, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 31 23 72 1176 #/texts/1128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [372.48, 233.79, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 24 24 31 24 73 1177 #/texts/1129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [392.33, 233.79, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 28 28 31 101 74 1178 #/texts/1206 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.99, 243.35, 79.29, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 30 75 1179 #/texts/1135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [307.27, 243.39, 42.94, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 31 77 76 1180 #/texts/1182 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 257.53, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 31 64 77 1181 #/texts/1169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [60.16, 264.06, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 31 76 78 1182 #/texts/1181 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [235, 241, 244] gray True False [378.69, 263.75, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 31 100 79 1183 #/texts/1205 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.32, 267.74, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 63 80 1184 #/texts/1168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [60.34, 283.01, 9.02, 4.82] 120 120 120 120 31 62 81 1185 #/texts/1167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [62.19, 301.95, 7.18, 4.82] 90 90 90 90 31 61 82 1186 #/texts/1166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [62.19, 320.98, 7.17, 4.82] 60 60 60 60 31 60 83 1187 #/texts/1165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [62.28, 339.93, 7.09, 4.82] 30 30 30 30 31 67 84 1188 #/texts/1172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [117.48, 338.08, 88.5, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V 31 66 85 1189 #/texts/1171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [123.61, 330.28, 76.02, 5.7] LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C 31 73 86 1190 #/texts/1178 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:colored [225, 239, 247] colored False True [218.8, 281.98, 18.48, 5.7] 86.2% 86.2% 86.2% 86.2% 31 74 87 1191 #/texts/1179 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [254, 250, 250] white False False [218.8, 310.09, 17.79, 5.7] 79.7% 79.7% 79.7% 79.7% 31 71 88 1192 #/texts/1176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [301.86, 330.12, 25.9, 5.7] C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO 31 72 89 1193 #/texts/1177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [301.86, 341.37, 25.68, 5.7] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 31 70 90 1194 #/texts/1175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:off_white [243, 248, 251] off_white False True [339.43, 288.45, 18.26, 5.7] 78.9% 78.9% 78.9% 78.9% 31 68 91 1195 #/texts/1173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [252, 241, 242] gray True False [340.59, 321.88, 18.61, 5.7] 55.9% 55.9% 55.9% 55.9% 31 75 92 1196 #/texts/1180 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:colored [196, 214, 224] colored False False [378.69, 293.41, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 31 69 93 1197 #/texts/1174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [392.23, 269.43, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 31 54 94 1198 #/texts/1159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [74.08, 361.11, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 31 55 95 1199 #/texts/1160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.62, 361.11, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 31 56 96 1200 #/texts/1161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [187.81, 361.11, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 31 57 97 1201 #/texts/1162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [246.29, 361.11, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 31 58 98 1202 #/texts/1163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [304.8, 361.11, 10.92, 4.82] 400 400 400 400 31 59 99 1203 #/texts/1164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [363.5, 361.11, 10.76, 4.82] 500 500 500 500 31 65 100 1204 #/texts/1170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.54, 369.71, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 31 2 101 1205 #/texts/1107 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 381.73, 379.31, 36.51] Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. 31 103 103 1207 #/texts/1208 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 621.18, 381.06, 20.01] Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 31 105 105 1209 #/texts/1210 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p31:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p31:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 31 106 106 1210 #/texts/1211 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p31:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.31, 763.81, 20.66, 6.99] 2443 2443 2443 2443 32 1 1 1211 #/texts/1212 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p32:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p32:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 32 81 2 1212 #/texts/1292 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.83, 114.85, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 32 82 3 1213 #/texts/1293 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [226.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 32 83 4 1214 #/texts/1294 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [400.28, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 32 11 5 1215 #/texts/1222 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [73.36, 127.06, 19.83, 5.58] U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM 32 16 6 1216 #/texts/1227 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [237, 239, 246] gray True False [74.68, 135.78, 31.56, 4.72] Superlattice Superlattice Superlattice Superlattice 32 92 7 1217 #/texts/1303 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [267.56, 130.51, 16.79, 4.72] U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM 32 76 8 1218 #/texts/1287 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 126.32, 33.48, 5.58] Observed Observed Observed Observed 32 77 9 1219 #/texts/1288 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 133.2, 36.87, 5.58] Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated 32 24 10 1220 #/texts/1235 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [427.97, 127.34, 29.29, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO U-LNMO 32 25 11 1221 #/texts/1236 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.52, 135.1, 25.97, 5.58] C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO C-LNMO 32 93 12 1222 #/texts/1304 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [256.25, 142.99, 34.74, 4.72] Space group: Space group: Space group: Space group: 32 94 13 1223 #/texts/1305 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.99, 142.99, 4.91, 4.72] R R R R 32 95 14 1224 #/texts/1306 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [295.9, 142.99, 3.32, 4.72] 3 3 3 3 32 96 15 1225 #/texts/1307 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [299.22, 142.99, 4.93, 4.72] m m m m 32 78 16 1226 #/texts/1289 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 140.07, 18.5, 5.58] Error