page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p1:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p1:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 41.9, 109.98, 12.26] nature protocols nature protocols 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 page_header page_header False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None top_margin right None None p1:top_margin:right:off_white [245, 249, 251] off_white False True [391.69, 43.13, 169.57, 7.0] https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01234-9 1 3 3 2 #/texts/2 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 94.88, 39.74, 8.75] Protocol Protocol 1 4 4 3 #/texts/3 text unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow outside_body_flow False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [487.27, 96.48, 73.98, 7.44] Check for updates Check for updates 1 5 5 4 #/texts/4 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.46, 455.34, 80.07] A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials 1 6 6 5 #/texts/5 text affiliation False medium front_matter_author_line front_matter_author_line True p1:body_region:0 page_body full None None p1:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 231.08, 456.64, 22.13] Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 1 7 7 6 #/texts/6 section_header abstract_heading False low abstract_heading abstract_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body left None None p1:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.18, 40.84, 8.75] Abstract Abstract 1 11 8 7 #/texts/10 section_header title_candidate False low non_body_heading non_body_heading False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [438.37, 264.16, 49.12, 8.75] Key points Key points 1 8 9 8 #/texts/7 text body True None body_before_non_intro_heading body_before_non_intro_heading True p1:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p1:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 295.56, 389.6, 400.26] The rapid acceleration of global electrification has increased demand for sustainable energy storage, making lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential for various applications. However, their limited lifespan presents chal… The rapid acceleration of global electrification has increased demand for sustainable energy storage, making lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential for various applications. However, their limited lifespan presents chal… 1 12 10 9 #/texts/11 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 294.77, 122.92, 50.02] This protocol introduces two representative techniques to help readers easily adapt and optimize the methods for implementing a direct recycling process. This protocol introduces two representative techniques to help readers easily adapt and optimize the methods for implementing a direct recycling process. 1 13 11 10 #/texts/12 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 357.03, 122.0, 71.53] The success of direct recycling hinges on thorough pretreatment and addressing the challenges posed by the failure behavior of spent materials, including lithium replenishment and phase structure recovery. The success of direct recycling hinges on thorough pretreatment and addressing the challenges posed by the failure behavior of spent materials, including lithium replenishment and phase structure recovery. 1 14 12 11 #/texts/13 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 440.8, 122.36, 39.27] The core of direct upcycling lies in constructing a viable direct phase evolution path between the target and initial materials. The core of direct upcycling lies in constructing a viable direct phase evolution path between the target and initial materials. 1 16 13 12 #/texts/15 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 541.13, 122.98, 28.52] Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 1 17 14 13 #/texts/16 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 581.89, 116.67, 28.52] Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 1 15 15 14 #/texts/14 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [438.37, 510.52, 70.36, 8.75] Key references Key references 1 18 16 15 #/texts/17 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 622.65, 106.3, 28.52] Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 1 19 17 16 #/texts/18 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None page_body right None None p1:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 663.41, 121.33, 28.52] Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 1 9 18 17 #/texts/8 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 726.69, 185.01, 6.58] A full list of affiliations appears at the end of the paper. A full list of affiliations appears at the end of the paper. 1 10 19 18 #/texts/9 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p1:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [236.67, 726.69, 149.06, 6.63] e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ 1 20 20 19 #/texts/19 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.37, 704.17, 115.93, 28.52] Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.aaz7681 Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): 10.1126/science.aaz7681 1 21 21 20 #/texts/20 page_footer page_footer False low document_web_address document_web_address True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 738.16, 64.22, 6.58] sz.tsinghua.edu.cn sz.tsinghua.edu.cn 1 22 22 21 #/texts/21 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 1 23 23 22 #/texts/22 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.26, 763.81, 18.72, 6.99] 2413 2413 2 1 1 23 #/texts/23 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p2:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 2 2 2 24 #/texts/24 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 113.77, 66.8, 9.84] Introduction Introduction 2 3 3 25 #/texts/25 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 148.91, 389.98, 112.14] With the acceleration of global electrification and intelligent transformation, higher demands are placed on the efficient utilization and storage of renewable clean energy 1,2 . Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), recognized… With the acceleration of global electrification and intelligent transformation, higher demands are placed on the efficient utilization and storage of renewable clean energy 1,2 . Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), recognized… 2 4 4 26 #/texts/26 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 264.22, 383.18, 112.14] However, the long-term storage of spent LIBs presents a potential risk of spontaneous combustion and explosion, and improper handling poses serious safety hazards 9 . Traditional solid waste treatment methods, such as i… However, the long-term storage of spent LIBs presents a potential risk of spontaneous combustion and explosion, and improper handling poses serious safety hazards 9 . Traditional solid waste treatment methods, such as i… 2 5 5 27 #/texts/27 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 390.54, 156.94, 9.04] Recycling strategies for spent LIBs Recycling strategies for spent LIBs 2 6 6 28 #/texts/28 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 402.61, 387.42, 42.95] As shown in Fig. 1, the currently developed recycling technologies for spent LIBs can be classified into three progressive categories on the basis of the target product: downcycling, recycling and upcycling 15 . This cl… As shown in Fig. 1, the currently developed recycling technologies for spent LIBs can be classified into three progressive categories on the basis of the target product: downcycling, recycling and upcycling 15 . This cl… 2 7 7 29 #/texts/29 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 448.73, 388.93, 19.88] Downcycling is a widely used recycling method in industrial production today. It employs mature metallurgical technologies to break down and disrupt the crystal structure of the original Downcycling is a widely used recycling method in industrial production today. It employs mature metallurgical technologies to break down and disrupt the crystal structure of the original 2 9 8 30 #/texts/31 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.5, 492.35, 41.76, 5.7] Metallurgical Metallurgical 2 10 9 31 #/texts/32 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.13, 500.15, 28.51, 5.7] recycling recycling 2 15 10 32 #/texts/37 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [279.71, 500.15, 28.51, 5.7] recycling recycling 2 14 11 33 #/texts/36 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.8, 492.36, 18.33, 5.7] Direct Direct 2 17 12 34 #/texts/39 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.73, 500.15, 30.31, 5.7] upcycling upcycling 2 16 13 35 #/texts/38 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [440.72, 492.35, 18.33, 5.7] Direct Direct 2 26 14 36 #/texts/48 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:colored [145, 170, 197] colored False True [164.89, 534.28, 17.6, 4.82] Hydro- Hydro- 2 25 15 37 #/texts/47 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [107.09, 548.3, 13.31, 4.82] Pyro- Pyro- 2 20 16 38 #/texts/42 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [140.69, 550.35, 6.37, 5.7] or or 2 18 17 39 #/texts/40 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.78, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] + 2 19 18 40 #/texts/41 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [445.63, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] + 2 36 19 41 #/texts/58 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [87.7, 588.26, 125.37, 5.7] Extracting valuable metal elements from Extracting valuable metal elements from 2 37 20 42 #/texts/59 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [119.93, 596.06, 60.91, 5.7] spent LIBs materials spent LIBs materials 2 38 21 43 #/texts/60 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.74, 588.26, 130.44, 5.7] Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li 2 39 22 44 #/texts/61 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [244.79, 596.06, 98.35, 5.7] replenishment and defect repair replenishment and defect repair 2 40 23 45 #/texts/62 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [386.98, 588.26, 125.81, 5.7] Optimizing structure and composition to Optimizing structure and composition to 2 41 24 46 #/texts/63 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [405.64, 596.06, 88.48, 5.7] upgrade spent LIBs materials upgrade spent LIBs materials 2 42 25 47 #/texts/64 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.44, 627.44, 109.97, 5.7] Return back to production materials Return back to production materials 2 43 26 48 #/texts/65 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [248.74, 627.44, 90.45, 5.7] Recycled into virgin materials Recycled into virgin materials 2 44 27 49 #/texts/66 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [390.63, 627.3, 118.5, 5.7] Upgraded to next-generation materials Upgraded to next-generation materials 2 21 28 50 #/texts/43 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [143.33, 663.08, 3.37, 5.7] + 2 22 29 51 #/texts/44 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [448.22, 662.13, 6.37, 5.7] or or 2 23 30 52 #/texts/45 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [105.44, 694.98, 17.7, 5.7] Li salt Li salt 2 24 31 53 #/texts/46 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [149.28, 694.98, 55.07, 5.7] Alloy or precursor Alloy or precursor 2 27 32 54 #/texts/49 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.4, 694.98, 25.12, 7.38] LiMn 2 O4 LiMn 2 O4 2 28 33 55 #/texts/50 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [395.72, 694.98, 11.5, 5.7] LiNi LiNi 2 29 34 56 #/texts/51 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [407.21, 698.41, 6.97, 3.95] 0.5 0.5 2 30 35 57 #/texts/52 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [414.17, 694.98, 23.2, 7.38] Mn 1.5 O4 Mn 1.5 O4 2 31 36 58 #/texts/53 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [455.66, 694.98, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li 2 32 37 59 #/texts/54 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [460.78, 698.41, 5.55, 3.95] 1.2 1.2 2 33 38 60 #/texts/55 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [466.33, 694.98, 6.36, 5.7] Ni Ni 2 34 39 61 #/texts/56 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True False [472.7, 698.41, 6.82, 3.95] 0.2 0.2 2 35 40 62 #/texts/57 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [479.51, 694.98, 24.33, 7.38] Mn 0.6 O2 Mn 0.6 O2 2 11 41 63 #/texts/33 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [128.71, 716.44, 43.19, 5.7] 'Downcycling' 'Downcycling' 2 12 42 64 #/texts/34 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [276.49, 716.44, 34.94, 5.7] 'Recycling' 'Recycling' 2 13 43 65 #/texts/35 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None body_zone right None None p2:body_zone:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [432.65, 716.44, 34.29, 5.7] 'Upcycling' 'Upcycling' 2 8 44 66 #/texts/30 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin full None None p2:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 728.46, 506.1, 16.5] Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… 2 45 45 67 #/texts/67 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p2:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 2 46 46 68 #/texts/68 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p2:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.31, 763.81, 18.89, 6.99] 2414 2414 3 1 1 69 #/texts/69 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p3:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p3:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 3 2 2 70 #/texts/70 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.3, 326.14, 17.87] Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development 3 3 3 71 #/texts/71 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 203.01, 343.1, 13.76] ● Poor, ●● moderate, ●●● excellent. The evaluation is based on the average performance of various recycling technologies, although it may fluctuate depending on the specific characteristics of the recycling method emplo… ● Poor, ●● moderate, ●●● excellent. The evaluation is based on the average performance of various recycling technologies, although it may fluctuate depending on the specific characteristics of the recycling method emplo… 3 4 4 72 #/texts/72 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 239.94, 389.9, 136.43] electrode material through chemical reactions in high-temperature or liquid environments 16,17 . The material is then recombined and undergoes a series of operations before being recrystallized to produce the target pro… electrode material through chemical reactions in high-temperature or liquid environments 16,17 . The material is then recombined and undergoes a series of operations before being recrystallized to produce the target pro… 3 5 5 73 #/texts/73 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 379.54, 387.2, 100.61] In contrast, direct recycling focuses on repairing the structure of spent LIB electrode materials back to their original state. This process preserves the complete crystal structure of the electrode material, effectivel… In contrast, direct recycling focuses on repairing the structure of spent LIB electrode materials back to their original state. This process preserves the complete crystal structure of the electrode material, effectivel… 3 6 6 74 #/texts/74 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 483.33, 373.7, 66.01] Compared with metallurgical recycling methods, direct recycling is simpler, with higher efficiency. The regeneration of spent electrode materials can be achieved through straightforward separation, pretreatment and lith… Compared with metallurgical recycling methods, direct recycling is simpler, with higher efficiency. The regeneration of spent electrode materials can be achieved through straightforward separation, pretreatment and lith… 3 7 7 75 #/texts/75 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p3:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 552.52, 388.02, 169.81] However, the pace of technological progress is accelerating, and the industry's performance benchmarks for LIBs are continuously evolving. In a period of rapid technological iteration, even if spent LIBs are directly re… However, the pace of technological progress is accelerating, and the industry's performance benchmarks for LIBs are continuously evolving. In a period of rapid technological iteration, even if spent LIBs are directly re… 3 8 8 76 #/texts/76 text body True None body body True p3:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p3:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 725.5, 374.07, 19.88] Table 1 provides a comprehensive evaluation of three recycling technologies at different stages of development across various dimensions, such as economic performance, Table 1 provides a comprehensive evaluation of three recycling technologies at different stages of development across various dimensions, such as economic performance, 3 9 9 77 #/texts/77 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p3:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p3:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 3 10 10 78 #/texts/78 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p3:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.42, 763.81, 18.55, 6.99] 2415 2415 4 1 1 79 #/texts/79 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p4:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 4 2 2 80 #/texts/80 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p4:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.29, 315.92, 7.87] Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods 4 3 3 81 #/texts/81 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p4:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.07, 104.72, 6.0] ● Poor, ●● , moderate, ●●● excellent. ● Poor, ●● , moderate, ●●● excellent. 4 4 4 82 #/texts/82 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 241.16, 389.26, 42.94] environmental impact and technical efficiency. The assessment is based on the results of a techno-economic analysis of the direct recycling and upcycling cases described in this protocol, with hydrometallurgy serving as… environmental impact and technical efficiency. The assessment is based on the results of a techno-economic analysis of the direct recycling and upcycling cases described in this protocol, with hydrometallurgy serving as… 4 5 5 83 #/texts/83 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 287.28, 369.99, 54.47] Our results indicate that direct recycling and upcycling offer higher economic returns, reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with existing techniques. Their shorter, more streamlined pr… Our results indicate that direct recycling and upcycling offer higher economic returns, reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with existing techniques. Their shorter, more streamlined pr… 4 6 6 84 #/texts/84 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 355.94, 288.03, 9.04] Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials 4 7 7 85 #/texts/85 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 368.01, 387.38, 112.14] For LIBs, cathode materials are the most expensive components, containing high-value metals such as Li, Co and Ni, making them the most valuable for recycling. As a result, battery recycling efforts focus mainly on the … For LIBs, cathode materials are the most expensive components, containing high-value metals such as Li, Co and Ni, making them the most valuable for recycling. As a result, battery recycling efforts focus mainly on the … 4 8 8 86 #/texts/86 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 483.33, 380.17, 77.55] However, due to the complex failure mechanisms of spent cathode materials and the varying phase transition paths during both the repair and synthesis processes, the conversion behavior of exogenous Li salts becomes more… However, due to the complex failure mechanisms of spent cathode materials and the varying phase transition paths during both the repair and synthesis processes, the conversion behavior of exogenous Li salts becomes more… 4 9 9 87 #/texts/87 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 564.06, 389.61, 89.08] Moreover, advancements in material synthesis technology have paved the way for innovations in direct regeneration. Recently, researchers have introduced a fast Joule heating synthesis method, which utilizes the heat gen… Moreover, advancements in material synthesis technology have paved the way for innovations in direct regeneration. Recently, researchers have introduced a fast Joule heating synthesis method, which utilizes the heat gen… 4 10 10 88 #/texts/88 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p4:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 656.31, 386.8, 89.06] Table 2 compares the key parameters of the five direct regeneration methods, including their applicability, recycling effectiveness, process efficiency, environmental impact, cost and processing capacity. Overall, the d… Table 2 compares the key parameters of the five direct regeneration methods, including their applicability, recycling effectiveness, process efficiency, environmental impact, cost and processing capacity. Overall, the d… 4 11 11 89 #/texts/89 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p4:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p4:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 4 12 12 90 #/texts/90 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p4:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.3, 763.81, 18.9, 6.99] 2416 2416 5 1 1 91 #/texts/91 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 5 2 2 92 #/texts/92 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p5:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.31, 370.13, 19.88] regeneration method as representative techniques to illustrate the overall process of direct recycling for spent LIBs cathode materials. regeneration method as representative techniques to illustrate the overall process of direct recycling for spent LIBs cathode materials. 5 3 3 93 #/texts/93 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 page_body left None None p5:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.37, 236.82, 9.04] Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials 5 4 4 94 #/texts/94 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p5:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 160.44, 389.94, 169.8] The main upcycling pathways for spent cathode materials can be categorized into two types. The first involves cases in which the structure and composition of the spent materials are largely similar to the target product… The main upcycling pathways for spent cathode materials can be categorized into two types. The first involves cases in which the structure and composition of the spent materials are largely similar to the target product… 5 5 5 95 #/texts/95 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p5:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 333.42, 385.04, 192.86] In another scenario, the spent material differs from the target product not only in characteristics and performance indicators but also in structure or composition. The conventional approach in such cases is to first do… In another scenario, the spent material differs from the target product not only in characteristics and performance indicators but also in structure or composition. The conventional approach in such cases is to first do… 5 6 6 96 #/texts/96 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p5:body_region:0 page_body left None None p5:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 540.45, 129.16, 9.04] Applications of the protocol Applications of the protocol 5 7 7 97 #/texts/97 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p5:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 552.53, 389.87, 192.82] The main applications of this technique are direct recycling and upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. This technique bridges the gap between waste management and material performance enhancement, providing practi… The main applications of this technique are direct recycling and upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. This technique bridges the gap between waste management and material performance enhancement, providing practi… 5 8 8 98 #/texts/98 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p5:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p5:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 5 9 9 99 #/texts/99 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p5:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.86, 763.81, 18.11, 6.99] 2417 2417 6 1 1 100 #/texts/100 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 6 2 2 101 #/texts/101 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 113.77, 123.62, 9.04] Limitations of the protocol Limitations of the protocol 6 3 3 102 #/texts/102 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 125.84, 370.16, 19.88] Although the direct regeneration strategy described in this protocol can be applied to most spent cathode materials, certain limitations remain. Although the direct regeneration strategy described in this protocol can be applied to most spent cathode materials, certain limitations remain. 6 4 4 103 #/texts/103 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.9, 385.02, 66.0] First, the current technology heavily relies on accurate analysis and judgment of the failure state of spent materials. Moreover, there is no universal direct recycling strategy applicable to cathode materials of differ… First, the current technology heavily relies on accurate analysis and judgment of the failure state of spent materials. Moreover, there is no universal direct recycling strategy applicable to cathode materials of differ… 6 5 5 104 #/texts/104 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.07, 382.46, 54.47] Second, as an industry-oriented research topic, direct regeneration technology for spent LIBs ultimately needs to be scaled for production applications at the tonnage level or beyond. Experience from scaling up laborato… Second, as an industry-oriented research topic, direct regeneration technology for spent LIBs ultimately needs to be scaled for production applications at the tonnage level or beyond. Experience from scaling up laborato… 6 6 6 105 #/texts/105 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 275.72, 385.9, 31.41] Third, no direct regeneration strategy currently exists that is broadly effective for complex mixed cathodes. We will continue to focus on developing a general direct regeneration strategy suitable for large-scale appli… Third, no direct regeneration strategy currently exists that is broadly effective for complex mixed cathodes. We will continue to focus on developing a general direct regeneration strategy suitable for large-scale appli… 6 7 7 106 #/texts/106 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 310.31, 355.51, 19.88] As an emerging technology, Joule heating still faces notable limitations in the direct regeneration of spent LIB materials. As an emerging technology, Joule heating still faces notable limitations in the direct regeneration of spent LIB materials. 