Error Error Error 32 79 17 1227 #/texts/1290 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 146.94, 48.12, 5.58] Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position Bragg position 32 13 18 1228 #/texts/1224 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [41.86, 155.32, 5.59, 43.07] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 97 19 1229 #/texts/1308 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [71.02, 174.67, 41.5, 7.26] SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 32 98 20 1230 #/texts/1309 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [112.52, 174.67, 12.75, 7.26] CO 3 CO 3 CO 3 CO 3 32 99 21 1231 #/texts/1310 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [125.27, 174.67, 33.32, 5.58] = 1:2/3:3/2 = 1:2/3:3/2 = 1:2/3:3/2 = 1:2/3:3/2 32 10 22 1232 #/texts/1221 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 249] gray True False [156.24, 158.36, 33.82, 4.72] PDF#74-0919 PDF#74-0919 PDF#74-0919 PDF#74-0919 32 75 23 1233 #/texts/1286 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [227.51, 155.46, 5.59, 43.19] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 80 24 1234 #/texts/1291 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [254.34, 189.51, 31.5, 4.72] Superlattice Superlattice Superlattice Superlattice 32 23 25 1235 #/texts/1234 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.3, 152.4, 5.59, 43.19] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 26 26 1236 #/texts/1237 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [490.36, 187.07, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 32 27 27 1237 #/texts/1238 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [494.42, 187.07, 24.88, 5.58] = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 = 2.003 32 12 28 1238 #/texts/1223 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [156.28, 203.07, 33.98, 4.72] PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 32 15 29 1239 #/texts/1226 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 253] white False False [156.28, 213.87, 32.56, 4.72] PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 32 14 30 1240 #/texts/1225 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [255, 239, 239] gray True False [156.36, 223.51, 32.24, 4.72] PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 32 2 31 1241 #/texts/1213 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.66, 236.72, 5.94, 4.72] 10 10 10 10 32 3 32 1242 #/texts/1214 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [67.36, 236.72, 6.79, 4.72] 20 20 20 20 32 4 33 1243 #/texts/1215 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True False [87.35, 236.72, 7.06, 4.72] 30 30 30 30 32 5 34 1244 #/texts/1216 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [107.44, 236.72, 7.14, 4.72] 40 40 40 40 32 6 35 1245 #/texts/1217 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False True [127.65, 236.72, 6.97, 4.72] 50 50 50 50 32 7 36 1246 #/texts/1218 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [147.69, 236.72, 7.15, 4.72] 60 60 60 60 32 8 37 1247 #/texts/1219 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [168.08, 236.72, 6.63, 4.72] 70 70 70 70 32 9 38 1248 #/texts/1220 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [187.98, 236.72, 7.08, 4.72] 80 80 80 80 32 67 39 1249 #/texts/1278 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True True [232.69, 238.18, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 10 10 32 68 40 1250 #/texts/1279 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [252.15, 238.18, 6.81, 4.72] 20 20 20 20 32 69 41 1251 #/texts/1280 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [271.87, 238.18, 7.08, 4.72] 30 30 30 30 32 70 42 1252 #/texts/1281 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [291.72, 238.18, 7.16, 4.72] 40 40 40 40 32 71 43 1253 #/texts/1282 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [311.66, 238.18, 6.99, 4.72] 50 50 50 50 32 72 44 1254 #/texts/1283 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [331.46, 238.18, 7.17, 4.72] 60 60 60 60 32 73 45 1255 #/texts/1284 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [351.58, 238.18, 6.65, 4.72] 70 70 70 70 32 74 46 1256 #/texts/1285 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [371.24, 238.18, 7.1, 4.72] 80 80 80 80 32 17 47 1257 #/texts/1228 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True True [416.69, 237.48, 10.52, 4.72] 1.98 1.98 1.98 1.98 32 18 48 1258 #/texts/1229 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [440.05, 237.48, 10.6, 4.72] 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99 32 19 49 1259 #/texts/1230 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [462.64, 237.48, 12.11, 4.72] 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 32 20 50 1260 #/texts/1231 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [486.8, 237.48, 10.57, 4.72] 2.01 2.01 2.01 2.01 32 21 51 1261 #/texts/1232 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [509.73, 237.48, 11.42, 4.72] 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 32 22 52 1262 #/texts/1233 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [532.98, 237.48, 11.7, 4.72] 2.03 2.03 2.03 2.03 32 84 53 1263 #/texts/1295 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [113.11, 245.89, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 2 2 32 85 54 1264 #/texts/1296 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True True [116.72, 245.75, 3.6, 6.03] θ θ 32 86 55 1265 #/texts/1297 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [120.32, 245.89, 8.7, 5.58] (°) (°) 32 87 56 1266 #/texts/1298 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [297.28, 247.68, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 2 2 32 88 57 1267 #/texts/1299 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True True [300.89, 247.54, 3.6, 6.03] θ θ 32 89 58 1268 #/texts/1300 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [304.48, 247.68, 8.7, 5.58] (°) (°) 32 90 59 1269 #/texts/1301 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [467.77, 247.03, 4.05, 5.58] g g g g 32 91 60 1270 #/texts/1302 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [471.82, 247.03, 21.19, 5.58] Factor Factor Factor Factor 32 64 61 1271 #/texts/1275 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [40.83, 263.65, 6.0, 7.95] d d d d 32 66 62 1272 #/texts/1277 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [291.4, 263.16, 3.65, 7.95] f f f f 32 105 63 1273 #/texts/1316 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [462.69, 273.26, 1.8, 5.58] I I I I 32 58 64 1274 #/texts/1269 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [117, 135, 150] colored False True [512.3, 271.21, 43.9, 3.86] Surface spinel phase Surface spinel phase Surface spinel phase Surface spinel phase 32 43 65 1275 #/texts/1254 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [85, 110, 128] colored False True [313.93, 280.4, 59.81, 21.06] Surface spinel layer Surface spinel layer Surface spinel layer Surface spinel layer 32 56 66 1276 #/texts/1267 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [107, 123, 138] colored False True [463.51, 291.05, 13.33, 3.86] Spinel Spinel Spinel Spinel 32 57 67 1277 #/texts/1268 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [95, 110, 123] colored False True [465.58, 296.45, 9.19, 3.86] (311) (311) (311) (311) 32 54 68 1278 #/texts/1265 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [136, 140, 141] gray True True [485.23, 296.1, 11.45, 3.86] Layer Layer Layer Layer 32 104 69 1279 #/texts/1315 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [205, 207, 210] gray True True [410.09, 305.97, 1.8, 5.58] I I I I 32 55 70 1280 #/texts/1266 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [143, 144, 144] gray True True [485.09, 301.5, 11.73, 3.86] (003) (003) (003) (003) 32 61 71 1281 #/texts/1272 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:colored [151, 75, 1] colored False True [152.11, 316.49, 6.37, 5.58] Ni Ni Ni Ni 32 62 72 1282 #/texts/1273 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:unknown None unknown False True [207.64, 316.54, 9.44, 5.58] Mn Mn Mn Mn 32 63 73 1283 #/texts/1274 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:colored [1, 114, 112] colored False True [266.62, 316.58, 5.27, 5.58] O O O O 32 42 74 1284 #/texts/1253 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [135, 144, 152] gray True True [334.26, 322.3, 59.29, 5.58] Bulk layer structure Bulk layer structure Bulk layer structure Bulk layer structure 32 103 75 1285 #/texts/1314 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [155, 155, 155] gray True True [462.69, 316.53, 3.6, 5.58] II II II II 32 52 76 1286 #/texts/1263 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [147, 147, 147] gray True True [490.57, 319.47, 12.42, 4.19] Layer Layer Layer Layer 32 53 77 1287 #/texts/1264 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [142, 142, 144] gray True True [491.08, 325.33, 11.41, 4.19] (104) (104) (104) (104) 32 59 78 1288 #/texts/1270 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [126, 143, 154] colored False True [511.25, 316.14, 25.32, 3.86] Layer phase Layer phase Layer phase Layer phase 32 65 79 1289 #/texts/1276 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.83, 330.04, 5.62, 7.95] e e e e 32 33 80 1290 #/texts/1244 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.6, 341.38, 15.22, 5.58] Mn K Mn K Mn K Mn K 32 34 81 1291 #/texts/1245 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [82.79, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] α α 32 35 82 1292 #/texts/1246 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [221, 221, 221] gray True False [86.95, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 1 1 32 36 83 1293 #/texts/1247 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [106.4, 341.38, 12.09, 5.58] Ni K Ni K Ni K Ni K 32 37 84 1294 #/texts/1248 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [118.48, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] α α 32 38 85 1295 #/texts/1249 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [122.64, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 1 1 32 102 86 1296 #/texts/1313 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [141, 150, 155] gray True True [436.08, 339.7, 3.6, 5.58] II II II II 32 50 87 1297 #/texts/1261 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [137, 141, 143] gray True True [484.38, 340.79, 18.24, 4.19] Layered Layered Layered Layered 32 39 88 1298 #/texts/1250 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.44, 343.96, 5.59, 39.34] Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) 32 106 89 1299 #/texts/1317 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [68.99, 354.17, 12.38, 24.1] Surface Surface Surface Surface 32 107 90 1300 #/texts/1318 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [115.15, 362.89, 97.37, 10.86] Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution 32 40 91 1301 #/texts/1251 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [269.96, 360.09, 5.58, 13.18] Bulk Bulk Bulk Bulk 32 100 92 1302 #/texts/1311 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [146, 153, 157] gray True True [337.86, 354.0, 5.4, 5.58] III III III III 32 49 93 1303 #/texts/1260 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [127, 140, 150] colored False True [375.77, 368.18, 41.26, 5.58] stacking fault stacking fault stacking fault stacking fault 32 48 94 1304 #/texts/1259 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [124, 135, 147] colored False True [386.56, 360.38, 19.67, 5.58] Slight Slight Slight Slight 32 101 95 1305 #/texts/1312 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [462.69, 363.38, 5.4, 5.58] III III III III 32 51 96 1306 #/texts/1262 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [133, 133, 134] gray True True [487.15, 346.65, 12.72, 4.19] (003) (003) (003) (003) 32 46 97 1307 #/texts/1257 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [150, 150, 150] gray True True [490.57, 364.8, 12.42, 4.19] Layer Layer Layer Layer 32 47 98 1308 #/texts/1258 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [144, 145, 146] gray True True [491.07, 370.65, 11.41, 4.19] (104) (104) (104) (104) 32 60 99 1309 #/texts/1271 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [126, 135, 146] colored False True [511.7, 362.48, 25.32, 3.86] Layer phase Layer phase Layer phase Layer phase 32 28 100 1310 #/texts/1239 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [60.76, 395.23, 3.75, 4.72] 0 0 0 0 32 29 101 1311 #/texts/1240 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [110.14, 395.23, 12.36, 4.72] 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 32 30 102 1312 #/texts/1241 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [164.57, 395.23, 10.87, 4.72] 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 32 31 103 1313 #/texts/1242 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [217.78, 395.23, 11.71, 4.72] 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 32 32 104 1314 #/texts/1243 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [271.51, 395.23, 11.64, 4.72] 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 32 41 105 1315 #/texts/1252 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [138, 147, 154] gray True True [313.02, 392.83, 19.82, 5.58] U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM 32 44 106 1316 #/texts/1255 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [109, 117, 123] gray True True [484.67, 386.86, 18.24, 4.19] Layered Layered Layered Layered 32 45 107 1317 #/texts/1256 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [138, 138, 139] gray True True [487.44, 392.72, 12.72, 4.19] (003) (003) (003) (003) 32 108 108 1318 #/texts/1319 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [148.79, 404.73, 30.38, 5.58] Distance ( Distance ( Distance ( Distance ( 32 109 109 1319 #/texts/1320 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False True [179.18, 404.59, 4.04, 6.03] µ µ 32 110 110 1320 #/texts/1321 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [183.22, 404.73, 8.01, 5.58] m) m) m) m) 32 111 111 1321 #/texts/1322 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 416.8, 246.54, 26.5] Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld 32 112 112 1322 #/texts/1323 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 416.8, 255.89, 26.5] refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). 