6 8 8 107 #/texts/107 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.36, 376.85, 77.53] One major challenge is large-scale implementation. Although Joule heating has demonstrated industrial-level productivity for graphene, research on synthesizing inorganic materials with this method remains limited to gra… One major challenge is large-scale implementation. Although Joule heating has demonstrated industrial-level productivity for graphene, research on synthesizing inorganic materials with this method remains limited to gra… 6 9 9 108 #/texts/108 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 414.07, 388.21, 54.47] Moreover, optimizing Joule heating conditions presents another hurdle. The relevant parameters-such as heating temperature, heating/cooling rates and the number of pulses-can be adjusted across a wide range. However, be… Moreover, optimizing Joule heating conditions presents another hurdle. The relevant parameters-such as heating temperature, heating/cooling rates and the number of pulses-can be adjusted across a wide range. However, be… 6 10 10 109 #/texts/109 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.71, 382.83, 42.94] Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the direct upcycling strategy described in this protocol requires a case-by-case evaluation before designing a plan. This involves analyzing the feasibility of the phase transition pa… Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the direct upcycling strategy described in this protocol requires a case-by-case evaluation before designing a plan. This involves analyzing the feasibility of the phase transition pa… 6 11 11 110 #/texts/110 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 528.92, 121.54, 9.04] Overview of the procedure Overview of the procedure 6 12 12 111 #/texts/111 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 540.99, 183.24, 8.35] The procedure is divided into five main parts: The procedure is divided into five main parts: 6 13 13 112 #/texts/112 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 552.52, 191.49, 8.35] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 6 14 14 113 #/texts/113 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 564.05, 181.95, 8.35] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 6 15 15 114 #/texts/114 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 575.58, 258.92, 8.35] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 6 16 16 115 #/texts/115 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 587.11, 202.86, 8.35] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 6 17 17 116 #/texts/116 list_item body_heading False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 598.64, 181.18, 8.35] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 6 18 18 117 #/texts/117 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p6:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 610.17, 385.1, 66.03] The overall experimental design of this protocol is illustrated in Fig. 2. We selected LiMn 2 O4 as the representative material for two key reasons. First, most research papers often overlook the development of direct r… The overall experimental design of this protocol is illustrated in Fig. 2. We selected LiMn 2 O4 as the representative material for two key reasons. First, most research papers often overlook the development of direct r… 6 19 19 118 #/texts/118 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p6:body_region:0 page_body left None None p6:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.97, 192.72, 7.87] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 6 20 20 119 #/texts/119 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p6:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 702.44, 384.19, 42.94] We began by obtaining a spent pouch cell with LiMn 2 O4 as the cathode material from a manufacturer that we are collaborating with. After fully discharging the cell by soaking it in salt water, it was manually disassemb… We began by obtaining a spent pouch cell with LiMn 2 O4 as the cathode material from a manufacturer that we are collaborating with. After fully discharging the cell by soaking it in salt water, it was manually disassemb… 6 21 21 120 #/texts/120 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p6:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 6 22 22 121 #/texts/121 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p6:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.44, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] 2418 2418 7 1 1 122 #/texts/122 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 7 32 2 123 #/texts/153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:off_white [246, 247, 249] off_white False False [63.78, 117.32, 38.08, 5.7] Disassembly Disassembly 7 33 3 124 #/texts/154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 251] white False False [191.45, 117.32, 31.52, 5.7] Ingredient Ingredient 7 54 4 125 #/texts/175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [384.94, 117.46, 75.37, 5.7] Recycling and upcycling Recycling and upcycling 7 9 5 126 #/texts/130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True False [167.51, 141.25, 4.55, 2.63] 2.0 2.0 7 10 6 127 #/texts/131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [182.45, 141.85, 15.86, 2.63] Theoretical Theoretical 7 11 7 128 #/texts/132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [182.45, 145.97, 9.49, 2.63] S-LMO S-LMO 7 55 8 129 #/texts/176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.06, 142.55, 64.1, 5.7] Solid phase sintering Solid phase sintering 7 75 9 130 #/texts/196 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [191, 188, 185] gray True True [423.64, 144.91, 21.66, 3.51] Convection Convection 7 90 10 131 #/texts/211 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [503.23, 145.83, 47.06, 5.7] repair products repair products 7 89 11 132 #/texts/210 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [505.5, 138.03, 42.52, 5.7] Conventional Conventional 7 30 12 133 #/texts/151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 149.78, 5.7, 57.57] Spent LMO battery Spent LMO battery 7 34 13 134 #/texts/155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [155.53, 152.28, 5.7, 51.37] Failure diagnosis Failure diagnosis 7 6 14 135 #/texts/127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [167.41, 169.82, 4.65, 2.63] 0.5 0.5 7 7 15 136 #/texts/128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True False [167.98, 160.29, 4.09, 2.63] 1.0 1.0 7 8 16 137 #/texts/129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [224, 224, 224] gray True False [168.26, 150.78, 3.8, 2.63] 1.5 1.5 7 5 17 138 #/texts/126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [170.02, 179.33, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 7 100 18 139 #/texts/221 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [216, 216, 216] gray True True [173.05, 191.23, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 111 19 140 #/texts/232 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [196, 196, 196] gray True False [175.35, 214.14, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 7 101 20 141 #/texts/222 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [178.34, 193.73, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 110 21 142 #/texts/231 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [207, 207, 207] gray True False [180.63, 216.35, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 7 102 22 143 #/texts/223 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [216, 216, 216] gray True False [183.7, 196.29, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 3 23 144 #/texts/124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [184.0, 183.04, 2.37, 2.63] Li Li 7 109 24 145 #/texts/230 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True False [186.58, 219.01, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 7 103 25 146 #/texts/224 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [189.67, 198.51, 2.63, 19.87] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 7 108 26 147 #/texts/229 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [185, 185, 185] gray True True [192.07, 221.96, 2.16, 1.75] 10 10 7 112 27 148 #/texts/233 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [199.55, 221.96, 2.47, 1.75] 20 20 7 4 28 149 #/texts/125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [201.69, 183.04, 4.36, 2.63] Mn Mn 7 104 29 150 #/texts/225 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [204.84, 200.24, 9.49, 2.63] S-LMO S-LMO 7 113 30 151 #/texts/234 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True True [206.91, 221.96, 2.57, 1.75] 30 30 7 114 31 152 #/texts/235 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True True [214.23, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] 40 40 7 105 32 153 #/texts/226 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [170, 170, 170] gray True True [215.39, 225.03, 1.66, 2.63] 2 2 7 106 33 154 #/texts/227 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [217.06, 225.07, 1.84, 2.58] θ 7 107 34 155 #/texts/228 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [232, 232, 232] gray True False [218.9, 225.03, 4.01, 2.63] (°) 7 119 35 156 #/texts/240 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [221.81, 221.96, 2.54, 1.75] 50 50 7 120 36 157 #/texts/241 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [229.04, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] 60 60 7 115 37 158 #/texts/236 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [229.69, 199.97, 9.18, 1.75] Observed Observed 7 116 38 159 #/texts/237 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [229.69, 202.1, 10.22, 1.75] Calculated Calculated 7 117 39 160 #/texts/238 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True False [229.69, 204.37, 4.6, 1.75] Error Error 7 118 40 161 #/texts/239 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [229.69, 206.58, 13.67, 1.75] Bragg position Bragg position 7 121 41 162 #/texts/242 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [236.67, 221.96, 2.41, 1.75] 70 70 7 122 42 163 #/texts/243 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [168, 168, 168] gray True True [244.01, 221.96, 2.58, 1.75] 80 80 7 77 43 164 #/texts/198 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [292.79, 168.45, 5.7, 37.76] Heating rod Heating rod 7 28 44 165 #/texts/149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [387.82, 196.73, 3.51, 32.44] Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 7 27 45 166 #/texts/148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [391.79, 197.93, 8.17, 2.63] 1,000 1,000 7 25 46 167 #/texts/146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [184, 184, 184] gray True True [394.02, 210.06, 5.94, 2.63] 600 600 7 24 47 168 #/texts/145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [198, 198, 198] gray True True [394.03, 216.13, 5.94, 2.63] 400 400 7 26 48 169 #/texts/147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [190, 190, 190] gray True True [394.06, 204.0, 5.91, 2.63] 800 800 7 23 49 170 #/texts/144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [198, 198, 198] gray True True [394.22, 222.18, 5.75, 2.63] 200 200 7 22 50 171 #/texts/143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [220, 220, 220] gray True False [397.92, 228.25, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 7 74 51 172 #/texts/195 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [142, 142, 142] gray True True [403.18, 151.36, 3.51, 17.61] Radiation Radiation 7 70 52 173 #/texts/191 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [405.44, 187.6, 57.02, 5.7] Thermal flow drive Thermal flow drive 7 73 53 174 #/texts/194 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [421.8, 211.25, 16.84, 5.7] ~ 16 h ~ 16 h 7 76 54 175 #/texts/197 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [138, 135, 133] gray True True [423.56, 172.24, 22.14, 3.51] Conduction Conduction 7 95 55 176 #/texts/216 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True False [502.09, 219.89, 4.82, 11.1] LMR LMR 7 94 56 177 #/texts/215 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [502.14, 187.07, 4.82, 16.09] LNMO LNMO 7 93 57 178 #/texts/214 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [502.35, 161.11, 4.82, 12.11] LMO LMO 7 12 58 179 #/texts/133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [401.2, 232.32, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 7 13 59 180 #/texts/134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [408.95, 232.32, 1.66, 2.63] 2 2 7 14 60 181 #/texts/135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [416.42, 232.32, 1.85, 2.63] 4 4 7 15 61 182 #/texts/136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True True [423.96, 232.32, 1.86, 2.63] 6 6 7 29 62 183 #/texts/150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True False [428.62, 236.82, 15.2, 3.51] Time (h) Time (h) 7 16 63 184 #/texts/137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [431.54, 232.32, 1.82, 2.63] 8 8 7 17 64 185 #/texts/138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [194, 194, 194] gray True True [438.38, 232.32, 3.24, 2.63] 10 10 7 18 65 186 #/texts/139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [446.14, 232.32, 2.86, 2.63] 12 12 7 19 66 187 #/texts/140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [453.58, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] 14 14 7 20 67 188 #/texts/141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [192, 192, 192] gray True True [461.14, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] 16 16 7 21 68 189 #/texts/142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [468.73, 232.32, 3.02, 2.63] 18 18 7 48 69 190 #/texts/169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [168.05, 267.54, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li 7 49 70 191 #/texts/170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [173.18, 271.34, 5.67, 3.95] 1-x 1-x 7 50 71 192 #/texts/171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [178.86, 267.54, 15.83, 7.74] Mn 2-y Mn 2-y 7 51 72 193 #/texts/172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.69, 267.54, 8.05, 7.74] O 4 O 4 7 52 73 194 #/texts/173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [200.38, 257.29, 24.75, 5.7] Li ? Ni ? Li ? Ni ? 7 38 74 195 #/texts/159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [225.8, 267.66, 11.5, 5.7] LiNi LiNi 7 35 75 196 #/texts/156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [233.75, 257.29, 14.59, 5.7] LiMn LiMn 7 39 76 197 #/texts/160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [237.3, 271.46, 6.98, 3.95] 0.5 0.5 7 40 77 198 #/texts/161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [244.27, 267.66, 15.16, 7.75] Mn 1.5 Mn 1.5 7 36 78 199 #/texts/157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:gray [224, 224, 224] gray True False [248.33, 261.09, 2.49, 3.95] 2 2 7 37 79 200 #/texts/158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [250.83, 257.29, 8.05, 7.74] O 4 O 4 7 41 80 201 #/texts/162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [259.43, 267.66, 8.05, 7.75] O 4 O 4 7 56 81 202 #/texts/177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.06, 261.43, 40.85, 5.7] Joule heating Joule heating 7 78 82 203 #/texts/199 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [348.35, 272.45, 41.0, 5.7] Temperature Temperature 7 82 83 204 #/texts/203 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [209, 213, 213] gray True False [408.81, 273.36, 3.42, 5.7] - 7 83 84 205 #/texts/204 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [202, 203, 203] gray True True [427.81, 259.25, 14.21, 3.51] Electric Electric 7 84 85 206 #/texts/205 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [168, 170, 169] gray True True [430.74, 264.05, 8.36, 3.51] field field 7 86 86 207 #/texts/207 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:colored [210, 195, 146] colored False True [438.09, 273.39, 2.76, 2.92] e - e - 7 81 87 208 #/texts/202 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [208, 212, 211] gray True True [456.29, 274.01, 3.37, 5.7] + 7 91 88 209 #/texts/212 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [499.99, 257.38, 49.04, 5.7] Nonequilibrium Nonequilibrium 7 92 89 210 #/texts/213 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [500.98, 265.18, 47.06, 5.7] repair products repair products 7 31 90 211 #/texts/152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 274.33, 5.7, 59.17] Spent LMO powder Spent LMO powder 7 88 91 212 #/texts/209 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [55.01, 312.73, 5.7, 38.62] Li deficiency Li deficiency 7 87 92 213 #/texts/208 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [124.01, 310.57, 5.7, 42.93] Mn deficiency Mn deficiency 7 53 93 214 #/texts/174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [155.53, 283.65, 5.7, 56.49] Mixing ingredients Mixing ingredients 7 42 94 215 #/texts/163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [222.76, 277.11, 5.13, 5.7] Li Li 7 43 95 216 #/texts/164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.89, 280.9, 5.56, 3.95] 1.2 1.2 7 44 96 217 #/texts/165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [233.45, 277.11, 6.36, 5.7] Ni Ni 7 45 97 218 #/texts/166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [239.81, 280.9, 6.83, 3.95] 0.2 0.2 7 46 98 219 #/texts/167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.64, 277.11, 16.57, 7.74] Mn 0.6 Mn 0.6 7 47 99 220 #/texts/168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.21, 277.11, 7.77, 7.74] O 2 O 2 7 80 100 221 #/texts/201 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.49, 296.8, 5.7, 47.87] Power interface Power interface 7 79 101 222 #/texts/200 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [358.75, 280.25, 20.19, 5.7] sensor sensor 7 69 102 223 #/texts/190 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True False [386.38, 315.28, 3.51, 32.44] Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 7 67 103 224 #/texts/188 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True False [392.29, 317.37, 7.79, 2.63] 1,200 1,200 7 66 104 225 #/texts/187 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [185, 185, 185] gray True True [394.14, 324.44, 5.95, 2.63] 900 900 7 65 105 226 #/texts/186 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [394.14, 331.5, 5.94, 2.63] 600 600 7 64 106 227 #/texts/185 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [394.19, 338.57, 5.9, 2.63] 300 300 7 63 107 228 #/texts/184 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [188, 188, 188] gray True True [398.04, 345.64, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 7 57 108 229 #/texts/178 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [401.81, 349.7, 2.04, 2.63] 0 0 7 71 109 230 #/texts/192 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [415.45, 306.73, 39.46, 5.58] Electric drive Electric drive 7 58 110 231 #/texts/179 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [415.53, 349.7, 1.81, 2.63] 3 3 7 59 111 232 #/texts/180 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [196, 196, 196] gray True True [429.11, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] 6 6 7 85 112 233 #/texts/206 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p7:body_region:0 page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:colored [212, 194, 148] colored False False [429.45, 275.13, 2.76, 2.92] e - e - 7 60 113 234 #/texts/181 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [442.7, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] 9 9 7 72 114 235 #/texts/193 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [444.18, 322.75, 14.14, 5.7] ~15 s ~15 s 7 61 115 236 #/texts/182 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [217, 217, 217] gray True False [455.8, 349.7, 2.86, 2.63] 12 12 7 62 116 237 #/texts/183 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [187, 187, 187] gray True False [469.36, 349.7, 2.96, 2.63] 15 15 7 96 117 238 #/texts/217 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [502.09, 280.75, 4.82, 12.11] LMO LMO 7 97 118 239 #/texts/218 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True False [502.09, 306.71, 4.82, 16.09] LNMO LNMO 7 98 119 240 #/texts/219 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [502.09, 339.53, 4.82, 11.1] LMR LMR 7 99 120 241 #/texts/220 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [550.0, 277.93, 4.82, 68.46] Beneficial defect structure Beneficial defect structure 7 68 121 242 #/texts/189 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p7:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [428.07, 353.76, 14.73, 3.51] Time (s) Time (s) 7 2 122 243 #/texts/123 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 367.97, 242.92, 26.5] Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… 7 123 123 244 #/texts/244 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 367.97, 240.94, 26.5] additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. 7 124 124 245 #/texts/245 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 425.67, 388.2, 54.47] reaction products, and the cathode material powder was physically separated from the Al foil current collector. The powder was then ground, sieved to remove large particles and impurities, and washed with 1-methyl-2-pyr… reaction products, and the cathode material powder was physically separated from the Al foil current collector. The powder was then ground, sieved to remove large particles and impurities, and washed with 1-methyl-2-pyr… 7 125 125 246 #/texts/246 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body left None None p7:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 494.92, 183.55, 7.87] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 7 126 126 247 #/texts/247 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 506.39, 385.16, 77.53] To optimize the regeneration process and minimize material waste, failure analysis was performed on the powders using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) tes… To optimize the regeneration process and minimize material waste, failure analysis was performed on the powders using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) tes… 7 127 127 248 #/texts/248 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p7:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p7:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 598.69, 264.17, 7.87] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 7 128 128 249 #/texts/249 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p7:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 610.16, 383.85, 135.23] The spent materials were then directly recycled using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat-assisted regeneration methods, employing a muffle furnace and Joule heat device, respectively. For the solid-phase method, ad… The spent materials were then directly recycled using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat-assisted regeneration methods, employing a muffle furnace and Joule heat device, respectively. For the solid-phase method, ad… 7 129 129 250 #/texts/250 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p7:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p7:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 7 130 130 251 #/texts/251 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p7:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.11, 763.81, 18.86, 6.99] 2419 2419 8 1 1 252 #/texts/252 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p8:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 8 2 2 253 #/texts/253 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.37, 204.38, 7.87] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 8 3 3 254 #/texts/254 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 125.84, 353.53, 66.0] The regenerated cathode materials were characterized using multiple techniques: ICP-OES to confirm elemental replenishment, XRD to assess phase evolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze microscopic morpho… The regenerated cathode materials were characterized using multiple techniques: ICP-OES to confirm elemental replenishment, XRD to assess phase evolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze microscopic morpho… 8 4 4 255 #/texts/255 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 206.61, 180.81, 7.87] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 8 5 5 256 #/texts/256 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.08, 384.26, 54.47] Finally, to evaluate the regeneration and upcycling performance, the recycled material powder was mixed with NMP and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), coated onto Al foil to fabricate electrodes and assembled into half-… Finally, to evaluate the regeneration and upcycling performance, the recycled material powder was mixed with NMP and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), coated onto Al foil to fabricate electrodes and assembled into half-… 8 6 6 257 #/texts/257 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 286.75, 113.12, 9.04] Key steps of the protocol Key steps of the protocol 8 7 7 258 #/texts/258 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 298.82, 379.46, 19.88] Based on experimental experience, the key steps affecting the direct regeneration process for interdisciplinary researchers new to this field are as follows: Based on experimental experience, the key steps affecting the direct regeneration process for interdisciplinary researchers new to this field are as follows: 8 8 8 259 #/texts/259 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 321.88, 220.5, 8.35] Thoroughly discharge the spent batteries (Step 3). Thoroughly discharge the spent batteries (Step 3). 8 9 9 260 #/texts/260 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.41, 378.72, 19.88] Effectively clean the collected cathode material powder to completely remove impurities (Steps 11-17). Effectively clean the collected cathode material powder to completely remove impurities (Steps 11-17). 8 10 10 261 #/texts/261 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.47, 387.56, 19.88] Accurately determine the lithium replenishment amount on the basis of failure analysis and the lithium replenishment mechanism (Steps 40, 42). Accurately determine the lithium replenishment amount on the basis of failure analysis and the lithium replenishment mechanism (Steps 40, 42). 8 11 11 262 #/texts/262 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 379.53, 377.99, 19.88] Optimize the heat treatment process by setting the environment, temperature, duration, and procedure according to the material's condition (Steps 51, 67, 73, 76). Optimize the heat treatment process by setting the environment, temperature, duration, and procedure according to the material's condition (Steps 51, 67, 73, 76). 8 12 12 263 #/texts/263 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 402.58, 225.67, 8.35] Water washing and re-sintering steps (Steps 52-56). Water washing and re-sintering steps (Steps 52-56). 8 13 13 264 #/texts/264 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 425.71, 74.16, 7.87] Special reminder Special reminder 8 14 14 265 #/texts/265 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 437.21, 388.69, 89.06] Before adopting the processes described in research papers claiming to achieve direct recycling of spent cathode materials, carefully examine the charge and discharge curves of the spent cathode materials presented in t… Before adopting the processes described in research papers claiming to achieve direct recycling of spent cathode materials, carefully examine the charge and discharge curves of the spent cathode materials presented in t… 8 15 15 266 #/texts/266 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p8:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 551.98, 49.91, 9.84] Materials Materials 8 16 16 267 #/texts/267 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p8:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 586.58, 42.83, 9.04] Reagents Reagents 8 17 17 268 #/texts/268 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p8:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 598.65, 387.18, 100.58] ▲ CAUTION Some reagents used in this protocol are volatile solvents or strong acids that can corrode the skin or damage the respiratory system. The experiment must be conducted in a qualified chemical laboratory equippe… ▲ CAUTION Some reagents used in this protocol are volatile solvents or strong acids that can corrode the skin or damage the respiratory system. The experiment must be conducted in a qualified chemical laboratory equippe… 8 18 18 269 #/texts/269 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p8:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 702.42, 234.96, 9.44] Spent lithium manganate pouch cell (LiMn 2 O4, Ronbay) Spent lithium manganate pouch cell (LiMn 2 O4, Ronbay) 8 19 19 270 #/texts/270 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 713.97, 366.19, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Spent lithium-ion pouch cells pose a fire hazard. When heated, ruptured or exhibiting abnormal phenomena such as bloating, they can burn or explode. Store them in explosion-proof boxes whenever possible. ▲ CAUTION Spent lithium-ion pouch cells pose a fire hazard. When heated, ruptured or exhibiting abnormal phenomena such as bloating, they can burn or explode. Store them in explosion-proof boxes whenever possible. 8 20 20 271 #/texts/271 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p8:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 8 21 21 272 #/texts/272 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p8:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.48, 763.81, 20.72, 6.99] 2420 2420 9 1 1 273 #/texts/273 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 9 2 2 274 #/texts/274 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 114.31, 238.81, 8.35] Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. S805275) Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. S805275) 9 3 3 275 #/texts/275 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 125.84, 165.91, 8.35] DMC (98%, Macklin, cat. no. D807386) DMC (98%, Macklin, cat. no. D807386) 9 4 4 276 #/texts/276 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 137.37, 354.52, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION DMC is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… ▲ CAUTION DMC is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… 9 5 5 277 #/texts/277 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 183.49, 175.64, 8.35] NMP (>99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. M813015) NMP (>99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. M813015) 9 6 6 278 #/texts/278 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 195.03, 366.76, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION NMP is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… ▲ CAUTION NMP is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… 9 7 7 279 #/texts/279 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 229.62, 186.26, 8.35] Phytic acid (50%, Macklin, cat. no. P816021) Phytic acid (50%, Macklin, cat. no. P816021) 9 8 8 280 #/texts/280 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 241.16, 362.64, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION Phytic acid is strongly acidic. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in a cool and dry place. ▲ CAUTION Phytic acid is strongly acidic. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in a cool and dry place. 