32 115 115 1325 #/texts/1326 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p32:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p32:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 32 116 116 1326 #/texts/1327 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p32:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.33, 763.81, 20.87, 6.99] 2444 2444 2444 2444 33 1 1 1327 #/texts/1328 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p33:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p33:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 33 84 2 1328 #/texts/1411 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a a a 33 68 3 1329 #/texts/1395 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [177.89, 120.97, 8.24, 6.39] O 2- O 2- O 2- O 2- 33 69 4 1330 #/texts/1396 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [186.13, 120.97, 10.61, 6.39] /O n- /O n- /O n- /O n- 33 86 5 1331 #/texts/1413 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [222.13, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b b b 33 38 6 1332 #/texts/1365 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [236.27, 119.8, 10.78, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 33 44 7 1333 #/texts/1371 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [256.95, 124.5, 15.24, 5.7] 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 0.1 C 33 63 8 1334 #/texts/1390 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [51.01, 130.02, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 33 83 9 1335 #/texts/1410 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [99.34, 131.23, 4.97, 4.72] 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 33 40 10 1336 #/texts/1367 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.3, 129.72, 51.15, 5.7] LRM || Li half cell LRM || Li half cell LRM || Li half cell LRM || Li half cell 33 64 11 1337 #/texts/1391 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 156.32, 5.71, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 33 62 12 1338 #/texts/1389 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.51, 148.52, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 33 60 13 1339 #/texts/1387 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [50.58, 185.53, 8.63, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 33 61 14 1340 #/texts/1388 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [51.08, 167.03, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 33 59 15 1341 #/texts/1386 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [51.36, 204.03, 7.85, 4.82] 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 33 91 16 1342 #/texts/1418 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [72.44, 172.45, 4.83, 22.81] (mAh/V) (mAh/V) (mAh/V) (mAh/V) 33 90 17 1343 #/texts/1417 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [72.53, 195.27, 4.73, 17.02] dQ/dV dQ/dV dQ/dV dQ/dV 33 78 18 1344 #/texts/1405 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [75.28, 148.03, 7.14, 6.98] Ni Ni Ni Ni 33 79 19 1345 #/texts/1406 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 244, 249] gray True False [78.92, 144.68, 4.79, 4.6] 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 33 80 20 1346 #/texts/1407 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [82.89, 140.98, 10.32, 9.06] / Ni / Ni / Ni / Ni 33 81 21 1347 #/texts/1408 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 253] white False False [89.72, 137.54, 4.94, 4.7] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 33 82 22 1348 #/texts/1409 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [93.83, 134.69, 9.0, 8.19] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 33 72 23 1349 #/texts/1399 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [227, 230, 242] gray True False [95.41, 198.32, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni Ni Ni 33 73 24 1350 #/texts/1400 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [227, 229, 242] gray True False [100.78, 196.75, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 33 74 25 1351 #/texts/1401 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [104.5, 198.32, 9.18, 4.82] / Ni / Ni / Ni / Ni 33 70 26 1352 #/texts/1397 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.3, 173.27, 8.24, 6.39] O 2- O 2- O 2- O 2- 33 75 27 1353 #/texts/1402 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [113.68, 196.75, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 33 76 28 1354 #/texts/1403 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [237, 239, 247] gray True False [117.57, 198.32, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni /Ni /Ni 33 71 29 1355 #/texts/1398 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.54, 173.27, 10.62, 6.39] /O n- /O n- /O n- /O n- 33 77 30 1356 #/texts/1404 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [231, 233, 244] gray True False [125.17, 196.75, 3.94, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 4+ 4+ 33 65 31 1357 #/texts/1392 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [135.66, 143.68, 58.09, 5.7] U-LRM || Li half cell U-LRM || Li half cell U-LRM || Li half cell U-LRM || Li half cell 33 66 32 1358 #/texts/1393 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [139.52, 151.48, 50.38, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 33 87 33 1359 #/texts/1414 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [226.06, 133.69, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 36 34 1360 #/texts/1363 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [236.54, 159.26, 10.51, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 33 37 35 1361 #/texts/1364 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [237.06, 139.53, 9.99, 4.82] 250 250 250 250 33 34 36 1362 #/texts/1361 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [237.39, 198.79, 9.66, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 33 35 37 1363 #/texts/1362 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [237.91, 178.99, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 33 45 38 1364 #/texts/1372 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [278.18, 147.67, 16.46, 5.7] 0.5 C 0.5 C 0.5 C 0.5 C 33 42 39 1365 #/texts/1369 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.98, 199.08, 20.06, 5.7] C-LRM C-LRM C-LRM C-LRM 33 43 40 1366 #/texts/1370 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.98, 207.9, 19.83, 5.7] U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM 33 46 41 1367 #/texts/1373 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [300.13, 156.74, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 33 41 42 1368 #/texts/1368 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.72, 137.52, 80.38, 5.7] 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 33 47 43 1369 #/texts/1374 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [319.79, 164.28, 10.03, 5.7] 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C 33 48 44 1370 #/texts/1375 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [339.2, 174.79, 10.25, 5.7] 5 C 5 C 5 C 5 C 33 50 45 1371 #/texts/1377 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [358.09, 183.77, 13.42, 5.7] 10 C 10 C 10 C 10 C 33 49 46 1372 #/texts/1376 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [380.28, 158.75, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 1 C 1 C 33 58 47 1373 #/texts/1385 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.86, 222.53, 8.35, 4.82] 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 33 67 48 1374 #/texts/1394 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [81.44, 218.17, 60.29, 3.95] 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 33 92 49 1375 #/texts/1419 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [94.99, 223.29, 28.66, 4.82] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 33 33 50 1376 #/texts/1360 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [240.09, 218.52, 6.96, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 33 51 51 1377 #/texts/1378 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [67.41, 234.23, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 33 52 52 1378 #/texts/1379 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [86.01, 234.23, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 33 53 53 1379 #/texts/1380 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [104.87, 234.23, 9.71, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 33 54 54 1380 #/texts/1381 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [125.35, 234.23, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 33 55 55 1381 #/texts/1382 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [235, 235, 235] gray True False [144.89, 234.23, 10.56, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 33 56 56 1382 #/texts/1383 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [165.37, 234.23, 10.05, 4.82] 250 250 250 250 33 57 57 1383 #/texts/1384 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [185.2, 234.23, 10.84, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 33 25 58 1384 #/texts/1352 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [250.83, 234.54, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 33 26 59 1385 #/texts/1353 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [270.92, 234.54, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 4 4 33 27 60 1386 #/texts/1354 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [290.94, 234.54, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 8 8 33 28 61 1387 #/texts/1355 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [309.92, 234.54, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 12 12 33 29 62 1388 #/texts/1356 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [329.74, 234.54, 5.59, 4.82] 16 16 16 16 33 30 63 1389 #/texts/1357 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [349.06, 234.54, 6.78, 4.82] 20 20 20 20 33 31 64 1390 #/texts/1358 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [369.15, 234.54, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 24 24 33 32 65 1391 #/texts/1359 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [389.17, 234.54, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 28 28 33 89 66 1392 #/texts/1416 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.85, 243.09, 79.29, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 39 67 1393 #/texts/1366 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [303.53, 243.93, 42.95, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 33 85 68 1394 #/texts/1412 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 254.76, 5.45, 7.95] c c c c 33 14 69 1395 #/texts/1341 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [58.38, 262.92, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 33 24 70 1396 #/texts/1351 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [240, 244, 247] gray True False [381.18, 264.95, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 33 88 71 1397 #/texts/1415 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.84, 269.44, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 12 72 1398 #/texts/1339 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [58.66, 301.23, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 33 13 73 1399 #/texts/1340 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [59.18, 282.04, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 250 250 33 10 74 1400 #/texts/1337 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [59.51, 339.45, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 33 11 75 1401 #/texts/1338 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [60.03, 320.34, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 33 21 76 1402 #/texts/1348 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.97, 279.07, 20.1, 5.7] C-LRM C-LRM C-LRM C-LRM 33 22 77 1403 #/texts/1349 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.97, 290.42, 19.88, 5.7] U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM U-LRM 33 17 78 1404 #/texts/1344 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [253.95, 340.95, 88.71, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 33 16 79 1405 #/texts/1343 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.15, 333.15, 70.29, 5.7] LMR || Li half cell 30 °C LMR || Li half cell 30 °C LMR || Li half cell 30 °C LMR || Li half cell 30 °C 33 18 80 1406 #/texts/1345 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [252, 242, 243] gray True False [341.46, 317.99, 18.49, 5.7] 84.2% 84.2% 84.2% 84.2% 33 20 81 1407 #/texts/1347 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [341.61, 296.94, 17.96, 5.7] 90.1% 90.1% 90.1% 90.1% 33 23 82 1408 #/texts/1350 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [243, 246, 248] gray True False [381.18, 294.86, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 33 19 83 1409 #/texts/1346 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [395.15, 271.13, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 33 3 84 1410 #/texts/1330 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [74.37, 363.28, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 0 0 33 4 85 1411 #/texts/1331 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [121.44, 363.28, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 50 50 33 5 86 1412 #/texts/1332 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True False [168.78, 363.28, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 100 100 33 6 87 1413 #/texts/1333 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [217.81, 363.28, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 150 150 33 7 88 1414 #/texts/1334 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [265.83, 363.28, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 200 200 33 8 89 1415 #/texts/1335 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [314.86, 363.28, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 250 250 33 9 90 1416 #/texts/1336 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [363.17, 363.28, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 300 300 33 15 91 1417 #/texts/1342 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [203.72, 372.61, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number Cycle number 33 2 92 1418 #/texts/1329 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 384.62, 384.13, 26.5] Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. 33 94 94 1420 #/texts/1421 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.11, 92.81, 9.04] Reporting summary Reporting summary Reporting summary Reporting summary 33 96 96 1422 #/texts/1423 section_header back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 644.24, 75.22, 9.04] Data availability Data availability Data availability Data availability 33 97 97 1423 #/texts/1424 text metadata False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 656.31, 372.18, 54.48] All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. Other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published 28,35,46,48 . Source data are provided with this paper. All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. Other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published 28,35,46,48 . Source data are provided with this paper. 