9 9 9 281 #/texts/281 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 264.22, 228.83, 8.35] Anhydrous ethanol (99.7%, Macklin, cat. no. E809061) Anhydrous ethanol (99.7%, Macklin, cat. no. E809061) 9 10 10 282 #/texts/282 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 275.76, 357.39, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION Anhydrous ethanol is highly volatile and extremely flammable. Keep it away from heat sources during both use and storage. ▲ CAUTION Anhydrous ethanol is highly volatile and extremely flammable. Keep it away from heat sources during both use and storage. 9 11 11 283 #/texts/283 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 298.82, 246.19, 8.35] Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%, Macklin, cat. no. S835850) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%, Macklin, cat. no. S835850) 9 12 12 284 #/texts/284 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 310.35, 360.75, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION NaOH is a strong alkali with serious irritant and corrosive properties. Its dust or fumes can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause burns. Always wear protec… ▲ CAUTION NaOH is a strong alkali with serious irritant and corrosive properties. Its dust or fumes can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause burns. Always wear protec… 9 13 13 285 #/texts/285 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 356.47, 292.17, 8.35] Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Aladdin, cat. no. H399657) Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Aladdin, cat. no. H399657) 9 14 14 286 #/texts/286 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 368.01, 370.71, 54.47] ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HCl is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause… ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HCl is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause… 9 15 15 287 #/texts/287 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 425.66, 299.07, 9.43] Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) 9 16 16 288 #/texts/288 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 437.21, 370.71, 54.47] ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HNO3 is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can caus… ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HNO3 is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can caus… 9 17 17 289 #/texts/289 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 494.85, 253.95, 9.43] Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) 9 18 18 290 #/texts/290 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 506.4, 328.0, 8.35] ▲ CAUTION Store in ventilated dry place, pay attention to prevent rain and water. ▲ CAUTION Store in ventilated dry place, pay attention to prevent rain and water. 9 19 19 291 #/texts/291 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 517.93, 241.12, 8.35] Lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 98%, Macklin, cat. no. L812391) Lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 98%, Macklin, cat. no. L812391) 9 20 20 292 #/texts/292 list_item affiliation False medium outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 529.46, 348.75, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… 9 21 21 293 #/texts/293 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 564.05, 261.45, 9.42] Lithium acetate (CH 3 COOLi, 99.99%, Aladdin, cat. no. L118858) Lithium acetate (CH 3 COOLi, 99.99%, Aladdin, cat. no. L118858) 9 22 22 294 #/texts/294 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 575.59, 4.88, 8.35] · 9 23 23 295 #/texts/295 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 575.59, 202.13, 8.35] Nickel oxide (NiO, 99%, Aladdin, cat. no. N108314) Nickel oxide (NiO, 99%, Aladdin, cat. no. N108314) 9 24 24 296 #/texts/296 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 587.12, 355.52, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION May cause sensitization by skin contact. May cause cancer by inhalation. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat so… ▲ CAUTION May cause sensitization by skin contact. May cause cancer by inhalation. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat so… 9 25 25 297 #/texts/297 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 621.71, 217.49, 8.35] Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) 9 26 26 298 #/texts/298 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 633.24, 165.63, 8.35] PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) 9 27 27 299 #/texts/299 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 644.78, 353.74, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION PVDF is prone to decomposition when exposed to water. Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. ▲ CAUTION PVDF is prone to decomposition when exposed to water. Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. 9 28 28 300 #/texts/300 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 667.84, 246.18, 8.35] Acetylene black (99.9%, Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CO-040161) Acetylene black (99.9%, Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CO-040161) 9 29 29 301 #/texts/301 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p9:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 679.37, 228.43, 8.35] Aluminum foil (99.999%, Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY05748) Aluminum foil (99.999%, Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY05748) 9 30 30 302 #/texts/302 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p9:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 690.9, 379.24, 19.89] Lithium ion battery electrolyte (1 M LiPF 6 solution in EC:DMC:DEC of 1:1:1 vol%, DoDoChem, cat. no. 21324-40-3) Lithium ion battery electrolyte (1 M LiPF 6 solution in EC:DMC:DEC of 1:1:1 vol%, DoDoChem, cat. no. 21324-40-3) 9 31 31 303 #/texts/303 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p9:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 713.97, 345.95, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION Electrolyte is a slightly toxic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in glove box. ▲ CAUTION Electrolyte is a slightly toxic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in glove box. 9 32 32 304 #/texts/304 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None bottom_margin left None None p9:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 737.03, 182.17, 8.35] Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) 9 33 33 305 #/texts/305 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p9:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 9 34 34 306 #/texts/306 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p9:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.51, 763.81, 18.46, 6.99] 2421 2421 10 1 1 307 #/texts/307 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 10 2 2 308 #/texts/308 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 114.31, 208.11, 8.35] Li metal chip (Li, China Aviation Lithium Battery) Li metal chip (Li, China Aviation Lithium Battery) 10 3 3 309 #/texts/309 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 125.84, 369.97, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Li metal is highly reactive and corrosive, capable of causing irritation or burns to the eyes and skin. It oxidizes and deteriorates quickly when exposed to air, releasing hydrogen and potentially producing sp… ▲ CAUTION Li metal is highly reactive and corrosive, capable of causing irritation or burns to the eyes and skin. It oxidizes and deteriorates quickly when exposed to air, releasing hydrogen and potentially producing sp… 10 4 4 310 #/texts/310 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 171.96, 309.75, 8.36] Commercial LiMn2O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-001601) Commercial LiMn2O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-001601) 10 5 5 311 #/texts/311 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 183.5, 301.71, 8.35] ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. 10 6 6 312 #/texts/312 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 195.03, 329.69, 9.41] Commercial Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-0043) Commercial Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-0043) 10 7 7 313 #/texts/313 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 206.57, 301.71, 8.35] ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. 10 8 8 314 #/texts/314 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 218.1, 331.94, 9.41] Commercial LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-000103) Commercial LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-000103) 10 9 9 315 #/texts/315 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 229.63, 301.7, 8.35] ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. 10 10 10 316 #/texts/316 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 252.15, 51.43, 9.04] Equipment Equipment 10 11 11 317 #/texts/317 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 264.23, 280.29, 8.35] Deionized pure water machine (Ulupure, model no. UPH-11-10TNP) Deionized pure water machine (Ulupure, model no. UPH-11-10TNP) 10 12 12 318 #/texts/318 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 275.76, 343.57, 19.88] Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) 10 13 13 319 #/texts/319 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 298.81, 199.12, 8.35] Digital multimeter (Victor, model no. VC890C) Digital multimeter (Victor, model no. VC890C) 10 14 14 320 #/texts/320 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 310.34, 286.45, 8.35] Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) 10 15 15 321 #/texts/321 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 321.89, 367.79, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use and ensure the environment is ventilated to avoid affect the sintering process. Always wear h… ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use and ensure the environment is ventilated to avoid affect the sintering process. Always wear h… 10 16 16 322 #/texts/322 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 368.0, 324.84, 8.35] Constant temperature blast oven (Shanghai Jinghong, model no. DHG-9031A) Constant temperature blast oven (Shanghai Jinghong, model no. DHG-9031A) 10 17 17 323 #/texts/323 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 379.55, 372.96, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. 10 18 18 324 #/texts/324 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 414.13, 339.58, 8.35] Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) 10 19 19 325 #/texts/325 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 425.67, 372.96, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. 10 20 20 326 #/texts/326 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 460.26, 195.58, 8.35] Filtration device (Delvstlab, model no. 250ml) Filtration device (Delvstlab, model no. 250ml) 10 21 21 327 #/texts/327 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 471.79, 267.47, 8.35] Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) 10 22 22 328 #/texts/328 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 483.32, 254.39, 8.35] Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) 10 23 23 329 #/texts/329 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 494.85, 285.71, 8.35] Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) 10 24 24 330 #/texts/330 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 506.4, 353.22, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Inert gas protection equipment. Water content less than 0.01 ppm, oxygen content less than 0.01 ppm. During the operation, care should be taken to protect the working gloves from being damaged. ▲ CAUTION Inert gas protection equipment. Water content less than 0.01 ppm, oxygen content less than 0.01 ppm. During the operation, care should be taken to protect the working gloves from being damaged. 10 25 25 331 #/texts/331 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 540.99, 328.63, 8.35] Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) 10 26 26 332 #/texts/332 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 552.51, 355.16, 8.35] Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) 10 27 27 333 #/texts/333 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 564.04, 230.88, 8.35] X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, model no. MiniFlex600) X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, model no. MiniFlex600) 10 28 28 334 #/texts/334 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 575.59, 361.36, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION X-ray radiation equipment, do not open the protective cover door during the experiment. Take precautions to avoid direct exposure to X-rays and, if possible, wear protective equipment to minimize radiation exp… ▲ CAUTION X-ray radiation equipment, do not open the protective cover door during the experiment. Take precautions to avoid direct exposure to X-rays and, if possible, wear protective equipment to minimize radiation exp… 10 29 29 335 #/texts/335 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 610.18, 228.27, 8.35] Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) 10 30 30 336 #/texts/336 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 621.72, 369.59, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the cavity temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the cavity temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. 10 31 31 337 #/texts/337 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 656.31, 193.88, 8.35] Planetary ball mill (Mitr, model no. YXQM-1L) Planetary ball mill (Mitr, model no. YXQM-1L) 10 32 32 338 #/texts/338 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 667.85, 354.48, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION Rotary grinding equipment. Ensure that the device has come to a complete stop and has reached a safe level before opening the door during use. ▲ CAUTION Rotary grinding equipment. Ensure that the device has come to a complete stop and has reached a safe level before opening the door during use. 10 33 33 339 #/texts/339 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p10:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 690.9, 4.88, 8.35] · 10 35 34 340 #/texts/341 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left_crossing None None p10:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 690.9, 366.64, 31.42] Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always 10 34 35 341 #/texts/340 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p10:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 702.44, 356.07, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. 10 36 36 342 #/texts/342 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p10:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 737.03, 312.19, 8.35] Field-emission scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, model no. SUPRA-55) Field-emission scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, model no. SUPRA-55) 10 37 37 343 #/texts/343 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p10:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 10 38 38 344 #/texts/344 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p10:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.34, 763.81, 19.86, 6.99] 2422 2422 11 1 1 345 #/texts/345 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 11 2 2 346 #/texts/346 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 114.31, 338.52, 8.35] Field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, model no. JEOL-3200FS) Field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, model no. JEOL-3200FS) 11 3 3 347 #/texts/347 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 125.84, 204.12, 8.35] TEM sample holder (JEOL, model no. EM-31640) TEM sample holder (JEOL, model no. EM-31640) 11 4 4 348 #/texts/348 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 137.37, 146.47, 8.35] EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) 11 5 5 349 #/texts/349 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 148.9, 360.76, 8.35] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Thermo Fisher, model no. ESCA LAB 220I-XL) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Thermo Fisher, model no. ESCA LAB 220I-XL) 11 6 6 350 #/texts/350 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 160.43, 304.46, 8.35] Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. BSA224S-CW, 0.1 mg resolution) Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. BSA224S-CW, 0.1 mg resolution) 11 7 7 351 #/texts/351 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 171.96, 323.13, 8.35] Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. QUINTIX65-1CN, 0.01 mg resolution) Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. QUINTIX65-1CN, 0.01 mg resolution) 11 8 8 352 #/texts/352 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 183.48, 243.88, 8.35] Slurry defoaming machine (Sienox, model no. SIE-MIX90) Slurry defoaming machine (Sienox, model no. SIE-MIX90) 11 9 9 353 #/texts/353 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 195.01, 356.39, 8.35] Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) 11 10 10 354 #/texts/354 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 206.57, 362.15, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … 11 11 11 355 #/texts/355 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 252.68, 334.38, 8.35] Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) 11 12 12 356 #/texts/356 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 264.21, 306.55, 8.35] Battery sealing machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-110) Battery sealing machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-110) 11 13 13 357 #/texts/357 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 275.74, 232.52, 8.35] Battery test system (NEWARE, model no. CT-4008T-5V) Battery test system (NEWARE, model no. CT-4008T-5V) 11 14 14 358 #/texts/358 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 287.27, 172.61, 8.35] 500 mesh sieve (Lvruo, model no. 52152) 500 mesh sieve (Lvruo, model no. 52152) 11 15 15 359 #/texts/359 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 298.8, 234.03, 8.35] Pipette (DLAB Scientific, model no. YEA2BAH0062949) Pipette (DLAB Scientific, model no. YEA2BAH0062949) 11 16 16 360 #/texts/360 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 310.33, 251.75, 8.35] 200 mesh copper mesh (Canrd, model no. MA-EN-CU-0018) 200 mesh copper mesh (Canrd, model no. MA-EN-CU-0018) 11 17 17 361 #/texts/361 list_item affiliation False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.77, 321.86, 268.38, 9.44] Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) 11 18 18 362 #/texts/362 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 344.41, 41.71, 9.04] Software Software 11 19 19 363 #/texts/363 text unknown_text False high outside_body_flow outside_body_flow True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.48, 350.1, 77.53] EverBatt2023 (https://www.anl.gov/amd/everbatt) OriginPro (https://www.originlab.com) MDI Jade (https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade) FullProf (https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html) Digital Micrograp (https://w… EverBatt2023 ( OriginPro ( MDI Jade ( FullProf ( Digital Micrograp ( suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 ( 11 20 20 364 #/texts/364 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 448.2, 65.85, 9.04] Reagent setup Reagent setup 11 21 21 365 #/texts/365 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.33, 69.85, 7.87] Deionized water Deionized water 11 22 22 366 #/texts/366 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.8, 386.78, 31.41] In this protocol, the deionized water was self-produced by the laboratory Ulupure de-ion pure water system (tap water source), with a resistivity of 13-17.5 MΩ/cm at 25 °C and heavy metal ion <0.1 ppb. In this protocol, the deionized water was self-produced by the laboratory Ulupure de-ion pure water system (tap water source), with a resistivity of 13-17.5 MΩ/cm at 25 °C and heavy metal ion <0.1 ppb. 11 23 23 367 #/texts/367 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.99, 29.75, 7.87] Others Others 11 24 24 368 #/texts/368 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 529.45, 366.51, 19.88] The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. 11 25 25 369 #/texts/369 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 563.52, 78.97, 9.04] Equipment setup Equipment setup 11 26 26 370 #/texts/370 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 575.65, 105.72, 7.87] Glass/plastic equipment Glass/plastic equipment 11 27 27 371 #/texts/371 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 587.12, 389.79, 31.41] All glass or plastic utensils used in this protocol must be thoroughly cleaned with detergent before use. Rinse them sequentially with tap water, deionized water and anhydrous ethanol. Then, dry the utensils in blast ov… All glass or plastic utensils used in this protocol must be thoroughly cleaned with detergent before use. Rinse them sequentially with tap water, deionized water and anhydrous ethanol. Then, dry the utensils in blast ov… 11 28 28 372 #/texts/372 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 633.31, 29.75, 7.87] Others Others 11 29 29 373 #/texts/373 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p11:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 644.77, 366.51, 19.88] The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. 11 30 30 374 #/texts/374 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 678.84, 69.25, 9.04] Software setup Software setup 11 31 31 375 #/texts/375 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.97, 141.34, 7.87] Techno-economic analysis setup Techno-economic analysis setup 11 32 32 376 #/texts/376 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p11:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 702.44, 386.74, 42.95] In this protocol, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of various recycling technology routes using a standardized benchmark of one ton of spent LiMn 2 O4//graphite pouch batteries. Costs are categorized into raw mater… In this protocol, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of various recycling technology routes using a standardized benchmark of one ton of spent LiMn 2 O4//graphite pouch batteries. Costs are categorized into raw mater… 11 33 33 377 #/texts/377 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p11:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p11:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 11 34 34 378 #/texts/378 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p11:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.86, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] 2423 2423 12 1 1 379 #/texts/379 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p12:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 12 2 2 380 #/texts/380 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.31, 384.59, 100.58] equipment depreciation, labor and other factors-are difficult to estimate directly, we use data from the EverBatt 2023 database (provided by Argonne National Laboratory) to derive specific values. To calculate potential… equipment depreciation, labor and other factors-are difficult to estimate directly, we use data from the EverBatt 2023 database (provided by Argonne National Laboratory) to derive specific values. To calculate potential… 12 3 3 381 #/texts/381 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.67, 110.22, 7.87] FullProf refinement setup FullProf refinement setup 12 4 4 382 #/texts/382 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 241.16, 387.15, 19.88] In this protocol, XRD patterns of the powdered sample were refined using the FullProf program. The specific refinement sequence is as follows: In this protocol, XRD patterns of the powdered sample were refined using the FullProf program. The specific refinement sequence is as follows: 12 5 5 383 #/texts/383 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.22, 98.87, 8.35] Zero point and scale Zero point and scale 12 6 6 384 #/texts/384 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 275.75, 142.5, 8.35] Cell parameters of the material Cell parameters of the material 12 7 7 385 #/texts/385 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 287.28, 110.82, 8.35] Peak shape parameters Peak shape parameters 12 8 8 386 #/texts/386 list_item body_heading False low outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 298.81, 131.64, 8.35] Background of the XRD data Background of the XRD data 12 9 9 387 #/texts/387 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 310.34, 158.54, 8.35] Preferred orientation of the crystal Preferred orientation of the crystal 12 10 10 388 #/texts/388 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 321.87, 68.89, 8.35] Shape factor Shape factor 12 11 11 389 #/texts/389 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.39, 97.78, 8.35] Atomic coordinates Atomic coordinates 12 12 12 390 #/texts/390 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 344.92, 108.45, 8.35] Symmetry parameters Symmetry parameters 12 13 13 391 #/texts/391 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.45, 93.31, 8.35] Atomic occupancy Atomic occupancy 12 14 14 392 #/texts/392 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 367.98, 210.69, 8.35] Atomic displacement parameters for each atom Atomic displacement parameters for each atom 12 15 15 393 #/texts/393 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 379.51, 357.39, 8.35] During the refinement steps 1-9, new parameters are added sequentially in the specified During the refinement steps 1-9, new parameters are added sequentially in the specified 12 16 16 394 #/texts/394 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 391.04, 381.09, 66.0] order for synchronous refinement. Once the atomic occupancy refinement converges, that parameter is deselected and each atom's displacement parameters are refined independently. If a parameter substantially deviates fro… order for synchronous refinement. Once the atomic occupancy refinement converges, that parameter is deselected and each atom's displacement parameters are refined independently. If a parameter substantially deviates fro… 12 17 17 395 #/texts/395 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 482.79, 55.81, 9.84] Procedure Procedure 12 18 18 396 #/texts/396 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.39, 205.01, 9.04] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 12 19 19 397 #/texts/397 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p12:body_region:0 page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 530.24, 58.2, 7.0] ● TIMING 45 h ● TIMING 45 h 12 20 20 398 #/texts/398 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 539.77, 380.44, 55.69] ▲ CRITICAL There are two main methods for obtaining spent LIB electrode materials 29,51 . One involves manually disassembling the batteries to obtain spent cathode/anode material powder (Steps 1-8). The other involves s… ▲ CRITICAL There are two main methods for obtaining spent LIB electrode materials 29,51 . One involves manually disassembling the batteries to obtain spent cathode/anode material powder (Steps 1-8). The other involves s… 12 21 21 399 #/texts/399 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.64, 384.55, 54.5] Evaluate the basic information and condition of spent LIBs, including battery type, state of health and state of charge. This evaluation relies mainly on information from sources such as the battery nameplate, battery p… Evaluate the basic information and condition of spent LIBs, including battery type, state of health and state of charge. This evaluation relies mainly on information from sources such as the battery nameplate, battery p… 12 22 22 400 #/texts/400 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 656.31, 379.26, 19.88] Prepare an aqueous NaCl solution and adjust the brine concentration to 10-15% (wt/vol%) by controlling the amount of NaCl added. Prepare an aqueous NaCl solution and adjust the brine concentration to 10-15% (wt/vol%) by controlling the amount of NaCl added. 