33 98 98 1424 #/texts/1425 text reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 722.23, 191.21, 7.77] Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; 33 99 99 1425 #/texts/1426 text metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 732.98, 120.66, 7.77] Published online: 18 August 2025 Published online: 18 August 2025 Published online: 18 August 2025 Published online: 18 August 2025 33 100 100 1426 #/texts/1427 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 33 101 101 1427 #/texts/1428 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p33:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.48, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] 2445 2445 2445 2445 34 1 1 1428 #/texts/1429 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 34 2 2 1429 #/texts/1430 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 113.77, 60.3, 9.84] References References References References 34 3 3 1430 #/texts/1431 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 151.52, 227.11, 13.26] Fuso Nerini, F. et al. 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Energy Mater. 13 , 2301216 (2023). 34 67 68 1495 #/texts/1495 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 590.09, 75.85, 7.0] Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 34 68 69 1496 #/texts/1496 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 599.52, 251.32, 69.25] G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and the Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation (grant no. SZPR2023007). H.J. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 524B2023). J.W. was supported by the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at Shanghai Jaio Tong University (grant no. 23×010502206) and the National Natural Science Youth Fund (grant no. 52302285). G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and the Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation (grant no. SZPR2023007). H.J. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 524B2023). J.W. was supported by the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at Shanghai Jaio Tong University (grant no. 23×010502206) and the National Natural Science Youth Fund (grant no. 52302285). 34 69 70 1497 #/texts/1497 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 678.09, 78.48, 7.0] Author contributions Author contributions Author contributions Author contributions 34 70 71 1498 #/texts/1498 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 687.52, 249.24, 29.26] H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed and contributed to the results. H.J. wrote the manuscript with comments and revisions from all the authors. H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed and contributed to the results. H.J. wrote the manuscript with comments and revisions from all the authors. 34 71 72 1499 #/texts/1499 section_header back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 726.09, 77.03, 7.0] Competing interests Competing interests Competing interests Competing interests 34 72 73 1500 #/texts/1500 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 735.52, 120.03, 5.26] The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests. 34 74 74 1501 #/texts/1502 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.36, 763.81, 20.84, 6.99] 2446 2446 2446 2446 35 1 1 1502 #/texts/1503 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p35:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol 35 2 2 1503 #/texts/1504 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p35:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 229.59, 517.28, 61.37] 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 3 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. 4 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 5 Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering and Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 6 Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. 7 These authors contributed equally: Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang. 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 3 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. 4 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 5 Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering and Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 6 Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. 7 These authors contributed equally: Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang. 35 3 3 1504 #/texts/1505 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin left None None p35:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 35 4 4 1505 #/texts/1506 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p35:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.08, 763.81, 19.9, 6.99] 2447 2447 2447 2447 36 2 1 1506 #/texts/1508 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 127.01, 175.94, 17.22] Reporting Summary Reporting Summary Reporting Summary Reporting Summary 36 3 2 1507 #/texts/1509 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 154.26, 526.18, 17.94] Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. 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For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. 36 6 10 1515 #/texts/1512 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.36, 258.3, 12.15, 7.02] n/a n/a n/a n/a 36 7 11 1516 #/texts/1513 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [43.8, 258.3, 38.13, 7.02] Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed Confirmed 36 8 12 1517 #/texts/1514 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 274.63, 428.7, 7.74] The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement 36 9 13 1518 #/texts/1515 checkbox_selected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 291.9, 468.9, 7.02] A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly 36 10 14 1519 #/texts/1516 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 308.22, 365.88, 17.08] The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. 36 11 15 1520 #/texts/1517 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 334.38, 131.52, 7.02] A description of all covariates tested A description of all covariates tested A description of all covariates tested A description of all covariates tested 36 12 16 1521 #/texts/1518 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 351.42, 420.35, 7.02] A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons 36 13 17 1522 #/texts/1519 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 368.82, 499.07, 17.82] A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals) A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals) 36 14 18 1523 #/texts/1520 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 397.27, 479.03, 17.66] For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. 36 15 19 1524 #/texts/1521 checkbox_unselected affiliation False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 425.7, 351.21, 7.02] For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings 36 16 20 1525 #/texts/1522 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 442.74, 417.36, 7.02] For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes 36 17 21 1526 #/texts/1523 checkbox_selected affiliation False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 459.19, 323.38, 7.74] Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated 36 18 22 1527 #/texts/1524 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.28, 475.74, 254.95, 5.98] Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. 36 19 23 1528 #/texts/1525 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 501.7, 105.73, 10.95] Software and code Software and code Software and code Software and code 36 20 24 1529 #/texts/1526 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 522.18, 196.29, 7.02] Policy information about availability of computer code Policy information about availability of computer code Policy information about availability of computer code Policy information about availability of computer code 36 21 25 1530 #/texts/1527 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 627.19, 522.6, 14.04] For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage code deposition in a community repository (e.g. GitHub). See the Nature Portfolio guidelines for submitting code & software for further information. For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage code deposition in a community repository (e.g. GitHub). See the Nature Portfolio guidelines for submitting code & software for further information. 36 26 26 1531 #/texts/1532 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p36:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 36 27 27 1532 #/texts/1533 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p36:bottom_margin:right:colored [249, 188, 190] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 1 1 1 1 37 1 1 1533 #/texts/1534 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p37:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 33.22, 26.19, 10.95] Data Data Data Data 37 4 2 1534 #/texts/1537 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p37:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 53.58, 157.2, 7.02] Policy information about availability of data Policy information about availability of data Policy information about availability of data Policy information about availability of data 37 10 3 1535 #/texts/1543 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 175.9, 403.94, 10.95] Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material 37 9 4 1536 #/texts/1542 text metadata False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [27.36, 122.82, 527.07, 25.59] All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. And other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published [28, 35, 46, 48]. All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. And other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published [28, 35, 46, 48]. 37 5 5 1537 #/texts/1538 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [29.16, 65.58, 485.0, 7.02] All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: 37 6 6 1538 #/texts/1539 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 77.7, 255.87, 6.27] Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets 37 7 7 1539 #/texts/1540 list_item back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 87.3, 168.42, 6.27] A description of any restrictions on data availability A description of any restrictions on data availability A description of any restrictions on data availability A description of any restrictions on data availability 37 8 8 1540 #/texts/1541 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 98.34, 309.32, 6.27] For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy 37 2 9 1541 #/texts/1535 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin right None None p37:top_margin:right:colored [245, 130, 134] colored False True [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary 37 11 10 1542 #/texts/1544 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 196.38, 518.63, 17.82] Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. 37 12 11 1543 #/texts/1545 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 222.78, 92.51, 6.27] Reporting on sex and gender Reporting on sex and gender Reporting on sex and gender Reporting on sex and gender 37 35 12 1544 #/texts/1568 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [250, 252, 253] white False False [152.28, 222.78, 17.43, 6.27] None None None None 37 13 13 1545 #/texts/1546 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 242.58, 104.76, 15.87] Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings 37 36 14 1546 #/texts/1569 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.28, 242.58, 17.43, 6.27] None None None None 37 14 15 1547 #/texts/1547 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 271.86, 83.1, 6.27] Population characteristics Population characteristics Population characteristics Population characteristics 37 37 16 1548 #/texts/1570 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.64, 271.86, 17.37, 6.27] None None None None 37 15 17 1549 #/texts/1548 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 291.54, 40.06, 6.27] Recruitment Recruitment Recruitment Recruitment 37 38 18 1550 #/texts/1571 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [152.28, 291.54, 17.43, 6.27] None None None None 37 16 19 1551 #/texts/1549 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 311.22, 50.63, 6.27] Ethics oversight Ethics oversight Ethics oversight Ethics oversight 37 39 20 1552 #/texts/1572 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.28, 311.22, 17.43, 6.27] None None None None 37 17 21 1553 #/texts/1550 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 328.26, 338.05, 6.27] Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. 37 18 22 1554 #/texts/1551 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 357.38, 183.98, 15.63] Field-specific reporting Field-specific reporting Field-specific reporting Field-specific reporting 37 19 23 1555 #/texts/1552 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 381.54, 522.17, 7.02] Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. 37 20 24 1556 #/texts/1553 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [38.04, 400.98, 45.09, 7.02] Life sciences Life sciences Life sciences Life sciences 37 21 25 1557 #/texts/1554 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [143.04, 400.98, 105.43, 7.02] Behavioural & social sciences Behavioural & social sciences Behavioural & social sciences Behavioural & social sciences 37 22 26 1558 #/texts/1555 checkbox_selected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [280.32, 400.98, 180.76, 7.02] Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences 37 23 27 1559 #/texts/1556 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 415.35, 322.71, 5.43] For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf 37 24 28 1560 #/texts/1557 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 447.98, 507.07, 15.63] Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design 37 25 29 1561 #/texts/1558 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 473.58, 282.75, 7.02] All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. 37 26 30 1562 #/texts/1559 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 491.82, 55.96, 6.27] Study description Study description Study description Study description 37 40 31 1563 #/texts/1573 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 491.82, 419.9, 15.99] This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capabilities. This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capabilities. 