12 23 23 401 #/texts/401 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p12:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p12:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 679.37, 387.93, 42.94] Transfer the spent LIBs into the prepared NaCl solution for chemical discharge, the solution should be added in a volume sufficient to fully submerge the spent LIBs. Adjust the soaking time on the basis of the battery t… Transfer the spent LIBs into the prepared NaCl solution for chemical discharge, the solution should be added in a volume sufficient to fully submerge the spent LIBs. Adjust the soaking time on the basis of the battery t… 12 24 24 402 #/texts/402 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p12:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p12:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 725.51, 367.17, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION The saltwater discharge process utilizes the battery's positive and negative electrodes as the cathode and anode, respectively, to consume the residual power through ▲ CAUTION The saltwater discharge process utilizes the battery's positive and negative electrodes as the cathode and anode, respectively, to consume the residual power through 12 25 25 403 #/texts/403 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p12:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p12:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 12 26 26 404 #/texts/404 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p12:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.95, 763.81, 20.25, 6.99] 2424 2424 13 1 1 405 #/texts/405 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p13:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p13:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 13 2 2 406 #/texts/406 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 114.31, 372.68, 123.64] electrolysis in the solution. This process may generate harmful exhaust gases, so it is essential to implement protective measures and conduct the operation in professional equipment, such as fume hoods. Additionally, t… electrolysis in the solution. This process may generate harmful exhaust gases, so it is essential to implement protective measures and conduct the operation in professional equipment, such as fume hoods. Additionally, t… 13 3 3 407 #/texts/407 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 241.16, 371.42, 123.64] ▲ CRITICAL STEP The discharge process must be fully completed. If necessary, a combination of physical and chemical discharge should be employed to ensure complete discharge of the spent battery. Physical discharge refe… ▲ CRITICAL STEP The discharge process must be fully completed. If necessary, a combination of physical and chemical discharge should be employed to ensure complete discharge of the spent battery. Physical discharge refe… 13 4 4 408 #/texts/408 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 367.98, 354.24, 19.88] After discharge, transfer the spent LIBs to a vibration dehydrator to remove surface moisture, reducing it to less than 5%. After discharge, transfer the spent LIBs to a vibration dehydrator to remove surface moisture, reducing it to less than 5%. 13 5 5 409 #/texts/409 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 391.08, 372.19, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Before operating the vibration dehydrator, ensure that the safety door is properly closed. During use, carefully monitor the equipment's overall vibration amplitude. Excessive vibration can damage the equipmen… ▲ CAUTION Before operating the vibration dehydrator, ensure that the safety door is properly closed. During use, carefully monitor the equipment's overall vibration amplitude. Excessive vibration can damage the equipmen… 13 6 6 410 #/texts/410 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 437.19, 381.39, 66.0] Select the appropriate tools to remove the aluminum plastic film or steel shell on the basis of the battery type. The main commercial types of LIBs include pouch cells, cylindrical cells and prismatic cells. Pouch cells… Select the appropriate tools to remove the aluminum plastic film or steel shell on the basis of the battery type. The main commercial types of LIBs include pouch cells, cylindrical cells and prismatic cells. Pouch cells… 13 7 7 411 #/texts/411 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 506.4, 287.23, 8.35] ▲ CAUTION Take safety precautions to prevent cuts from sharp blades. ▲ CAUTION Take safety precautions to prevent cuts from sharp blades. 13 8 8 412 #/texts/412 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 517.93, 382.78, 31.41] Separate the components inside the battery cell, including the Al foil current collector coated with cathode material, the Cu foil current collector coated with anode material and the diaphragm (Supplementary Fig. 5). Separate the components inside the battery cell, including the Al foil current collector coated with cathode material, the Cu foil current collector coated with anode material and the diaphragm (Supplementary Fig. 5). 13 9 9 413 #/texts/413 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 552.53, 367.4, 89.06] ▲ CAUTION This step requires personal safety protection and should be carried out in a glove box whenever possible. If operating in a glove box is not feasible, ensure that gloves and masks are worn and the environment … ▲ CAUTION This step requires personal safety protection and should be carried out in a glove box whenever possible. If operating in a glove box is not feasible, ensure that gloves and masks are worn and the environment … 13 10 10 414 #/texts/414 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 644.76, 387.94, 19.88] Soak the electrode coated with active material in DMC solvent to remove residual electrolyte and side reaction products. Take it out after standing for 20 min, wipe it and dry it. Soak the electrode coated with active material in DMC solvent to remove residual electrolyte and side reaction products. Take it out after standing for 20 min, wipe it and dry it. 13 11 11 415 #/texts/415 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p13:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 667.85, 367.15, 42.94] ■ PAUSE POINT Long-term storage in a normal atmospheric environment can lead to further embrittlement and phase changes of the electrodes and active materials, making recycling more challenging. It is recommended to tra… ■ PAUSE POINT Long-term storage in a normal atmospheric environment can lead to further embrittlement and phase changes of the electrodes and active materials, making recycling more challenging. It is recommended to tra… 13 12 12 416 #/texts/416 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 713.96, 387.64, 19.89] Strip the active material of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder from the current collector. Three methods can be chosen on the basis of the electrode characteristics. In most cases, mechanical Strip the active material of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder from the current collector. Three methods can be chosen on the basis of the electrode characteristics. In most cases, mechanical 13 13 13 417 #/texts/417 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p13:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 13 14 14 418 #/texts/418 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.02, 763.81, 19.95, 6.99] 2425 2425 14 1 1 419 #/texts/419 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p14:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 14 2 2 420 #/texts/420 text body True None body body False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 114.31, 363.15, 54.47] separation is broadly applicable, but the process is relatively labor intensive and unsuitable for large-scale applications. Heat treatment separation requires careful consideration of the cathode material's thermal sta… separation is broadly applicable, but the process is relatively labor intensive and unsuitable for large-scale applications. Heat treatment separation requires careful consideration of the cathode material's thermal sta… 14 3 3 421 #/texts/421 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 171.96, 359.02, 19.88] Mechanical separation: use a knife, spoon, or other hard objects to separate the active material powder from the current collector Mechanical separation: use a knife, spoon, or other hard objects to separate the active material powder from the current collector 14 4 4 422 #/texts/422 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 195.01, 348.88, 31.41] Heat treatment separation: transfer the electrode to a muffle furnace and heat it to 400 °C for 20 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material from the current collector Heat treatment separation: transfer the electrode to a muffle furnace and heat it to 400 °C for 20 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material from the current collector 14 5 5 423 #/texts/423 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 229.6, 356.4, 42.98] Solution treatment separation: prepare a solution using phytic acid or other substances, and soak the electrode for 5 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material 54 . If the binder is water based, sepa… Solution treatment separation: prepare a solution using phytic acid or other substances, and soak the electrode for 5 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material 54 . If the binder is water based, sepa… 14 6 6 424 #/texts/424 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p14:page_body:left:colored [197, 220, 234] colored False True [73.7, 275.91, 89.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 14 7 7 425 #/texts/425 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 287.29, 370.17, 19.88] Transfer the collected spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to an agate mortar and grind it to separate the agglomerated and flaked particles. Transfer the collected spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to an agate mortar and grind it to separate the agglomerated and flaked particles. 14 8 8 426 #/texts/426 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 310.35, 350.96, 19.88] Sieve the ground powder through a 500 mesh sieve to remove large impurities and agglomerates. Sieve the ground powder through a 500 mesh sieve to remove large impurities and agglomerates. 14 9 9 427 #/texts/427 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.41, 384.21, 19.88] Transfer the spent cathode powder to an NMP reagent for cleaning, with a solid:liquid ratio of ~1:20. Stir the mixture for 3 h at 500 rpm. Transfer the spent cathode powder to an NMP reagent for cleaning, with a solid:liquid ratio of ~1:20. Stir the mixture for 3 h at 500 rpm. 14 10 10 428 #/texts/428 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 356.48, 357.24, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation and exposure to fire. ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation and exposure to fire. 14 11 11 429 #/texts/429 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 379.55, 367.1, 54.47] ▲ CRITICAL STEP The cleaning process directly affects the performance of the subsequent direct regeneration of materials. Residual fluorine-containing organic impurities may diffuse into the bulk phase and react on the … ▲ CRITICAL STEP The cleaning process directly affects the performance of the subsequent direct regeneration of materials. Residual fluorine-containing organic impurities may diffuse into the bulk phase and react on the … 14 12 12 430 #/texts/430 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 437.19, 377.8, 42.94] Separate the material by suction filtration and then wash three times with ethanol. Each wash follows a standard procedure: ethanol is gently poured along a glass rod onto the sediment on the filter paper until it is fu… Separate the material by suction filtration and then wash three times with ethanol. Each wash follows a standard procedure: ethanol is gently poured along a glass rod onto the sediment on the filter paper until it is fu… 14 13 13 431 #/texts/431 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 483.31, 371.0, 19.88] Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. 14 14 14 432 #/texts/432 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 506.37, 379.51, 19.88] Prepare an aqueous NaOH solution and adjust the concentration to 1 mol/L by controlling the amount of NaOH added. Prepare an aqueous NaOH solution and adjust the concentration to 1 mol/L by controlling the amount of NaOH added. 14 15 15 433 #/texts/433 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 529.46, 330.86, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION NaOH is highly irritating and corrosive; therefore, safety precautions should be followed during this step, including wearing masks, protective glasses, and rubber gloves. ▲ CAUTION NaOH is highly irritating and corrosive; therefore, safety precautions should be followed during this step, including wearing masks, protective glasses, and rubber gloves. 14 16 16 434 #/texts/434 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 564.05, 378.59, 31.42] Transfer the spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to the prepared NaOH solution and stirred to remove impurities, such as residual current collector debris. During the stirring process, the solid:liquid ratio is ~1:25, and th… Transfer the spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to the prepared NaOH solution and stirred to remove impurities, such as residual current collector debris. During the stirring process, the solid:liquid ratio is ~1:25, and th… 14 17 17 435 #/texts/435 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 598.65, 385.67, 31.41] Separate the powder and treated liquid by suction filtration and then wash three times with deionized water to completely remove the residual alkali solution. Except for the change of washing reagents, the operation pro… Separate the powder and treated liquid by suction filtration and then wash three times with deionized water to completely remove the residual alkali solution. Except for the change of washing reagents, the operation pro… 14 18 18 436 #/texts/436 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 633.23, 371.0, 19.88] Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. 14 19 19 437 #/texts/437 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p14:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 656.29, 370.73, 19.91] Collect all pretreated spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder and transfer it to a drying room or glove box for storage. Collect all pretreated spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder and transfer it to a drying room or glove box for storage. 14 20 20 438 #/texts/438 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p14:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 679.38, 356.67, 66.01] ■ PAUSE POINT Cathode materials readily absorb moisture, leading to hydrolysis reactions that generate surface impurities such as residual lithium and promote powder agglomeration. These materials may also react with O … ■ PAUSE POINT Cathode materials readily absorb moisture, leading to hydrolysis reactions that generate surface impurities such as residual lithium and promote powder agglomeration. These materials may also react with O … 14 21 21 439 #/texts/439 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p14:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 14 22 22 440 #/texts/440 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p14:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.94, 763.81, 20.26, 6.99] 2426 2426 15 1 1 441 #/texts/441 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p15:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 15 2 2 442 #/texts/442 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 114.31, 372.93, 100.58] regeneration processes, necessitating strict control of storage conditions. These conditions should also be tailored to the specific type of cathode material. For example, lithium iron phosphate is relatively insensitiv… regeneration processes, necessitating strict control of storage conditions. These conditions should also be tailored to the specific type of cathode material. For example, lithium iron phosphate is relatively insensitiv… 15 3 3 443 #/texts/443 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.09, 194.14, 9.04] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 15 4 4 444 #/texts/444 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 241.94, 52.78, 7.0] ● TIMING 2 h ● TIMING 2 h 15 5 5 445 #/texts/445 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 252.69, 376.11, 19.88] ▲ CRITICAL To achieve effective direct regeneration or upcycling of spent cathode materials and minimize material waste, it is essential to understand the material's failure state, ▲ CRITICAL To achieve effective direct regeneration or upcycling of spent cathode materials and minimize material waste, it is essential to understand the material's failure state, 15 6 6 446 #/texts/446 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 275.75, 323.42, 8.35] particularly the extent of lithium loss and the degradation of its phase structure. particularly the extent of lithium loss and the degradation of its phase structure. 15 7 7 447 #/texts/447 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 287.28, 366.43, 19.89] Weigh 0.3 g of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder using an analytical balance and transfer it to a polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank. Weigh 0.3 g of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder using an analytical balance and transfer it to a polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank. 15 8 8 448 #/texts/448 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 310.35, 379.55, 42.94] Prepare aqua regia by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a 3:1 (vol/vol) ratio to digest the sample. The specific operation in this process is to slowly pour one volume of concentrated… Prepare aqua regia by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a 3:1 (vol/vol) ratio to digest the sample. The specific operation in this process is to slowly pour one volume of concentrated… 15 9 9 449 #/texts/449 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 356.48, 365.8, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Both reagents are highly corrosive, and the chlorine gas they emit is toxic, making vapor contact extremely dangerous. Always conduct the preparation process in a fume hood and wear strong acid-resistant rubbe… ▲ CAUTION Both reagents are highly corrosive, and the chlorine gas they emit is toxic, making vapor contact extremely dangerous. Always conduct the preparation process in a fume hood and wear strong acid-resistant rubbe… 15 10 10 450 #/texts/450 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 391.07, 379.92, 19.88] Slowly add 3 mL of concentrated aqua regia to the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank and securely cap it. Slowly add 3 mL of concentrated aqua regia to the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank and securely cap it. 15 11 11 451 #/texts/451 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 414.13, 388.19, 19.88] Place the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank into the sleeve position of the rotor frame, insert the frame into the microwave digester and connect the temperature sensor. Place the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank into the sleeve position of the rotor frame, insert the frame into the microwave digester and connect the temperature sensor. 15 12 12 452 #/texts/452 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 437.19, 357.66, 19.88] Set the digestion program and start the microwave digestion process. Configure the temperature to 120 °C, the heating time to 5 min and the digestion time to 15 min. Set the digestion program and start the microwave digestion process. Configure the temperature to 120 °C, the heating time to 5 min and the digestion time to 15 min. 15 13 13 453 #/texts/453 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 460.27, 369.26, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Microwave digestion instruments emit microwave radiation during operation, which can pose health risks if used improperly or for extended periods. They also generate high pressures and temperatures, and in the… ▲ CAUTION Microwave digestion instruments emit microwave radiation during operation, which can pose health risks if used improperly or for extended periods. They also generate high pressures and temperatures, and in the… 15 14 14 454 #/texts/454 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 506.39, 385.03, 31.41] After completing digestion, remove the rotor frame and place it on a rotatable base inside a fume hood. Use a cap screwdriver to unscrew the pressure relief module, then remove the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank… After completing digestion, remove the rotor frame and place it on a rotatable base inside a fume hood. Use a cap screwdriver to unscrew the pressure relief module, then remove the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank… 15 15 15 455 #/texts/455 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 540.99, 360.78, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Remove the rotor frame only after the microwave digester cavity has sufficiently cooled to prevent risks such as burns to the experimenters or overpressure in the digestion tank. ▲ CAUTION Remove the rotor frame only after the microwave digester cavity has sufficiently cooled to prevent risks such as burns to the experimenters or overpressure in the digestion tank. 15 16 16 456 #/texts/456 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 575.58, 386.86, 31.41] Unscrew the digestion tank cap and check if the solution is clear and transparent to confirm that digestion is complete. Once confirmed, rinse any sample residue on the cap with deionized water and return it to the tank. Unscrew the digestion tank cap and check if the solution is clear and transparent to confirm that digestion is complete. Once confirmed, rinse any sample residue on the cap with deionized water and return it to the tank. 15 17 17 457 #/texts/457 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 610.17, 378.55, 42.94] Transfer the digestion solution into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the digestion tank multiple times with small amounts of deionized water and combine the rinses in the flask. Dilute the solution to the mark with deio… Transfer the digestion solution into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the digestion tank multiple times with small amounts of deionized water and combine the rinses in the flask. Dilute the solution to the mark with deio… 15 18 18 458 #/texts/458 list_item affiliation False medium outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 656.28, 369.41, 19.88] Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. 15 19 19 459 #/texts/459 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 679.34, 381.27, 19.88] Tighten the peristaltic pump tube, turn on the circulating cooling water. Ignite the plasma once the detector temperature reaches -40 °C. Tighten the peristaltic pump tube, turn on the circulating cooling water. Ignite the plasma once the detector temperature reaches -40 °C. 15 20 20 460 #/texts/460 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p15:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 702.4, 385.66, 19.88] Preheat for 10 min, then set the experimental method and configure the parameters for the test elements, conditions and standards. Preheat for 10 min, then set the experimental method and configure the parameters for the test elements, conditions and standards. 15 21 21 461 #/texts/461 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 725.46, 387.94, 19.88] Measure the spectral intensity of each element in a series of standard solutions with varying concentrations and plot a standard curve. Measure the spectral intensity of each element in a series of standard solutions with varying concentrations and plot a standard curve. 15 22 22 462 #/texts/462 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p15:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 15 23 23 463 #/texts/463 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.5, 763.81, 19.47, 6.99] 2427 2427 16 1 1 464 #/texts/464 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 16 2 2 465 #/texts/465 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.31, 386.84, 31.41] Introduce the blank solution and the sample solution into the ICP-OES equipment for analysis. Measure the spectral intensity of each element in both solutions, and calculate the element concentration from the working cu… Introduce the blank solution and the sample solution into the ICP-OES equipment for analysis. Measure the spectral intensity of each element in both solutions, and calculate the element concentration from the working cu… 16 3 3 466 #/texts/466 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 148.91, 371.13, 31.41] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Analyzing the deficiency of various elements, especially Li, in the cathode material powder after cycling is a critical step in direct recycling, because it influences the choice of recycling method and … ▲ CRITICAL STEP Analyzing the deficiency of various elements, especially Li, in the cathode material powder after cycling is a critical step in direct recycling, because it influences the choice of recycling method and … 16 4 4 467 #/texts/467 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.49, 299.39, 8.35] Calculate the content of each element and the ratio using the formula: Calculate the content of each element and the ratio using the formula: 16 5 5 468 #/texts/469 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 229.63, 370.79, 31.41] where w is the element content; ρ1 and ρ0 are the concentrations of the element in the test and blank solutions, respectively; V is the volume of the test solution; f is the dilution factor; and m is the mass of the sam… where w is the element content; ρ1 and ρ0 are the concentrations of the element in the test and blank solutions, respectively; V is the volume of the test solution; f is the dilution factor; and m is the mass of the sam… 16 6 6 469 #/texts/470 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 264.23, 363.31, 112.13] ▲ CRITICAL STEP ICP-OES typically analyzes the relative proportions of various elements. When assessing the loss of elements in failed cathode powder, it is generally assumed that Li loss is substantially greater than t… ▲ CRITICAL STEP ICP-OES typically analyzes the relative proportions of various elements. When assessing the loss of elements in failed cathode powder, it is generally assumed that Li loss is substantially greater than t… 16 7 7 470 #/texts/471 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:gray [236, 243, 248] gray True False [56.69, 379.69, 89.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 16 8 8 471 #/texts/472 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 391.08, 387.76, 19.88] Clean the amorphous glass sample stage, slide and medicine spoon with anhydrous ethanol to remove contaminants, then dry them by blowing with an ear bulb. Clean the amorphous glass sample stage, slide and medicine spoon with anhydrous ethanol to remove contaminants, then dry them by blowing with an ear bulb. 16 9 9 472 #/texts/473 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 414.14, 366.73, 31.41] Turn on the XRD equipment and the circulating cooling water system. Activate the high-voltage generator, set the voltage, current and other parameters, and wait for the equipment to reach the specified power. Turn on the XRD equipment and the circulating cooling water system. Activate the high-voltage generator, set the voltage, current and other parameters, and wait for the equipment to reach the specified power. 16 10 10 473 #/texts/474 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 448.72, 389.93, 31.41] Use a laboratory spoon to transfer the powder sample into the depression of the amorphous glass sample stage. Spread the sample evenly with a glass slide and press it to create a smooth plane. Remove any excess powder f… Use a laboratory spoon to transfer the powder sample into the depression of the amorphous glass sample stage. Spread the sample evenly with a glass slide and press it to create a smooth plane. Remove any excess powder f… 16 11 11 474 #/texts/475 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 483.33, 343.75, 42.94] ▲ CRITICAL STEP During sample preparation, the powder sample should completely fill the depressions in the amorphous glass sample stage, ensuring the sample plane is level with the stage to maximize reflected X-rays and… ▲ CRITICAL STEP During sample preparation, the powder sample should completely fill the depressions in the amorphous glass sample stage, ensuring the sample plane is level with the stage to maximize reflected X-rays and… 16 12 12 475 #/texts/476 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 529.45, 380.08, 31.41] Install the glass sample stage in the designated position of the XRD diffractometer. Adjust the stage so that the sample is aligned with the center of the X-ray beam, then tighten the stage and close the test chamber do… Install the glass sample stage in the designated position of the XRD diffractometer. Adjust the stage so that the sample is aligned with the center of the X-ray beam, then tighten the stage and close the test chamber do… 16 13 13 476 #/texts/477 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 564.04, 383.82, 66.03] Set the test parameters: the 2θ angle range to 10°-80°, the step size to 0.01°, and the time per step to 0.2 s. Use Cu Kα1 radiation ( λ = 1.5406 Å) for XRD measurements. ▲ CAUTION X-rays are highly harmful and can pose… Set the test parameters: the 2θ angle range to 10°-80°, the step size to 0.01°, and the time per step to 0.2 s. Use Cu Kα1 radiation ( λ = 1.5406 Å) for XRD measurements. ▲ CAUTION X-rays are highly harmful and can pose… 16 14 14 477 #/texts/478 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 621.86, 338.08, 31.27] ▲ CRITICAL STEP require refinement are typically collected using a slow scan method, which involves reducing the step size and extending the collection time per step. ▲ CRITICAL STEP require refinement are typically collected using a slow scan method, which involves reducing the step size and extending the collection time per step. 16 15 15 478 #/texts/479 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 656.31, 379.47, 8.35] Once the measurement is complete, open the test chamber door and recover the samples. Once the measurement is complete, open the test chamber door and recover the samples. 16 16 16 479 #/texts/480 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p16:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 667.83, 374.56, 31.41] Analyse the collected XRD data for phase identification and use the FullProf program for refinement to extract information such as unit cell parameters, atomic occupancy and defect levels. Use this information to evalua… Analyse the collected XRD data for phase identification and use the FullProf program for refinement to extract information such as unit cell parameters, atomic occupancy and defect levels. Use this information to evalua… 16 17 17 480 #/texts/481 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p16:body_region:0 page_body left None None p16:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.7, 702.57, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 16 18 18 481 #/texts/482 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p16:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p16:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 713.97, 378.73, 31.41] On the basis of the results of a basic failure analysis of the spent cathode material powder, assess the degree of material degradation. Use this information to select an appropriate direct regeneration method and deter… On the basis of the results of a basic failure analysis of the spent cathode material powder, assess the degree of material degradation. Use this information to select an appropriate direct regeneration method and deter… 16 19 19 482 #/texts/483 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p16:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p16:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 16 20 20 483 #/texts/484 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p16:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.08, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] 2428 2428 17 1 1 484 #/texts/485 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p17:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 17 2 2 485 #/texts/486 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.3, 354.75, 17.87] Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes 17 3 3 486 #/texts/487 text body True None body body True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 224.04, 353.12, 22.27] Note that all four procedures use the same starting material. The numbers presented in the table are the molar feed ratios of each reagent, calculated with the spent cathode materials set as the statistical baseline. Fo… Note that all four procedures use the same starting material. The numbers presented in the table are the molar feed ratios of each reagent, calculated with the spent cathode materials set as the statistical baseline. Fo… 17 4 4 487 #/texts/488 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 263.69, 280.56, 9.04] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 17 5 5 488 #/texts/489 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 276.54, 80.61, 7.0] ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h 17 6 6 489 #/texts/490 text body True None body body True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 287.29, 382.32, 169.8] ▲ CRITICAL On the basis of the type and degree of failure of spent cathode materials, common direct regeneration methods include solid-phase sintering 28-30 , hydrothermalassisted regeneration 31,32 , molten salt-assist… ▲ CRITICAL On the basis of the type and degree of failure of spent cathode materials, common direct regeneration methods include solid-phase sintering 28-30 , hydrothermalassisted regeneration 31,32 , molten salt-assist… 17 7 7 490 #/texts/491 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p17:body_region:0 page_body left None None p17:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.87, 150.42, 7.87] Solid-phase sintering regeneration Solid-phase sintering regeneration 17 8 8 491 #/texts/492 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 483.33, 375.36, 19.88] Weigh a specific amount of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder and transfer it to the preprepared agate ball mill tank. Weigh a specific amount of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder and transfer it to the preprepared agate ball mill tank. 17 9 9 492 #/texts/493 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p17:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p17:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 506.39, 386.04, 169.79] On the basis of the Li loss calculated from the ICP test, weigh the lithium salt corresponding to two to three times the element molar ratio of the actual Li loss. Add the weighed lithium salt into the agate ball mill t… On the basis of the Li loss calculated from the ICP test, weigh the lithium salt corresponding to two to three times the element molar ratio of the actual Li loss. Add the weighed lithium salt into the agate ball mill t… 17 10 10 493 #/texts/494 text body True None body body True p17:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p17:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 679.38, 369.47, 66.0] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Excess lithium salt is crucial in most direct regeneration processes due to differences in the intrinsic structural evolution between direct synthesis and direct regeneration. At lower temperatures, the … ▲ CRITICAL STEP Excess lithium salt is crucial in most direct regeneration processes due to differences in the intrinsic structural evolution between direct synthesis and direct regeneration. At lower temperatures, the … 17 11 11 494 #/texts/495 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p17:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p17:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 17 12 12 495 #/texts/496 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p17:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.67, 763.81, 20.3, 6.99] 2429 2429 18 1 1 496 #/texts/497 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p18:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p18:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 18 2 2 497 #/texts/498 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 114.31, 359.9, 42.95] there are two main approaches: (1) enhance lithium replenishment kinetics by improving interfacial lithium salt adsorption, optimizing surface structure reconstruction and adjusting the reaction equilibrium state 37 and… there are two main approaches: (1) enhance lithium replenishment kinetics by improving interfacial lithium salt adsorption, optimizing surface structure reconstruction and adjusting the reaction equilibrium state 37 and… 18 3 3 498 #/texts/499 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 160.43, 371.61, 66.0] As the scale of single direct regeneration of spent cathode materials increases, such as from gram scale in the laboratory to kilogram scale in industry, the proportion of Li source burnout decreases, allowing for a red… As the scale of single direct regeneration of spent cathode materials increases, such as from gram scale in the laboratory to kilogram scale in industry, the proportion of Li source burnout decreases, allowing for a red… 18 4 4 499 #/texts/500 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 229.61, 382.36, 19.88] Gradually introduce anhydrous ethanol as a grinding aid, maintaining a powder to ethanol mass ratio of 1:2. Gradually introduce anhydrous ethanol as a grinding aid, maintaining a powder to ethanol mass ratio of 1:2. 18 5 5 500 #/texts/501 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 252.66, 366.26, 31.41] Add zirconia grinding beads to the agate ball mill tank as grinding media at a powder to grinding beads mass ratio of 1:3. Distribute the grinding beads as follows: 30% large, 50% medium and 20% small beads. Add zirconia grinding beads to the agate ball mill tank as grinding media at a powder to grinding beads mass ratio of 1:3. Distribute the grinding beads as follows: 30% large, 50% medium and 20% small beads. 18 6 6 501 #/texts/502 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 287.29, 360.44, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION To ensure safety during the ball milling process, the total volume of grinding beads and material should not exceed 80% of the ball mill tank's capacity. A fill ratio of 40-60% is typically optimal. ▲ CAUTION To ensure safety during the ball milling process, the total volume of grinding beads and material should not exceed 80% of the ball mill tank's capacity. A fill ratio of 40-60% is typically optimal. 18 7 7 502 #/texts/503 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 321.88, 389.93, 66.01] Install an equal number of preweighed ball mill tanks into the diagonal positions of the planetary ball mill. Secure all the tanks by rotating the spiral buckle, then close the hatch. ▲ CAUTION Before starting ball mill… Install an equal number of preweighed ball mill tanks into the diagonal positions of the planetary ball mill. Secure all the tanks by rotating the spiral buckle, then close the hatch. ▲ CAUTION Before starting ball mill… 18 8 8 503 #/texts/504 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 391.07, 386.77, 31.41] Set up a brief program to run the ball mill at the experimental speed for a few minutes. Observe its operation closely, paying special attention to any unusual sounds, such as loose buckles, to ensure the ball mill is f… Set up a brief program to run the ball mill at the experimental speed for a few minutes. Observe its operation closely, paying special attention to any unusual sounds, such as loose buckles, to ensure the ball mill is f… 18 9 9 504 #/texts/505 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 425.65, 372.19, 31.41] Set the ball milling program according to the experimental conditions: adjust the speed to 400 rpm, set the total milling time to 4 h and alternate between forward and reverse rotation every 15 min. Set the ball milling program according to the experimental conditions: adjust the speed to 400 rpm, set the total milling time to 4 h and alternate between forward and reverse rotation every 15 min. 18 10 10 505 #/texts/506 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 460.27, 361.65, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION During ball mill operation, the high-speed rotation and vibration can cause mechanical parts to wear, loosen or even break. As a result, objects may be ejected with substantial force, posing a safety risk. If … ▲ CAUTION During ball mill operation, the high-speed rotation and vibration can cause mechanical parts to wear, loosen or even break. As a result, objects may be ejected with substantial force, posing a safety risk. If … 18 11 11 506 #/texts/507 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 506.39, 382.81, 31.41] After the ball milling process is completely stopped, loosen the buckle and remove the ball mill tanks. Observe the powder to ensure it is in a normal condition-fine, evenly dispersed and free of flakes or severe agglom… After the ball milling process is completely stopped, loosen the buckle and remove the ball mill tanks. Observe the powder to ensure it is in a normal condition-fine, evenly dispersed and free of flakes or severe agglom… 18 12 12 507 #/texts/508 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p18:body_region:0 page_body left None None p18:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 541.13, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 18 13 13 508 #/texts/509 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 552.53, 355.81, 19.88] Scrape the dried powder out of the ball mill tanks. Transfer part of the material to an alumina porcelain boat and store the remaining material in a blast oven for later use. Scrape the dried powder out of the ball mill tanks. Transfer part of the material to an alumina porcelain boat and store the remaining material in a blast oven for later use. 18 14 14 509 #/texts/510 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 575.58, 389.41, 19.88] Transfer the alumina porcelain boat to the muffle furnace, position it correctly and close the furnace chamber. Transfer the alumina porcelain boat to the muffle furnace, position it correctly and close the furnace chamber. 18 15 15 510 #/texts/511 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 598.65, 369.96, 31.41] ▲ CRITICAL STEP When the sintering volume of a single batch is large, avoid tightly packing the powder, as it can negatively impact the quality of the recycled material. To improve airflow, introduce a controlled gas fl… ▲ CRITICAL STEP When the sintering volume of a single batch is large, avoid tightly packing the powder, as it can negatively impact the quality of the recycled material. To improve airflow, introduce a controlled gas fl… 18 16 16 511 #/texts/512 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p18:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 633.24, 368.37, 42.94] Set the solid-phase sintering program and activate the heating switch. Set the overall heating rate to 3 °C/min. Raise the temperature to 450 °C and maintain it for 2 h. Then, increase the temperature to 850 °C and hold… Set the solid-phase sintering program and activate the heating switch. Set the overall heating rate to 3 °C/min. Raise the temperature to 450 °C and maintain it for 2 h. Then, increase the temperature to 850 °C and hold… 18 17 17 512 #/texts/513 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p18:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 679.38, 360.78, 66.0] ▲ CAUTION When a muffle furnace operates at high temperatures, flammable materials such as paper or plastic can ignite. Therefore, always inspect the experimental area for such materials before use. During operation, th… ▲ CAUTION When a muffle furnace operates at high temperatures, flammable materials such as paper or plastic can ignite. Therefore, always inspect the experimental area for such materials before use. During operation, th… 18 18 18 513 #/texts/514 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p18:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p18:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 18 19 19 514 #/texts/515 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p18:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.14, 763.81, 21.06, 6.99] 2430 2430 19 1 1 515 #/texts/516 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p19:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 19 2 2 516 #/texts/517 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 114.31, 366.67, 66.01] ▲ CRITICAL STEP The specific sintering conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere and time, must be determined on the basis of the type of spent cathode material. Typically, the temperature is set close to or slightly … ▲ CRITICAL STEP The specific sintering conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere and time, must be determined on the basis of the type of spent cathode material. Typically, the temperature is set close to or slightly … 19 3 3 517 #/texts/518 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.49, 345.04, 8.35] Remove the sintered material and transfer it to a beaker. Add deionized water at a Remove the sintered material and transfer it to a beaker. Add deionized water at a 19 4 4 518 #/texts/519 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 195.02, 370.8, 146.74] solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and wash for 10-15 min to remove residual lithium salt. ▲ CRITICAL STEP To compensate for the substantial loss of lithium from the source caused by slow lithium replenishment kinetics, exc… solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and wash for 10-15 min to remove residual lithium salt. ▲ CRITICAL STEP To compensate for the substantial loss of lithium from the source caused by slow lithium replenishment kinetics, exc… 19 5 5 519 #/texts/520 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 344.94, 371.59, 19.88] Complete the solid-liquid separation by suction filtration and then transfer the washed material powder to a blast oven for drying. Complete the solid-liquid separation by suction filtration and then transfer the washed material powder to a blast oven for drying. 19 6 6 520 #/texts/521 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 367.99, 385.21, 112.11] Transfer the dried material powder to an agate mortar and add 0.5-2% LiOH based on the mass ratio. The purpose of adding lithium salt at this stage is to compensate for partial lithium loss that may occur during the pre… Transfer the dried material powder to an agate mortar and add 0.5-2% LiOH based on the mass ratio. The purpose of adding lithium salt at this stage is to compensate for partial lithium loss that may occur during the pre… 19 7 7 521 #/texts/522 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 483.28, 359.9, 31.41] Grind the mixture carefully by hand for 20 min until the lithium salt and regenerated cathode material powder are fully and evenly mixed. Then, transfer the mixture to an alumina porcelain boat and place it in a muffle … Grind the mixture carefully by hand for 20 min until the lithium salt and regenerated cathode material powder are fully and evenly mixed. Then, transfer the mixture to an alumina porcelain boat and place it in a muffle … 19 8 8 522 #/texts/523 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 517.87, 382.8, 19.88] Set the re-sintering program to heat up to 850 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min and maintain it for 2 h and activate the heating switch. Store the powder for subsequent testing. Set the re-sintering program to heat up to 850 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min and maintain it for 2 h and activate the heating switch. Store the powder for subsequent testing. 19 9 9 523 #/texts/524 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p19:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 552.53, 179.72, 7.87] Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration 19 10 10 524 #/texts/525 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 564.0, 365.54, 31.41] Follow Steps 43-49 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. The only difference is that less lithium salt is used; use 1.2-1.5 times the intrinsic lithium deficiency of the material. Follow Steps 43-49 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. The only difference is that less lithium salt is used; use 1.2-1.5 times the intrinsic lithium deficiency of the material. 19 11 11 525 #/texts/526 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 598.58, 356.31, 19.88] Clean the quartz tube used in the Joule heating experiment with anhydrous ethanol, then dry it with a hair dryer. Clean the quartz tube used in the Joule heating experiment with anhydrous ethanol, then dry it with a hair dryer. 19 12 12 526 #/texts/527 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p19:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 621.64, 385.63, 42.94] Place a 0.05-mm-thick layer of graphite paper at the bottom of the tube, and secure it to the tube's mouth using copper foil tape (Supplementary Fig. 7). If graphite paper is unavailable or the operation is considered t… Place a 0.05-mm-thick layer of graphite paper at the bottom of the tube, and secure it to the tube's mouth using copper foil tape (Supplementary Fig. 7). If graphite paper is unavailable or the operation is considered t… 19 13 13 527 #/texts/528 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p19:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 667.85, 357.14, 77.53] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Although spent cathode material powder has inherent conductivity (it typically contains 2-5 wt% conductive carbon, and some industrial-grade cathode material black mass may even include a proportion of s… ▲ CRITICAL STEP Although spent cathode material powder has inherent conductivity (it typically contains 2-5 wt% conductive carbon, and some industrial-grade cathode material black mass may even include a proportion of s… 19 14 14 528 #/texts/529 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p19:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 19 15 15 529 #/texts/530 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p19:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.22, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] 2431 2431 20 1 1 530 #/texts/531 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p20:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 20 2 2 531 #/texts/532 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.31, 373.96, 31.41] Weigh a specific amount of the preprepared spent cathode material powder and lithium salt mixture. The maximum laboratory scale typically does not exceed 1 g, with the exact amount determined by the size of the quartz t… Weigh a specific amount of the preprepared spent cathode material powder and lithium salt mixture. The maximum laboratory scale typically does not exceed 1 g, with the exact amount determined by the size of the quartz t… 20 3 3 532 #/texts/533 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.9, 374.14, 31.41] Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… 20 4 4 533 #/texts/534 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.48, 364.9, 19.88] Tighten the nut, secure the quartz tube onto the Joule heat reaction rack and place the entire assembly into the reaction chamber. Tighten the nut, secure the quartz tube onto the Joule heat reaction rack and place the entire assembly into the reaction chamber. 20 5 5 534 #/texts/535 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 206.54, 380.21, 19.88] Connect the positive and negative wires in the chamber to the corresponding terminals at both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack. Connect the positive and negative wires in the chamber to the corresponding terminals at both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack. 20 6 6 535 #/texts/536 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.6, 375.71, 19.88] Adjust the position of the Joule heat reaction rack so that the reactants in the quartz tube align with the infrared temperature sensor probe. Adjust the position of the Joule heat reaction rack so that the reactants in the quartz tube align with the infrared temperature sensor probe. 20 7 7 536 #/texts/537 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 252.66, 385.06, 42.94] Close the door of the Joule heating equipment's reaction chamber (refer to Supplementary Fig. 8 for a photo of the device). Turn on the current and verify that the current, voltage and resistance values are within a rea… Close the door of the Joule heating equipment's reaction chamber (refer to Supplementary Fig. 8 for a photo of the device). Turn on the current and verify that the current, voltage and resistance values are within a rea… 20 8 8 537 #/texts/538 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 298.77, 363.85, 31.41] Rotate the temperature sensor control knob on the operation panel to select the hightemperature sensor, and adjust the voltage control knob to set the voltage to 30 V and adjust the current control knob to set the curre… Rotate the temperature sensor control knob on the operation panel to select the hightemperature sensor, and adjust the voltage control knob to set the voltage to 30 V and adjust the current control knob to set the curre… 20 9 9 538 #/texts/539 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 333.42, 372.14, 42.94] ▲ CRITICAL STEP The set voltage and current can influence the heating up time during the sintering process, the higher the value of voltage and current set, the faster the temperature rises. It is necessary to gradually… ▲ CRITICAL STEP The set voltage and current can influence the heating up time during the sintering process, the higher the value of voltage and current set, the faster the temperature rises. It is necessary to gradually… 20 10 10 539 #/texts/540 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 379.53, 310.27, 8.35] Set the Joule heating experiment parameters on the main control screen: Set the Joule heating experiment parameters on the main control screen: 20 11 11 540 #/texts/541 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 391.06, 353.99, 19.88] Select temperature control mode to control the sintering process as the pulsed Joule heating mode Select temperature control mode to control the sintering process as the pulsed Joule heating mode 20 12 12 541 #/texts/542 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p20:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 414.12, 164.92, 8.35] Set the target temperature to 1,000 °C Set the target temperature to 1,000 °C 20 13 13 542 #/texts/543 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [65.2, 425.65, 362.44, 42.94] Specify one to three pulses. The number of pulses should be optimized on the basis of the specific material and degradation level. It is recommended to examine the material after each pulse to determine whether the desi… Specify one to three pulses. The number of pulses should be optimized on the basis of the specific material and degradation level. It is recommended to examine the material after each pulse to determine whether the desi… 20 14 14 543 #/texts/544 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [73.7, 471.8, 355.94, 54.47] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Another control mode is the time control mode, which performs Joule heating sintering for a specified duration. During the process, the temperature fluctuates according to the mold resistance and variati… ▲ CRITICAL STEP Another control mode is the time control mode, which performs Joule heating sintering for a specified duration. During the process, the temperature fluctuates according to the mold resistance and variati… 20 15 15 544 #/texts/545 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 529.45, 387.86, 66.0] Click the 'Start' button on the main control screen to initiate the Joule heating reaction according to the programmed settings. The system will control the energization and de-energization following the set process. Du… Click the 'Start' button on the main control screen to initiate the Joule heating reaction according to the programmed settings. The system will control the energization and de-energization following the set process. Du… 20 16 16 545 #/texts/546 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 598.65, 359.1, 54.47] ▲ CAUTION The reaction process involves the use of high voltage and current, which can be hazardous. Although equipment manufacturers have minimized potential risks by integrating electronic circuits and designing prote… ▲ CAUTION The reaction process involves the use of high voltage and current, which can be hazardous. Although equipment manufacturers have minimized potential risks by integrating electronic circuits and designing prote… 20 17 17 546 #/texts/547 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p20:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 656.45, 89.43, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 20 18 18 547 #/texts/548 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p20:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 667.85, 389.23, 42.94] After the reaction is complete, wait for the temperature in the reaction chamber to decrease. Once it has cooled, put on asbestos gloves, unplug the wires from both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack, loosen the nuts … After the reaction is complete, wait for the temperature in the reaction chamber to decrease. Once it has cooled, put on asbestos gloves, unplug the wires from both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack, loosen the nuts … 20 19 19 548 #/texts/549 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p20:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 713.97, 362.74, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… 20 20 20 549 #/texts/550 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p20:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 20 21 21 550 #/texts/551 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p20:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.04, 763.81, 20.16, 6.99] 2432 2432 21 1 1 551 #/texts/552 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 21 2 2 552 #/texts/553 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 114.31, 356.22, 54.47] safe limits for human skin. Therefore, always wait for the chamber to cool down before handling it. Wear asbestos fireproof gloves when accessing the chamber. Additionally, high-temperature reactions can generate large … safe limits for human skin. Therefore, always wait for the chamber to cool down before handling it. Wear asbestos fireproof gloves when accessing the chamber. Additionally, high-temperature reactions can generate large … 21 3 3 553 #/texts/554 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 171.96, 376.25, 19.88] Remove the conductive graphite plug from one end of the quartz tube, then push out the reacted powder. Store the powder for subsequent testing. Remove the conductive graphite plug from one end of the quartz tube, then push out the reacted powder. Store the powder for subsequent testing. 