37 27 32 1564 #/texts/1560 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 521.22, 54.3, 6.27] Research sample Research sample Research sample Research sample 37 41 33 1565 #/texts/1574 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 521.22, 93.75, 6.27] Spent LIBs Cathode materials Spent LIBs Cathode materials Spent LIBs Cathode materials Spent LIBs Cathode materials 37 28 34 1566 #/texts/1561 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [32.04, 540.9, 57.32, 6.27] Sampling strategy Sampling strategy Sampling strategy Sampling strategy 37 42 35 1567 #/texts/1575 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [126.72, 540.9, 425.83, 6.27] Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. 37 29 36 1568 #/texts/1562 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 560.58, 48.06, 6.27] Data collection Data collection Data collection Data collection 37 43 37 1569 #/texts/1576 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 560.58, 240.24, 6.27] All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. 37 30 38 1570 #/texts/1563 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 580.26, 76.14, 6.27] Timing and spatial scale Timing and spatial scale Timing and spatial scale Timing and spatial scale 37 44 39 1571 #/texts/1577 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 580.26, 423.24, 25.47] The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test will end when the battery capacity decays to acertain extent. The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test will end when the battery capacity decays to acertain extent. 37 31 40 1572 #/texts/1564 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 619.26, 49.88, 6.27] Data exclusions Data exclusions Data exclusions Data exclusions 37 45 41 1573 #/texts/1578 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 619.26, 72.46, 6.27] No data was excluded. No data was excluded. No data was excluded. No data was excluded. 37 32 42 1574 #/texts/1565 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 638.94, 48.53, 6.27] Reproducibility Reproducibility Reproducibility Reproducibility 37 46 43 1575 #/texts/1579 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [126.72, 638.94, 344.74, 6.27] Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. 37 33 44 1576 #/texts/1566 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 658.62, 48.29, 6.27] Randomization Randomization Randomization Randomization 37 47 45 1577 #/texts/1580 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 658.62, 393.33, 16.83] This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. 37 34 46 1578 #/texts/1567 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [32.04, 688.98, 25.79, 6.27] Blinding Blinding Blinding Blinding 37 48 47 1579 #/texts/1581 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 688.98, 419.33, 25.47] This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are described carefully, so there is no problem of blinding. This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are described carefully, so there is no problem of blinding. 37 3 48 1580 #/texts/1536 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p37:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 37 49 49 1581 #/texts/1582 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p37:bottom_margin:right:colored [245, 143, 146] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 2 2 2 2 38 5 1 1582 #/texts/1587 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 67.22, 435.19, 15.63] Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods 38 6 2 1583 #/texts/1588 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p38:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 89.34, 532.83, 15.87] Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you are not sure if a list item applies to your research, read the appropriate section before selecting a response. Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you are not sure if a list item applies to your research, read the appropriate section before selecting a response. 38 9 3 1584 #/texts/1590 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [26.16, 140.58, 94.74, 7.02] n/a Involved in the study n/a Involved in the study n/a Involved in the study n/a Involved in the study 38 7 4 1585 #/texts/1589#prov0 text body_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [27.84, 124.52, 150.58, 8.61] Materials & experimental systems Materials & experimental systems Materials & experimental systems Materials & experimental systems 38 1 5 1586 #/texts/1583 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 26.46, 118.01, 7.02] Did the study involve field work? Did the study involve field work? Did the study involve field work? Did the study involve field work? 38 10 6 1587 #/texts/1591 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 154.26, 34.43, 6.27] Antibodies Antibodies Antibodies Antibodies 38 11 7 1588 #/texts/1592 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 168.42, 63.02, 6.27] Eukaryotic cell lines Eukaryotic cell lines Eukaryotic cell lines Eukaryotic cell lines 38 12 8 1589 #/texts/1593 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 182.58, 100.66, 6.27] Palaeontology and archaeology Palaeontology and archaeology Palaeontology and archaeology Palaeontology and archaeology 38 3 9 1590 #/texts/1585 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [177.0, 28.98, 10.81, 6.27] Yes Yes Yes Yes 38 17 10 1591 #/texts/1598 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [219.24, 140.58, 12.15, 7.02] n/a n/a n/a n/a 38 4 11 1592 #/texts/1586 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [219.48, 28.98, 9.3, 6.27] No No No No 38 8 12 1593 #/texts/1589#prov1 text body_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [220.8, 124.52, 39.86, 8.61] Methods Methods Methods Methods 38 18 13 1594 #/texts/1599 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.68, 140.58, 75.21, 7.02] Involved in the study Involved in the study Involved in the study Involved in the study 38 19 14 1595 #/texts/1600 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [252.12, 154.26, 28.04, 6.27] ChIP-seq ChIP-seq ChIP-seq ChIP-seq 38 20 15 1596 #/texts/1601 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [252.12, 168.42, 49.94, 6.27] Flow cytometry Flow cytometry Flow cytometry Flow cytometry 38 21 16 1597 #/texts/1602 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [252.12, 182.58, 80.87, 6.27] MRI-based neuroimaging MRI-based neuroimaging MRI-based neuroimaging MRI-based neuroimaging 38 2 17 1598 #/texts/1584 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin right None None p38:top_margin:right:colored [245, 130, 134] colored False True [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary 38 13 18 1599 #/texts/1594 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 196.86, 93.58, 6.27] Animals and other organisms Animals and other organisms Animals and other organisms Animals and other organisms 38 14 19 1600 #/texts/1595 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 211.02, 38.78, 6.27] Clinical data Clinical data Clinical data Clinical data 38 15 20 1601 #/texts/1596 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 225.18, 93.52, 6.27] Dual use research of concern Dual use research of concern Dual use research of concern Dual use research of concern 38 16 21 1602 #/texts/1597 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 239.34, 19.55, 6.27] Plants Plants Plants Plants 38 22 22 1603 #/texts/1603 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p38:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 April 2023 38 23 23 1604 #/texts/1604 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p38:bottom_margin:right:colored [243, 115, 119] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 3 3 3 3