21 4 4 554 #/texts/555 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 206.61, 355.06, 9.11] Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 21 5 5 555 #/texts/556 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.1, 388.89, 44.01] Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… 21 6 6 556 #/texts/557 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.22, 389.93, 42.94] Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… 21 7 7 557 #/texts/558 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 310.34, 389.09, 77.53] Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between four and eight on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical syn… Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between four and eight on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical syn… 21 8 8 558 #/texts/559 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 402.64, 380.51, 9.13] Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 21 9 9 559 #/texts/560 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 414.14, 388.89, 44.01] Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… 21 10 10 560 #/texts/561 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.27, 376.46, 42.94] Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … 21 11 11 561 #/texts/562 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 506.38, 385.38, 42.94] Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between 6 and 12 on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical synthesis… Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between 6 and 12 on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical synthesis… 21 12 12 562 #/texts/563 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 563.52, 218.45, 9.04] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 21 13 13 563 #/texts/564 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 576.37, 53.14, 7.0] ● TIMING 8 h ● TIMING 8 h 21 14 14 564 #/texts/565 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 587.12, 387.06, 100.58] ▲ CRITICAL To evaluate the phase structure and physical properties of the regenerated and upgraded cathode materials, several key characterizations are essential. First, it is recommended to perform ICP-OES testing (Ste… ▲ CRITICAL To evaluate the phase structure and physical properties of the regenerated and upgraded cathode materials, several key characterizations are essential. First, it is recommended to perform ICP-OES testing (Ste… 21 15 15 565 #/texts/566 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p21:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.88, 366.34, 19.88] PerformICP-OES according to Steps 19-32 to confirm the content of key elements and compare the results with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. PerformICP-OES according to Steps 19-32 to confirm the content of key elements and compare the results with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. 21 16 16 566 #/texts/567 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p21:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p21:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 713.94, 377.79, 31.41] Perform XRD according to Steps 33-39 to confirm the phase structure of the regenerated and upgraded material. Then, compare the refined parameters with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. Perform XRD according to Steps 33-39 to confirm the phase structure of the regenerated and upgraded material. Then, compare the refined parameters with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. 21 17 17 567 #/texts/568 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p21:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p21:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 21 18 18 568 #/texts/569 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p21:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.6, 763.81, 20.38, 6.99] 2433 2433 22 1 1 569 #/texts/570 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p22:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 22 2 2 570 #/texts/571 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 113.77, 20.06, 9.04] SEM SEM 22 3 3 571 #/texts/572 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 125.84, 381.79, 19.88] Cut the Si/SiO 2 wafer into 5 × 5 mm pieces, soak them in anhydrous ethanol, and treat them ultrasonically for ~5 min. Cut the Si/SiO 2 wafer into 5 × 5 mm pieces, soak them in anhydrous ethanol, and treat them ultrasonically for ~5 min. 22 4 4 572 #/texts/573 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.9, 313.27, 8.35] Dry the cleaned wafer and use an ear bulb to blow away the contaminants. Dry the cleaned wafer and use an ear bulb to blow away the contaminants. 22 5 5 573 #/texts/574 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 160.43, 358.42, 19.88] Weigh ~0.2 mg of the cathode material sample, transfer it into a sample tube and add anhydrous ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5. Weigh ~0.2 mg of the cathode material sample, transfer it into a sample tube and add anhydrous ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5. 22 6 6 574 #/texts/575 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.49, 250.27, 8.35] Sonicate the sample tube for 10 min to form a suspension. Sonicate the sample tube for 10 min to form a suspension. 22 7 7 575 #/texts/576 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 195.03, 363.36, 19.88] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Do not shake the sample tube after sonication to avoid reaggregation of the dispersed particles. ▲ CRITICAL STEP Do not shake the sample tube after sonication to avoid reaggregation of the dispersed particles. 22 8 8 576 #/texts/577 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.09, 388.27, 19.88] Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the wafer with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the wafer. Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the wafer with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the wafer. 22 9 9 577 #/texts/578 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.7, 241.16, 341.2, 19.88] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Check carefully to ensure that the suspension is added to the front (bright) side of the chip before proceeding. ▲ CRITICAL STEP Check carefully to ensure that the suspension is added to the front (bright) side of the chip before proceeding. 22 10 10 578 #/texts/579 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 264.22, 381.14, 31.41] Paste the wafer onto a suitable sample stage using conductive tape or attach the electrode sheet or cathode material powder directly onto the conductive tape, depending on the test target. Paste the wafer onto a suitable sample stage using conductive tape or attach the electrode sheet or cathode material powder directly onto the conductive tape, depending on the test target. 22 11 11 579 #/texts/580 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 298.82, 361.63, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Ensure that the sample stage is the correct size for the instrument, paying particular attention to the overall height after the wafer is pasted on. This will prevent any potential damage to the equipment or o… ▲ CAUTION Ensure that the sample stage is the correct size for the instrument, paying particular attention to the overall height after the wafer is pasted on. This will prevent any potential damage to the equipment or o… 22 12 12 580 #/texts/581 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 333.41, 354.54, 19.88] Wear gloves, assemble the sample stage into the corresponding position in the SEM equipment, close the door and evacuate the chamber to the required vacuum level. Wear gloves, assemble the sample stage into the corresponding position in the SEM equipment, close the door and evacuate the chamber to the required vacuum level. 22 13 13 581 #/texts/582 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 356.47, 380.23, 42.94] Adjust the sample stage to the appropriate height, turn on the electron beam, and set the accelerating voltage within the range of 3-10 kV. Activate the image acquisition function and capture images of the sample at var… Adjust the sample stage to the appropriate height, turn on the electron beam, and set the accelerating voltage within the range of 3-10 kV. Activate the image acquisition function and capture images of the sample at var… 22 14 14 582 #/texts/583 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:colored [213, 228, 239] colored False False [56.69, 402.74, 89.43, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 22 15 15 583 #/texts/584 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 414.14, 384.59, 19.88] Increase the device's acceleration voltage to 12-15 kV, activate the EDS plug-in and perform energy spectrum analysis using point scan, line scan and surface scan techniques. Increase the device's acceleration voltage to 12-15 kV, activate the EDS plug-in and perform energy spectrum analysis using point scan, line scan and surface scan techniques. 22 16 16 584 #/texts/585 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p22:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 448.2, 34.6, 9.04] HRTEM HRTEM 22 17 17 585 #/texts/586 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.27, 258.74, 8.35] Prepare the sample suspension as described in Steps 83-84. Prepare the sample suspension as described in Steps 83-84. 22 18 18 586 #/texts/587 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.8, 379.12, 31.41] Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the ultrathin carbon film copper mesh or micro-grid copper mesh with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the copper mesh. Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the ultrathin carbon film copper mesh or micro-grid copper mesh with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the copper mesh. 22 19 19 587 #/texts/588 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 506.39, 380.13, 19.88] Remove the sleeve from the front end of the TEM sample rod, unscrew the sample fixation nut using a small slotted screwdriver and remove the small beryllium ring using a tweezer. Remove the sleeve from the front end of the TEM sample rod, unscrew the sample fixation nut using a small slotted screwdriver and remove the small beryllium ring using a tweezer. 22 20 20 588 #/texts/589 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 529.44, 389.64, 31.41] Place the copper mesh face down into the O-ring of the sample rod, carefully position the small beryllium ring on the mesh, align its protruding part with the corresponding groove in the sample rod and then secure the f… Place the copper mesh face down into the O-ring of the sample rod, carefully position the small beryllium ring on the mesh, align its protruding part with the corresponding groove in the sample rod and then secure the f… 22 21 21 589 #/texts/590 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.69, 564.06, 371.32, 66.0] ▲ CAUTION (1) The sample rod is a highly delicate component of the instrument. Handle it with care and gentleness, avoiding any rough handling. Do not touch any part of the sample rod, from the O-ring to the top, with y… ▲ CAUTION (1) The sample rod is a highly delicate component of the instrument. Handle it with care and gentleness, avoiding any rough handling. Do not touch any part of the sample rod, from the O-ring to the top, with y… 22 22 22 590 #/texts/591 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p22:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 633.23, 371.56, 42.94] Operate the TEM equipment to ensure that the coordinates of each sample are set to zero. Align the limit pin with the Cose mark, then carefully insert the sample rod parallel to the axis. Slide the sample rod inward unt… Operate the TEM equipment to ensure that the coordinates of each sample are set to zero. Align the limit pin with the Cose mark, then carefully insert the sample rod parallel to the axis. Slide the sample rod inward unt… 22 23 23 591 #/texts/592 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p22:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 679.35, 375.8, 66.0] Wait for the pre-evacuation to complete, then begin the injection process when the indicator light signals. During this procedure, hold the end of the sample rod and rotate it 90° counterclockwise around the axis. Align… Wait for the pre-evacuation to complete, then begin the injection process when the indicator light signals. During this procedure, hold the end of the sample rod and rotate it 90° counterclockwise around the axis. Align… 22 24 24 592 #/texts/593 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p22:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 22 25 25 593 #/texts/594 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p22:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.58, 763.81, 20.62, 6.99] 2434 2434 23 1 1 594 #/texts/595 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p23:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 23 2 2 595 #/texts/596 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 114.31, 332.25, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION When inserting the sample rod, handle it gently and avoid twisting it forcefully to prevent it from hitting the sample stage. ▲ CAUTION When inserting the sample rod, handle it gently and avoid twisting it forcefully to prevent it from hitting the sample stage. 23 3 3 596 #/texts/597 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [45.84, 137.37, 371.37, 31.41] Adjust the height and position of the sample stage to align with the desired observation area. Set the test voltage to 300 kV and align the electron optical path system to ensure proper axis alignment. Adjust the height and position of the sample stage to align with the desired observation area. Set the test voltage to 300 kV and align the electron optical path system to ensure proper axis alignment. 23 4 4 597 #/texts/598 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.81, 171.96, 365.5, 31.41] Locate the appropriate characterization area, activate the image acquisition function, and capture sample images at various magnifications. Adjust parameters such as magnification, focal length, astigmatism and contrast… Locate the appropriate characterization area, activate the image acquisition function, and capture sample images at various magnifications. Adjust parameters such as magnification, focal length, astigmatism and contrast… 23 5 5 598 #/texts/599 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:gray [241, 246, 249] gray True False [58.68, 206.7, 94.44, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 23 6 6 599 #/texts/600 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [45.82, 218.1, 356.5, 19.88] Adjust the equipment's aperture and active the specific plug-in and perform energy spectrum, electron loss energy spectrum, electron diffraction and other analyses. Adjust the equipment's aperture and active the specific plug-in and perform energy spectrum, electron loss energy spectrum, electron diffraction and other analyses. 23 7 7 600 #/texts/601 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 252.15, 18.27, 9.04] EPR EPR 23 8 8 601 #/texts/602 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.02, 264.23, 382.61, 31.41] Grind the cathode material powder to prevent agglomeration and sieve it to remove large particles. Then, place the powder sample into a dedicated quartz tube, seal it and evacuate for testing. Grind the cathode material powder to prevent agglomeration and sieve it to remove large particles. Then, place the powder sample into a dedicated quartz tube, seal it and evacuate for testing. 23 9 9 602 #/texts/603 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [45.81, 298.81, 235.93, 8.35] Turn on the EPR instrument and preheat it for ~10 min. Turn on the EPR instrument and preheat it for ~10 min. 23 10 10 603 #/texts/604 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.18, 310.34, 379.85, 19.88] Set the magnetic field scanning range and scanning rate, and select the appropriate band, modulation frequency and amplitude. Set the magnetic field scanning range and scanning rate, and select the appropriate band, modulation frequency and amplitude. 23 11 11 604 #/texts/605 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 333.4, 373.87, 19.88] Remove the dustproof cover from the instrument test port and place the sealed quartz tube sample into the EPR chamber. Remove the dustproof cover from the instrument test port and place the sealed quartz tube sample into the EPR chamber. 23 12 12 605 #/texts/606 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 356.46, 387.92, 19.88] Start the scan on the basis of the set conditions, record the EPR spectrum and measure the spectral line intensity and g -factor. Start the scan on the basis of the set conditions, record the EPR spectrum and measure the spectral line intensity and g -factor. 23 13 13 606 #/texts/607 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 379.55, 364.85, 42.94] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Different samples may require distinct scanning parameters and quantitative methods, which should be optimized on the basis of the specific conditions. During the measurement, maintain a stable instrumen… ▲ CRITICAL STEP Different samples may require distinct scanning parameters and quantitative methods, which should be optimized on the basis of the specific conditions. During the measurement, maintain a stable instrumen… 23 14 14 607 #/texts/608 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p23:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 436.67, 192.77, 19.85] Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d 23 15 15 608 #/texts/609 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 460.27, 384.23, 19.88] Weigh 2 g of PVDF into a small glass bottle, add NMP at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, place a magnetic stirrer inside, tightly seal the bottle and stir at 500 rpm for 24 h. Weigh 2 g of PVDF into a small glass bottle, add NMP at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, place a magnetic stirrer inside, tightly seal the bottle and stir at 500 rpm for 24 h. 23 16 16 609 #/texts/610 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 483.33, 356.78, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, should avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation, and exposure to fire. ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, should avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation, and exposure to fire. 23 17 17 610 #/texts/611 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 506.4, 356.57, 19.88] ▲ CRITICAL STEP To achieve more uniform dissolution and dispersion of PVDF in NMP, you can choose to flip the glass bottle and continue stirring after 12 h of initial stirring. ▲ CRITICAL STEP To achieve more uniform dissolution and dispersion of PVDF in NMP, you can choose to flip the glass bottle and continue stirring after 12 h of initial stirring. 23 18 18 611 #/texts/612 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 529.46, 380.92, 19.88] Weigh 200 mg of cathode material powder and 25 mg of acetylene black. Add them to an agate mortar and grind manually for 15 min to achieve an initial mix. Weigh 200 mg of cathode material powder and 25 mg of acetylene black. Add them to an agate mortar and grind manually for 15 min to achieve an initial mix. 23 19 19 612 #/texts/613 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 552.53, 356.71, 31.41] ▲ CAUTION Acetylene black powder is very light and tends to float during the early stages of grinding. Experimenters should wear dust masks to avoid inhalation into the mouth and nose. ▲ CAUTION Acetylene black powder is very light and tends to float during the early stages of grinding. Experimenters should wear dust masks to avoid inhalation into the mouth and nose. 23 20 20 613 #/texts/614 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 587.12, 364.43, 42.94] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Conduct the related experiments in a drying room to prevent moisture absorption from the air, which could affect the slurry's performance. If the laboratory humidity is high, grind the mixture under a ba… ▲ CRITICAL STEP Conduct the related experiments in a drying room to prevent moisture absorption from the air, which could affect the slurry's performance. If the laboratory humidity is high, grind the mixture under a ba… 23 21 21 614 #/texts/615 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 633.24, 372.35, 19.88] Transfer the mixed powder to a dedicated plastic jar. Add the preprepared PVDF-NMP solution dropwise, maintaining a mass ratio of cathode material to PVDF of 8:1. Transfer the mixed powder to a dedicated plastic jar. Add the preprepared PVDF-NMP solution dropwise, maintaining a mass ratio of cathode material to PVDF of 8:1. 23 22 22 615 #/texts/616 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 656.31, 347.94, 19.88] ▲ CRITICAL STEP When adding the drops, control both the speed and position of the addition to prevent local slurry agglomeration or premature gelation. ▲ CRITICAL STEP When adding the drops, control both the speed and position of the addition to prevent local slurry agglomeration or premature gelation. 23 23 23 616 #/texts/617 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p23:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 679.37, 353.37, 30.66] Place the dedicated plastic jar into the corresponding slurry defoaming machine, close the door and homogenize the mixture for 6 min according to the program. ▲ Place the dedicated plastic jar into the corresponding slurry defoaming machine, close the door and homogenize the mixture for 6 min according to the program. ▲ 23 24 24 617 #/texts/618 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p23:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [63.68, 702.44, 351.41, 31.41] CAUTION Ensure the slurry in the plastic jar does not exceed the recommended capacity, as overloading can lead to overheating or reduced performance. Do not place any objects on the platform or allow foreign matter to e… CAUTION Ensure the slurry in the plastic jar does not exceed the recommended capacity, as overloading can lead to overheating or reduced performance. Do not place any objects on the platform or allow foreign matter to e… 23 25 25 618 #/texts/619 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p23:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 23 26 26 619 #/texts/620 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p23:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.69, 763.81, 20.29, 6.99] 2435 2435 24 1 1 620 #/texts/621 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 24 2 2 621 #/texts/622 text body True None body body False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [63.69, 114.31, 348.02, 19.88] machine, as this may cause errors or equipment failure. Additionally, avoid prolonged operation and allow the machine to cool down to prevent overheating. machine, as this may cause errors or equipment failure. Additionally, avoid prolonged operation and allow the machine to cool down to prevent overheating. 24 3 3 622 #/texts/623 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 137.37, 369.47, 31.41] Take the plastic jar out and observe slurry consistency. If necessary, add more NMP to adjust the viscosity, then return the slurry to the homogenizer and homogenize it for 8 min to complete the slurry preparation. Take the plastic jar out and observe slurry consistency. If necessary, add more NMP to adjust the viscosity, then return the slurry to the homogenizer and homogenize it for 8 min to complete the slurry preparation. 24 4 4 623 #/texts/624 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p24:page_body:left:gray [241, 246, 249] gray True False [58.68, 172.11, 94.44, 7.64] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 24 5 5 624 #/texts/625 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.5, 384.78, 31.41] Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … 24 6 6 625 #/texts/626 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.09, 383.15, 42.94] In this protocol, a 200 μm coating scraper is typically used for applying the slurry to the aluminum foil. Position the coating scraper parallel to one end of the Al foil, then use the coating machine to push the scrape… In this protocol, a 200 μm coating scraper is typically used for applying the slurry to the aluminum foil. Position the coating scraper parallel to one end of the Al foil, then use the coating machine to push the scrape… 24 7 7 626 #/texts/627 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 264.23, 367.15, 42.94] ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … 24 8 8 627 #/texts/628 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p24:page_body:left:gray [242, 246, 250] gray True False [58.68, 310.5, 94.44, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 24 9 9 628 #/texts/629 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 321.89, 389.57, 42.94] Transfer the Al foil with the coated slurry into a vacuum blast oven and dry it at 90 °C for 8 h. 110. Clamp the Al foil coated with cathode material using weighing paper, and use a cutting machine to cut it into Φ12 di… Transfer the Al foil with the coated slurry into a vacuum blast oven and dry it at 90 °C for 8 h. 110. Clamp the Al foil coated with cathode material using weighing paper, and use a cutting machine to cut it into Φ12 di… 24 10 10 629 #/texts/630 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 368.01, 344.89, 19.88] ▲ CAUTION During the experiment, take care to avoid injuring your fingers with the cutting machine. ▲ CAUTION During the experiment, take care to avoid injuring your fingers with the cutting machine. 24 11 11 630 #/texts/631 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 391.07, 368.3, 19.88] Prepare the various components required for battery assembly and bring them into a glove box filled with argon to assemble the half cell. Prepare the various components required for battery assembly and bring them into a glove box filled with argon to assemble the half cell. 24 12 12 631 #/texts/632 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 414.14, 368.91, 77.53] ▲ CAUTION It is best to dry the items in a blast oven before bringing them into the glove box. Additionally, in order not to pollute the atmosphere inside the glovebox (H 2 O <0.01 ppm, O2 <0.01 ppm), any material which… ▲ CAUTION It is best to dry the items in a blast oven before bringing them into the glove box. Additionally, in order not to pollute the atmosphere inside the glovebox (H 2 O <0.01 ppm, O2 <0.01 ppm), any material which… 24 13 13 632 #/texts/633 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 494.85, 373.19, 42.96] Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of the cathode electrode sheet used in the battery assembly. Calculate the mass of the active material subtracting the mass of the empty aluminum foil and applying the specifi… Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of the cathode electrode sheet used in the battery assembly. Calculate the mass of the active material subtracting the mass of the empty aluminum foil and applying the specifi… 24 14 14 633 #/texts/634 list_item body_candidate_excluded False high outside_body_flow_body_candidate outside_body_flow_body_candidate False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 540.99, 377.18, 19.88] Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. 24 15 15 634 #/texts/635 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 564.05, 375.4, 19.88] Next, place a polypropylene diaphragm with a diameter of Φ16 and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte again. Next, place a polypropylene diaphragm with a diameter of Φ16 and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte again. 24 16 16 635 #/texts/636 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 587.11, 378.81, 31.41] Carefully position the cathode electrode sheet at the center of the diaphragm, then sequentially put in a Φ14 stainless-steel gasket and shrapnel. Finally, cover the assembly with the positive electrode shell. Carefully position the cathode electrode sheet at the center of the diaphragm, then sequentially put in a Φ14 stainless-steel gasket and shrapnel. Finally, cover the assembly with the positive electrode shell. 24 17 17 636 #/texts/637 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 621.69, 382.48, 42.19] Use insulated tweezers to place the assembled battery, with the negative electrode side facing up, onto the button battery sealing machine mold. Adjust the pressure (typically 800 Pa) and press for 5 s to complete the a… Use insulated tweezers to place the assembled battery, with the negative electrode side facing up, onto the button battery sealing machine mold. Adjust the pressure (typically 800 Pa) and press for 5 s to complete the a… 24 18 18 637 #/texts/638 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p24:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [63.69, 656.31, 363.36, 54.47] CRITICAL STEP The pressing pressure depends on the model of the sealing machine and the appropriate pressure should be confirmed on the basis of experience. Excessive pressure may deform the battery or even cause a shor… CRITICAL STEP The pressing pressure depends on the model of the sealing machine and the appropriate pressure should be confirmed on the basis of experience. Excessive pressure may deform the battery or even cause a shor… 24 19 19 638 #/texts/639 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p24:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 713.96, 374.15, 19.88] Remove the battery using insulated tweezers, check whether the assembly is complete and wipe off any excess electrolyte using dust-free paper. Remove the battery using insulated tweezers, check whether the assembly is complete and wipe off any excess electrolyte using dust-free paper. 24 20 20 639 #/texts/640 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p24:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 24 21 21 640 #/texts/641 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p24:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.61, 763.81, 20.59, 6.99] 2436 2436 25 1 1 641 #/texts/642 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p25:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 25 2 2 642 #/texts/643 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.32, 270.18, 17.87] Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol 25 3 3 643 #/texts/644 text body True None body body False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 194.51, 297.24, 13.76] C-rate (C) is a standard unit that describes the charge or discharge current relative to the battery's nominal capacity. C-rate (C) is a standard unit that describes the charge or discharge current relative to the battery's nominal capacity. 25 4 4 644 #/texts/645 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 229.63, 389.98, 31.41] Take out the pressed button battery, check that the open circuit voltage is ~3.0 V and then place it with the negative electrode facing up for ~4 h to allow the electrolyte to thoroughly soak the electrode. Take out the pressed button battery, check that the open circuit voltage is ~3.0 V and then place it with the negative electrode facing up for ~4 h to allow the electrolyte to thoroughly soak the electrode. 25 5 5 645 #/texts/646 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.68, 264.37, 94.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 6 6 646 #/texts/647 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 275.76, 363.0, 19.88] Connect the assembled button cell to the external fixture of the battery test system, ensuring proper alignment and secure contact between the cell and the fixture. Connect the assembled button cell to the external fixture of the battery test system, ensuring proper alignment and secure contact between the cell and the fixture. 25 7 7 647 #/texts/648 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 298.82, 381.76, 42.94] Set the relevant parameters for the electrochemical performance test in the operation terminal on the basis of the characteristics of different cathode materials. These parameters include test type, voltage range, nomin… Set the relevant parameters for the electrochemical performance test in the operation terminal on the basis of the characteristics of different cathode materials. These parameters include test type, voltage range, nomin… 25 8 8 648 #/texts/649 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 344.93, 377.66, 19.88] Start the test and observe the electrochemical curves of half cells, assembled with different materials, during the first cycle of charge and discharge at low current density. Start the test and observe the electrochemical curves of half cells, assembled with different materials, during the first cycle of charge and discharge at low current density. 25 9 9 649 #/texts/650 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.68, 368.14, 94.43, 7.65] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 10 10 650 #/texts/651 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 379.55, 380.32, 19.88] Conduct long-term cycle tests and rate tests as required to evaluate the battery's service life and its ability to charge and discharge rapidly. Conduct long-term cycle tests and rate tests as required to evaluate the battery's service life and its ability to charge and discharge rapidly. 25 11 11 651 #/texts/652 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow False None page_body left_crossing None None p25:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.68, 402.61, 367.48, 42.94] ▲ CRITICAL STEP Ensure that the entire testing process is conducted at a constant temperature (typically 25 °C or 30 °C) to facilitate the comparison for different materials. When necessary, adjust the temperature of th… ▲ CRITICAL STEP Ensure that the entire testing process is conducted at a constant temperature (typically 25 °C or 30 °C) to facilitate the comparison for different materials. When necessary, adjust the temperature of th… 25 12 12 652 #/texts/653 list_item unknown_text False medium outside_body_flow_list_item outside_body_flow_list_item False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 254] white False False [58.69, 448.88, 94.43, 7.63] ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING 25 13 13 653 #/texts/654 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 482.79, 88.45, 9.84] Troubleshooting Troubleshooting 25 14 14 654 #/texts/655 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.93, 192.85, 8.35] Troubleshooting advice can be found in Table 5. Troubleshooting advice can be found in Table 5. 25 15 15 655 #/texts/656 section_header caption False low visual_caption_heading visual_caption_heading False None page_body left None None p25:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 554.27, 106.67, 7.87] Table 5 | Troubleshooting Table 5 | Troubleshooting 25 16 16 656 #/texts/657 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p25:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 25 17 17 657 #/texts/658 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p25:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.21, 763.81, 19.77, 6.99] 2437 2437 26 1 1 658 #/texts/659 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p26:top_margin:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 26 2 2 659 #/texts/660 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 114.31, 157.13, 7.87] Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting 26 3 3 660 #/texts/661 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 632.71, 36.82, 9.84] Timing Timing 26 4 4 661 #/texts/662 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p26:page_body:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 667.31, 205.01, 9.04] Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment 26 5 5 662 #/texts/663 text body True None body body False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p26:bottom_margin:left_crossing:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False False [39.69, 679.38, 387.48, 66.0] Step 1, gathering information: ~5 min (depends on the amount of data available before the spent battery is discarded) Steps 2-4, spent battery discharge: ~12 h Step 5-6, spent battery disassembly: 15 min Step 7, spent e… Step 1, gathering information: ~5 min (depends on the amount of data available before the spent battery is discarded) Steps 2-4, spent battery discharge: ~12 h Step 5-6, spent battery disassembly: 15 min Step 7, spent e… 26 6 6 663 #/texts/664 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p26:bottom_margin:left:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 26 7 7 664 #/texts/665 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p26:bottom_margin:right:off_white [255, 255, 255] off_white False True [540.71, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] 2438 2438 27 1 1 665 #/texts/666 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None top_margin left None None p27:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 27 2 2 666 #/texts/667 text body True None body body False None page_body left_crossing None None p27:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 114.31, 389.91, 19.88] Step 8, separation of current collector and active material powder: 1 h (depends on the electrode type and separation method) Step 8, separation of current collector and active material powder: 1 h (depends on the electrode type and separation method) 27 3 3 667 #/texts/668 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 137.37, 227.65, 8.35] Steps 9-10, large particle screening and removal: 20 min Steps 9-10, large particle screening and removal: 20 min 27 4 4 668 #/texts/669 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 148.9, 212.55, 8.35] Steps 11-13, binder and some impurities removal: 9 h Steps 11-13, binder and some impurities removal: 9 h 27 5 5 669 #/texts/670 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 160.43, 169.96, 8.35] Steps 14-18, Al foil impurities removal: 9 h Steps 14-18, Al foil impurities removal: 9 h 27 6 6 670 #/texts/671 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 182.96, 194.14, 9.04] Failure analysis of spent cathode materials Failure analysis of spent cathode materials 27 7 7 671 #/texts/672 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 195.03, 178.96, 8.35] Steps 19-32, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min Steps 19-32, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min 27 8 8 672 #/texts/673 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 206.56, 161.21, 8.35] Steps 33-39, XRD measurement: 30 min Steps 33-39, XRD measurement: 30 min 27 9 9 673 #/texts/674 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 218.09, 207.56, 8.35] Steps 33-39, regeneration plan formulation: 10 min Steps 33-39, regeneration plan formulation: 10 min 27 20 10 674 #/texts/685 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 254.01, 5.44, 7.95] a a 27 23 11 675 #/texts/688 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [149.35, 254.01, 6.01, 7.95] b b 27 24 12 676 #/texts/689 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [270.79, 254.01, 5.45, 7.95] c c 27 25 13 677 #/texts/690 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [127, 141, 161] colored False True [288.72, 279.88, 74.12, 5.7] LMO cathode layer (~65 LMO cathode layer (~65 27 26 14 678 #/texts/691 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [127, 143, 164] colored False True [362.84, 279.83, 4.03, 6.03] µ 27 27 15 679 #/texts/692 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [112, 127, 146] colored False True [366.87, 279.88, 8.01, 5.7] m) m) 27 21 16 680 #/texts/686 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [55.23, 351.02, 67.46, 5.7] Spent 2 Ah pouch cell Spent 2 Ah pouch cell 27 22 17 681 #/texts/687 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.69, 344.85, 86.54, 13.5] LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell 27 28 18 682 #/texts/693 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [105, 121, 144] colored False True [287.46, 348.08, 71.05, 5.7] Al foil current collector Al foil current collector 27 29 19 683 #/texts/694 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 370.4, 6.0, 7.95] d d 27 31 20 684 #/texts/696 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [149.35, 370.4, 5.62, 7.95] e e 27 41 21 685 #/texts/706 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [98, 122, 140] colored False True [413.19, 385.51, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks 27 42 22 686 #/texts/707 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [99, 130, 148] colored False True [479.68, 390.81, 39.23, 4.82] Broken particle Broken particle 27 33 23 687 #/texts/698 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:colored [122, 140, 158] colored False True [203.67, 419.6, 23.38, 4.82] Residual Residual 27 39 24 688 #/texts/704 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left_crossing None None p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored [110, 130, 148] colored False True [283.7, 414.04, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks 27 110 25 689 #/texts/775 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:colored [112, 137, 143] colored False True [164.75, 427.37, 25.83, 4.82] Impurities Impurities 27 34 26 690 #/texts/699 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [146, 156, 164] gray True True [206.24, 426.2, 18.24, 4.82] binder binder 27 40 27 691 #/texts/705 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [105, 128, 147] colored False True [407.58, 426.49, 17.67, 4.82] Cracks Cracks 27 30 28 692 #/texts/695 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.08, 464.78, 50.2, 13.5] Spent LMO cathode powder Spent LMO cathode powder 27 32 29 693 #/texts/697 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [172.94, 464.78, 49.18, 13.5] Residual binder and impurities Residual binder and impurities 27 38 30 694 #/texts/703 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [292.1, 472.58, 19.84, 5.7] cracks cracks 27 37 31 695 #/texts/702 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.21, 464.78, 17.61, 5.7] Shear Shear 27 36 32 696 #/texts/701 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [385.77, 464.78, 41.31, 13.5] Intragranular cracks Intragranular cracks 27 35 33 697 #/texts/700 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [497.62, 464.78, 26.42, 13.5] Broken particles Broken particles 27 43 34 698 #/texts/708 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 494.74, 3.65, 7.95] f f 27 60 35 699 #/texts/725 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [99.48, 500.38, 20.56, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO 27 56 36 700 #/texts/721 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [173.04, 499.87, 25.25, 4.82] Observed Observed 27 62 37 701 #/texts/727 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [235.89, 496.74, 2.82, 7.95] i i 27 52 38 702 #/texts/717 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [53.31, 505.47, 5.7, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 27 106 39 703 #/texts/771 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [84.07, 509.27, 34.74, 4.82] Space group: Space group: 27 107 40 704 #/texts/772 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.81, 509.35, 7.94, 4.72] Fd Fd 27 108 41 705 #/texts/773 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [126.75, 509.27, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 27 109 42 706 #/texts/774 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [130.07, 509.35, 4.93, 4.72] m m 27 57 43 707 #/texts/722 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [173.04, 506.89, 28.1, 4.82] Calculated Calculated 27 58 44 708 #/texts/723 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [173.04, 513.9, 12.64, 4.82] Error Error 27 59 45 709 #/texts/724 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [173.04, 520.92, 37.59, 4.82] Bragg position Bragg position 27 99 46 710 #/texts/764 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [98, 126, 148] colored False True [301.75, 533.34, 30.48, 5.7] Structural Structural 27 100 47 711 #/texts/765 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right_crossing None None p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored [97, 123, 141] colored False True [302.31, 541.14, 29.37, 5.7] distortion distortion 27 64 48 712 #/texts/729 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [110, 149, 180] colored False True [406.91, 539.38, 1.8, 5.7] I I 27 65 49 713 #/texts/730 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True True [442.77, 508.07, 1.8, 5.7] I I 27 69 50 714 #/texts/734 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [138, 112, 96] colored False True [445.39, 534.05, 10.11, 6.5] Mn 3 Mn 3 27 71 51 715 #/texts/736 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [144, 117, 100] colored False True [447.38, 540.65, 12.76, 4.82] (103) (103) 27 70 52 716 #/texts/735 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [141, 115, 99] colored False True [455.5, 534.05, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 27 96 53 717 #/texts/761 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [117, 153, 180] colored False True [504.21, 505.56, 45.8, 4.82] Li-deficient phase Li-deficient phase 27 44 54 718 #/texts/709 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [58.63, 570.99, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 27 45 55 719 #/texts/710 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [80.9, 570.99, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 27 46 56 720 #/texts/711 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [103.42, 570.99, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 27 47 57 721 #/texts/712 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.07, 570.99, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 27 48 58 722 #/texts/713 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [148.81, 570.99, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 27 49 59 723 #/texts/714 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [171.41, 570.99, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 27 50 60 724 #/texts/715 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.32, 570.99, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 27 51 61 725 #/texts/716 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [216.78, 570.99, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 27 68 62 726 #/texts/733 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [136, 136, 136] gray True True [441.37, 565.36, 3.6, 5.7] II II 27 72 63 727 #/texts/737 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [118, 130, 152] colored False True [472.73, 562.75, 12.33, 4.82] LiMn LiMn 27 75 64 728 #/texts/740 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [107, 118, 138] colored False True [475.99, 569.35, 14.38, 4.82] (040) (040) 27 73 65 729 #/texts/738 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [98, 108, 127] colored False True [485.07, 566.18, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 27 74 66 730 #/texts/739 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [103, 114, 133] colored False True [487.01, 562.75, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 27 98 67 731 #/texts/763 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [122, 133, 141] colored False True [502.64, 564.25, 36.74, 4.82] Regular phase Regular phase 27 53 68 732 #/texts/718 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [132.85, 579.83, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 27 54 69 733 #/texts/719 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [218, 218, 218] gray True True [136.45, 579.93, 3.98, 5.58] θ 27 55 70 734 #/texts/720 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [140.43, 579.83, 8.68, 5.7] (°) 27 102 71 735 #/texts/767 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [128, 141, 152] colored False True [334.72, 584.71, 37.23, 5.7] degradation degradation 27 101 72 736 #/texts/766 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [108, 126, 141] colored False True [338.09, 576.91, 30.48, 5.7] Structural Structural 27 61 73 737 #/texts/726 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [39.69, 589.75, 5.99, 7.95] g g 27 95 74 738 #/texts/760 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [140.03, 589.75, 5.85, 7.95] h h 27 66 75 739 #/texts/731 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left_crossing None None p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored [109, 124, 134] colored False True [284.27, 588.23, 3.6, 5.7] II II 27 90 76 740 #/texts/755 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [51.04, 597.99, 11.75, 4.82] 0.55 0.55 27 94 77 741 #/texts/759 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [72.22, 602.65, 48.49, 4.82] Cathode electrode Cathode electrode 27 15 78 742 #/texts/680 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [154.23, 602.42, 50.26, 4.82] Gr anode electrode Gr anode electrode 27 93 79 743 #/texts/758 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 617.17, 5.71, 32.77] Li/Mn ratio Li/Mn ratio 27 89 80 744 #/texts/754 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.53, 620.22, 12.27, 4.82] 0.50 0.50 27 88 81 745 #/texts/753 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [50.88, 642.43, 11.92, 4.82] 0.45 0.45 27 91 82 746 #/texts/756 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [73.98, 611.52, 15.61, 4.82] 0.508 0.508 27 92 83 747 #/texts/757 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [101.64, 638.64, 14.97, 4.82] 0.447 0.447 27 16 84 748 #/texts/681 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [140.96, 609.16, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 27 63 85 749 #/texts/728 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [127, 140, 151] colored False True [382.49, 607.48, 5.4, 5.7] III III 27 67 86 750 #/texts/732 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True True [441.11, 626.41, 5.4, 5.7] III III 27 76 87 751 #/texts/741 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [116, 127, 148] colored False True [473.47, 624.11, 12.33, 4.82] LiMn LiMn 27 79 88 752 #/texts/744 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [109, 120, 141] colored False True [476.72, 630.71, 14.38, 4.82] (040) (040) 27 77 89 753 #/texts/742 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [82, 90, 105] colored False True [485.8, 627.54, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 27 78 90 754 #/texts/743 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [104, 114, 133] colored False True [487.74, 624.11, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 27 97 91 755 #/texts/762 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [101, 131, 153] colored False True [503.89, 623.21, 32.94, 4.82] Li-rich phase Li-rich phase 27 87 92 756 #/texts/752 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [50.36, 664.66, 12.44, 4.82] 0.40 0.40 27 11 93 757 #/texts/676 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [155.25, 668.26, 10.2, 4.82] 664 664 27 18 94 758 #/texts/683 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [155.34, 652.84, 9.45, 4.82] Mn Mn 27 19 95 759 #/texts/684 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [164.79, 652.92, 6.5, 4.72] 2p 2p 27 12 96 760 #/texts/677 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [235, 235, 235] gray True True [175.89, 668.26, 10.04, 4.82] 656 656 27 13 97 761 #/texts/678 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [196.41, 668.26, 10.14, 4.82] 648 648 27 14 98 762 #/texts/679 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [216.75, 668.26, 10.54, 4.82] 640 640 27 105 99 763 #/texts/770 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:gray [171, 174, 177] gray True True [261.25, 662.51, 20.56, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO 27 104 100 764 #/texts/769 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [159, 162, 164] gray True True [358.53, 662.73, 30.02, 5.7] mismatch mismatch 27 103 101 765 #/texts/768 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [155, 157, 159] gray True True [363.21, 654.93, 20.66, 5.7] Lattice Lattice 27 80 102 766 #/texts/745 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [130, 139, 126] gray True True [442.63, 659.27, 4.33, 4.82] Li Li 27 81 103 767 #/texts/746 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [89, 95, 86] gray True True [446.97, 662.7, 1.94, 3.07] 2 2 27 84 104 768 #/texts/749 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [132, 140, 127] gray True True [447.38, 665.87, 13.34, 4.82] (022) (022) 27 82 105 769 #/texts/747 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:gray [130, 138, 130] gray True True [448.9, 659.27, 9.94, 6.5] Mn 2 Mn 2 27 83 106 770 #/texts/748 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p27:page_body:right:colored [109, 123, 131] colored False True [458.84, 659.27, 6.62, 6.5] O 4 O 4 27 85 107 771 #/texts/750 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [56.27, 671.83, 30.49, 30.49] Commercial Commercial 27 86 108 772 #/texts/751 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [96.89, 671.32, 16.78, 16.78] Spent Spent 27 17 109 773 #/texts/682 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body left None None p27:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.43, 678.42, 60.09, 5.7] Binding energy (eV) Binding energy (eV) 27 10 110 774 #/texts/675 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None bottom_margin left_crossing None None p27:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 708.46, 247.3, 36.51] Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … 27 111 111 775 #/texts/776 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None bottom_margin right_crossing None None p27:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 708.47, 252.55, 36.51] to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… 27 112 112 776 #/texts/777 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p27:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 27 113 113 777 #/texts/778 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p27:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.34, 763.81, 20.64, 6.99] 2439 2439 28 1 1 778 #/texts/779 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p28:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 28 90 2 779 #/texts/868 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.15, 5.44, 7.95] a a 28 91 3 780 #/texts/869 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [221.87, 115.15, 6.01, 7.95] b b 28 92 4 781 #/texts/870 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.66, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c 28 89 5 782 #/texts/867 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [80.99, 130.92, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 85 6 783 #/texts/863 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 127.22, 29.84, 5.7] Observed Observed 28 86 7 784 #/texts/864 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 135.07, 33.22, 5.7] Calculated Calculated 28 29 8 785 #/texts/807 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [262.59, 130.81, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 25 9 786 #/texts/803 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 127.11, 29.84, 5.7] Observed Observed 28 26 10 787 #/texts/804 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 134.97, 33.21, 5.7] Calculated Calculated 28 12 11 788 #/texts/790 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.1, 129.81, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 87 12 789 #/texts/865 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 142.92, 14.94, 5.7] Error Error 28 27 13 790 #/texts/805 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.5, 142.82, 14.94, 5.7] Error Error 28 13 14 791 #/texts/791 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [434.1, 138.63, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 97 15 792 #/texts/875 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [71.42, 150.19, 36.2, 4.82] Space group: Space group: 28 98 16 793 #/texts/876 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [107.62, 150.27, 6.48, 4.72] Fd Fd 28 99 17 794 #/texts/877 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [114.1, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 28 100 18 795 #/texts/878 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [117.42, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] m m 28 88 19 796 #/texts/866 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.23, 150.77, 44.43, 5.7] Bragg position Bragg position 28 93 20 797 #/texts/871 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [252.02, 150.19, 34.74, 4.82] Space group: Space group: 28 94 21 798 #/texts/872 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.76, 150.27, 7.94, 4.72] Fd Fd 28 95 22 799 #/texts/873 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [294.7, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] 3 3 28 96 23 800 #/texts/874 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [298.02, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] m m 28 28 24 801 #/texts/806 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [328.5, 150.67, 44.43, 5.7] Bragg position Bragg position 28 78 25 802 #/texts/856 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 158.83, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 24 26 803 #/texts/802 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [222.8, 158.72, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 9 27 804 #/texts/787 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [402.58, 156.93, 5.71, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 28 14 28 805 #/texts/792 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [493.92, 193.19, 4.05, 5.58] g g 28 15 29 806 #/texts/793 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [497.97, 193.09, 24.8, 5.7] = 2.003 = 2.003 28 70 30 807 #/texts/848 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [46.79, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 28 71 31 808 #/texts/849 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True False [66.88, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 28 72 32 809 #/texts/850 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [87.27, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 28 73 33 810 #/texts/851 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [107.76, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 28 74 34 811 #/texts/852 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [128.37, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 28 75 35 812 #/texts/853 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [148.81, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 28 76 36 813 #/texts/854 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [169.59, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 28 77 37 814 #/texts/855 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [189.89, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 28 16 38 815 #/texts/794 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.4, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] 10 10 28 17 39 816 #/texts/795 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [248.51, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] 20 20 28 18 40 817 #/texts/796 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [268.88, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] 30 30 28 19 41 818 #/texts/797 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [289.38, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] 40 40 28 20 42 819 #/texts/798 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [309.97, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] 50 50 28 21 43 820 #/texts/799 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [330.42, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] 60 60 28 22 44 821 #/texts/800 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [351.19, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] 70 70 28 23 45 822 #/texts/801 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [218, 218, 218] gray True True [371.5, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] 80 80 28 3 46 823 #/texts/781 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [417.97, 245.58, 10.49, 4.82] 1.98 1.98 28 4 47 824 #/texts/782 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [442.12, 245.58, 10.57, 4.82] 1.99 1.99 28 5 48 825 #/texts/783 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [465.5, 245.58, 12.09, 4.82] 2.00 2.00 28 6 49 826 #/texts/784 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [490.45, 245.58, 10.54, 4.82] 2.01 2.01 28 7 50 827 #/texts/785 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [514.16, 245.58, 11.38, 4.82] 2.02 2.02 28 8 51 828 #/texts/786 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [538.19, 245.58, 11.67, 4.82] 2.03 2.03 28 79 52 829 #/texts/857 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [113.47, 254.51, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 28 80 53 830 #/texts/858 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [117.07, 254.61, 3.98, 5.58] θ 28 81 54 831 #/texts/859 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [121.06, 254.51, 8.68, 5.7] (°) 28 82 55 832 #/texts/860 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [295.08, 255.32, 3.6, 5.7] 2 2 28 83 56 833 #/texts/861 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray [215, 215, 215] gray True True [298.68, 255.42, 3.98, 5.58] θ 28 84 57 834 #/texts/862 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [302.67, 255.32, 8.68, 5.7] (°) 28 10 58 835 #/texts/788 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [471.01, 255.13, 4.05, 5.58] g g 28 11 59 836 #/texts/789 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [475.05, 255.04, 21.16, 5.7] Factor Factor 28 30 60 837 #/texts/808 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 270.92, 6.0, 7.95] d d 28 31 61 838 #/texts/809 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [305.81, 270.92, 5.62, 7.95] e e 28 107 62 839 #/texts/885 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [148, 148, 148] gray True True [198.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] I I 28 34 63 840 #/texts/812 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [87, 99, 110] colored False True [221.81, 284.58, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 36 64 841 #/texts/814 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [117, 127, 138] colored False True [245.99, 280.34, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 104 65 842 #/texts/882 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [465.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] I I 28 52 66 843 #/texts/830 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [106, 121, 134] colored False True [490.89, 286.65, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 54 67 844 #/texts/832 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [111, 127, 142] colored False True [513.34, 280.4, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 101 68 845 #/texts/879 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [220, 223, 225] gray True True [99.47, 295.23, 1.8, 5.7] I I 28 32 69 846 #/texts/810 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [89, 101, 113] colored False True [198.03, 303.72, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 35 70 847 #/texts/813 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [110, 126, 141] colored False True [224.35, 289.98, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 110 71 848 #/texts/888 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [150, 154, 157] gray True True [346.71, 299.47, 5.4, 5.7] III III 28 65 72 849 #/texts/843 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [170, 175, 178] gray True True [377.56, 300.57, 66.66, 5.7] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 28 50 73 850 #/texts/828 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [105, 124, 141] colored False True [469.66, 298.36, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 51 74 851 #/texts/829 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [101, 119, 134] colored False True [470.58, 303.76, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 53 75 852 #/texts/831 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [107, 121, 135] colored False True [493.43, 292.05, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 33 76 853 #/texts/811 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [105, 119, 132] colored False True [198.94, 309.12, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 66 77 854 #/texts/844 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [173, 178, 182] gray True True [379.9, 308.37, 62.0, 5.7] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 28 48 78 855 #/texts/826 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [130, 141, 152] colored False True [95.83, 332.24, 66.66, 5.7] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 28 108 79 856 #/texts/886 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [176, 176, 176] gray True True [198.41, 325.7, 3.6, 5.7] II II 28 44 80 857 #/texts/822 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [222.39, 328.71, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 45 81 858 #/texts/823 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [99, 113, 125] colored False True [224.92, 334.11, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 46 82 859 #/texts/824 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [119, 131, 140] colored False True [245.98, 324.8, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 105 83 860 #/texts/883 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [136, 136, 136] gray True True [465.41, 325.69, 3.6, 5.7] II II 28 62 84 861 #/texts/840 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [88, 100, 111] colored False True [491.39, 330.53, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 63 85 862 #/texts/841 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [108, 123, 137] colored False True [493.92, 335.93, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 64 86 863 #/texts/842 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [113, 136, 153] colored False True [513.34, 324.85, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 102 87 864 #/texts/880 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [149, 156, 159] gray True True [64.58, 353.87, 5.4, 5.7] III III 28 49 88 865 #/texts/827 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [137, 148, 154] gray True True [98.16, 340.04, 62.0, 5.7] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 28 42 89 866 #/texts/820 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [89, 101, 112] colored False True [198.51, 349.92, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 43 90 867 #/texts/821 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [91, 104, 115] colored False True [199.43, 355.32, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 111 91 868 #/texts/889 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [158, 167, 174] gray True True [433.99, 350.94, 3.6, 5.7] II II 28 60 92 869 #/texts/838 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [97, 112, 129] colored False True [467.13, 342.36, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 61 93 870 #/texts/839 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [102, 120, 133] colored False True [468.05, 347.76, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 103 94 871 #/texts/881 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [112, 125, 134] colored False True [155.31, 371.09, 3.6, 5.7] II II 28 109 95 872 #/texts/887 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [198.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] III III 28 39 96 873 #/texts/817 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [104, 118, 131] colored False True [222.85, 374.5, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 41 97 874 #/texts/819 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored [114, 131, 144] colored False True [245.99, 369.52, 44.05, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 69 98 875 #/texts/847 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [162, 168, 173] gray True True [345.29, 368.07, 41.17, 5.7] stacking fault stacking fault 28 68 99 876 #/texts/846 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [164, 168, 172] gray True True [356.06, 360.27, 19.63, 5.7] Slight Slight 28 106 100 877 #/texts/884 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [143, 143, 143] gray True True [465.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] III III 28 57 101 878 #/texts/835 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [89, 101, 112] colored False True [491.17, 374.58, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 59 102 879 #/texts/837 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [119, 135, 147] colored False True [513.34, 369.58, 44.06, 3.95] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 28 40 103 880 #/texts/818 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [108, 124, 140] colored False True [225.39, 379.9, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 112 104 881 #/texts/890 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [206, 209, 212] gray True True [327.32, 382.92, 1.8, 5.7] I I 28 55 105 882 #/texts/833 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [100, 117, 131] colored False True [467.87, 387.02, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 58 106 883 #/texts/836 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 128] colored False True [493.7, 379.98, 8.28, 3.95] (111) (111) 28 47 107 884 #/texts/825 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [114, 151, 178] colored False True [51.45, 398.19, 30.89, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 28 37 108 885 #/texts/815 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [84, 96, 111] colored False True [200.6, 395.0, 13.36, 3.95] Spinel Spinel 28 38 109 886 #/texts/816 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:colored [100, 114, 126] colored False True [201.52, 400.4, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 67 110 887 #/texts/845 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p28:body_region:0 page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:gray [175, 179, 182] gray True True [317.07, 398.62, 30.21, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 28 56 111 888 #/texts/834 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p28:page_body:right:colored [107, 125, 139] colored False True [468.79, 392.42, 11.52, 3.95] (002) (002) 28 2 112 889 #/texts/780 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 416.02, 251.94, 26.5] Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… 28 113 113 890 #/texts/891 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p28:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 416.02, 245.51, 16.5] ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). 28 114 114 891 #/texts/892 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 471.26, 280.56, 9.04] Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials 28 115 115 892 #/texts/893 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 483.33, 308.55, 8.35] Steps 41-49 or Steps 57 or Steps 72 or Steps 75, raw material ball milling: 4.5 h Steps 41-49 or Steps 57 or Steps 72 or Steps 75, raw material ball milling: 4.5 h 28 116 116 893 #/texts/894 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 494.86, 214.82, 8.35] Steps 50-56, solid-phase sintering regeneration: 28 h Steps 50-56, solid-phase sintering regeneration: 28 h 28 117 117 894 #/texts/895 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 506.39, 252.85, 8.35] Steps 58-70, Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration: 20 min Steps 58-70, Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration: 20 min 28 118 118 895 #/texts/896 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.92, 375.74, 19.89] Step 73, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4: 20 min Step 73, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4: 20 min 28 119 119 896 #/texts/897 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 540.99, 338.38, 20.95] Steps 76, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2: 20 min Steps 76, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2: 20 min 28 120 120 897 #/texts/898 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 575.05, 218.45, 9.04] Regenerated cathode material characterization Regenerated cathode material characterization 28 121 121 898 #/texts/899 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 587.12, 159.89, 8.35] Step 77, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min Step 77, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min 28 122 122 899 #/texts/900 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.65, 142.6, 8.35] Step 78, XRD measurement: 30 min Step 78, XRD measurement: 30 min 28 123 123 900 #/texts/901 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 610.18, 144.33, 8.35] Steps 79-87, SEM measurement: 2 h Steps 79-87, SEM measurement: 2 h 28 124 124 901 #/texts/902 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p28:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 621.71, 354.65, 8.35] Steps 88-96, TEM measurement: 2.5 h (depends on the specific measurement situation) Steps 88-96, TEM measurement: 2.5 h (depends on the specific measurement situation) 28 125 125 902 #/texts/903 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 633.24, 144.88, 8.35] Steps 97-101, EPR measurement: 1 h Steps 97-101, EPR measurement: 1 h 28 126 126 903 #/texts/904 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 655.77, 192.77, 9.04] Electrochemical performance verification Electrochemical performance verification 28 127 127 904 #/texts/905 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 667.85, 151.52, 8.35] Steps 102-106, slurry preparation: 1 h Steps 102-106, slurry preparation: 1 h 28 128 128 905 #/texts/906 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 679.38, 144.6, 8.35] Steps 107-108, slurry coating: 5 min Steps 107-108, slurry coating: 5 min 28 129 129 906 #/texts/907 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 690.9, 122.35, 8.35] Step 109, electrode drying: 8 h Step 109, electrode drying: 8 h 28 130 130 907 #/texts/908 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 702.43, 138.99, 8.35] Step 110, electrode cutting: 10 min Step 110, electrode cutting: 10 min 28 131 131 908 #/texts/909 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 page_body left None None p28:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 713.96, 162.1, 8.35] Steps 111-118, half-cell assembly: 30 min Steps 111-118, half-cell assembly: 30 min 28 132 132 909 #/texts/910 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p28:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 725.49, 377.89, 8.35] Steps 119-122, electrochemical performance test: 30-40 d (depends on the material type and Steps 119-122, electrochemical performance test: 30-40 d (depends on the material type and 28 133 133 910 #/texts/911 text body True None body body True p28:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p28:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 737.02, 53.78, 8.35] the test type) the test type) 28 134 134 911 #/texts/912 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p28:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p28:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 28 135 135 912 #/texts/913 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p28:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [539.9, 763.81, 21.3, 6.99] 2440 2440 29 1 1 913 #/texts/914 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p29:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 29 73 2 914 #/texts/986 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a 29 65 3 915 #/texts/978 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [50.35, 121.5, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 29 71 4 916 #/texts/984 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [123.34, 124.67, 52.42, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell LMO || Li half cell 29 75 5 917 #/texts/988 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [228.21, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b 29 44 6 918 #/texts/957 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [289.14, 123.56, 71.82, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C 29 69 7 919 #/texts/982 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 155.94, 5.7, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 29 64 8 920 #/texts/977 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.85, 152.14, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 29 63 9 921 #/texts/976 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [50.42, 182.79, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 29 72 10 922 #/texts/985 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [124.43, 132.47, 50.25, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 29 66 11 923 #/texts/979 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 175.82, 20.57, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO 29 67 12 924 #/texts/980 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 184.79, 30.91, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 68 13 925 #/texts/981 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [131.71, 193.77, 30.23, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 42 14 926 #/texts/955 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [232.14, 133.33, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 41 15 927 #/texts/954 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [242.88, 130.68, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 29 40 16 928 #/texts/953 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [243.06, 148.53, 8.96, 4.82] 120 120 29 39 17 929 #/texts/952 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [244.87, 166.37, 7.15, 4.82] 90 90 29 38 18 930 #/texts/951 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [244.88, 184.22, 7.14, 4.82] 60 60 29 37 19 931 #/texts/950 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [244.96, 202.07, 7.06, 4.82] 30 30 29 49 20 932 #/texts/962 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.07, 139.19, 12.9, 4.82] 0.1 C 0.1 C 29 50 21 933 #/texts/963 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [283.1, 140.39, 13.93, 4.82] 0.5 C 0.5 C 29 46 22 934 #/texts/959 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 165.99, 20.46, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO 29 47 23 935 #/texts/960 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 174.77, 30.86, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 48 24 936 #/texts/961 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [285.93, 183.54, 30.22, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 45 25 937 #/texts/958 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [297.14, 131.36, 55.84, 5.7] voltage: 3.0-4.5 V voltage: 3.0-4.5 V 29 51 26 938 #/texts/964 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [303.67, 142.14, 7.64, 4.82] 1 C 1 C 29 52 27 939 #/texts/965 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [323.55, 146.77, 8.49, 4.82] 2 C 2 C 29 53 28 940 #/texts/966 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [342.89, 158.1, 8.67, 4.82] 5 C 5 C 29 55 29 941 #/texts/968 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [362.0, 171.74, 11.35, 4.82] 10 C 10 C 29 54 30 942 #/texts/967 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [384.09, 142.54, 7.64, 4.82] 1 C 1 C 29 62 31 943 #/texts/975 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [49.92, 213.44, 8.62, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 29 36 32 944 #/texts/949 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [248.27, 219.92, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 56 33 945 #/texts/969 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [70.3, 233.56, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 57 34 946 #/texts/970 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [95.07, 233.56, 7.08, 4.82] 30 30 29 58 35 947 #/texts/971 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [121.44, 233.56, 7.16, 4.82] 60 60 29 59 36 948 #/texts/972 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True False [147.85, 233.56, 7.17, 4.82] 90 90 29 60 37 949 #/texts/973 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True True [173.33, 233.56, 9.0, 4.82] 120 120 29 61 38 950 #/texts/974 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [199.65, 233.56, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 29 28 39 951 #/texts/941 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [254.87, 232.81, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 29 40 952 #/texts/942 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [274.87, 232.81, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 29 30 41 953 #/texts/943 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [294.8, 232.81, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 29 31 42 954 #/texts/944 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.69, 232.81, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 29 32 43 955 #/texts/945 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [223, 223, 223] gray True True [333.42, 232.81, 5.58, 4.82] 16 16 29 33 44 956 #/texts/946 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [352.64, 232.81, 6.78, 4.82] 20 20 29 34 45 957 #/texts/947 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [372.64, 232.81, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 29 35 46 958 #/texts/948 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [392.58, 232.81, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 29 70 47 959 #/texts/983 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [94.36, 242.38, 81.01, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 43 48 960 #/texts/956 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [307.23, 243.06, 42.96, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 29 74 49 961 #/texts/987 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 257.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c 29 15 50 962 #/texts/928 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [58.38, 268.08, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 29 27 51 963 #/texts/940 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [231, 233, 243] gray True False [377.48, 268.3, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 29 16 52 964 #/texts/929 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [48.15, 272.31, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 29 14 53 965 #/texts/927 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [58.56, 285.94, 9.02, 4.82] 120 120 29 13 54 966 #/texts/926 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [60.4, 303.79, 7.18, 4.82] 90 90 29 12 55 967 #/texts/925 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [60.41, 321.64, 7.17, 4.82] 60 60 29 11 56 968 #/texts/924 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [60.49, 339.5, 7.09, 4.82] 30 30 29 23 57 969 #/texts/936 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 306.99, 20.5, 5.7] S-LMO S-LMO 29 24 58 970 #/texts/937 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 318.28, 30.88, 5.7] R-LMO-SS R-LMO-SS 29 25 59 971 #/texts/938 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [136.02, 329.57, 30.22, 5.7] R-LMO-JH R-LMO-JH 29 19 60 972 #/texts/932 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [261.56, 325.2, 83.5, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V 29 18 61 973 #/texts/931 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p29:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [267.57, 317.4, 71.48, 5.7] LMO || Li half cell 30 °C LMO || Li half cell 30 °C 29 22 62 974 #/texts/935 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [251, 252, 253] white False False [338.08, 282.91, 18.3, 5.7] 89.7% 89.7% 29 20 63 975 #/texts/933 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:off_white [240, 249, 248] off_white False False [339.25, 306.11, 18.82, 5.7] 84.3% 84.3% 29 26 64 976 #/texts/939 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [224, 226, 240] gray True False [377.48, 298.05, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 21 65 977 #/texts/934 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [391.08, 273.99, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 29 10 66 978 #/texts/923 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [63.83, 357.35, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 3 67 979 #/texts/916 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [72.09, 365.31, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 29 4 68 980 #/texts/917 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [119.29, 365.31, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 29 5 69 981 #/texts/918 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [166.74, 365.31, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 29 6 70 982 #/texts/919 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [215.82, 365.31, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 29 7 71 983 #/texts/920 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [263.95, 365.31, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 29 8 72 984 #/texts/921 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [313.02, 365.31, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 29 9 73 985 #/texts/922 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body right None None p29:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [361.44, 365.31, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 29 17 74 986 #/texts/930 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [200.74, 375.23, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 29 2 75 987 #/texts/915 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 387.25, 373.59, 26.5] Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… 29 76 76 988 #/texts/989 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 page_body left None None p29:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 448.2, 88.1, 9.04] Anticipated results Anticipated results 29 77 77 989 #/texts/990 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 460.27, 385.29, 31.41] In this section, we use spent LiMn 2 O4 as an example to showcase key structural characterization and performance verification results. These results demonstrate that the direct regeneration and upcycling of spent catho… In this section, we use spent LiMn 2 O4 as an example to showcase key structural characterization and performance verification results. These results demonstrate that the direct regeneration and upcycling of spent catho… 29 78 78 990 #/texts/991 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 505.86, 266.41, 9.04] Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials 29 79 79 991 #/texts/992 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p29:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 517.93, 385.02, 89.06] The spent LiMn2 O4//graphite (LMO//Gr) pouch cell, shown in Fig. 3a, was disassembled to separate its components, including the cathode electrode, anode electrode and separator (Supplementary Fig. 5). The cathode electr… The spent LiMn2 O4//graphite (LMO//Gr) pouch cell, shown in Fig. 3a, was disassembled to separate its components, including the cathode electrode, anode electrode and separator (Supplementary Fig. 5). The cathode electr… 29 80 80 992 #/texts/993 text body True None body body True p29:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p29:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 610.16, 381.54, 135.17] As shown in Fig. 3e, the microscopic morphology of this group of failed cathode materials reveals spherical single crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 3 μm. After prolonged cycling, typical mechanical failure behavior… As shown in Fig. 3e, the microscopic morphology of this group of failed cathode materials reveals spherical single crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 3 μm. After prolonged cycling, typical mechanical failure behavior… 29 81 81 993 #/texts/994 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p29:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p29:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 29 82 82 994 #/texts/995 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p29:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [542.05, 763.81, 18.93, 6.99] 2441 2441 30 1 1 995 #/texts/996 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p30:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p30:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 30 39 2 996 #/texts/1034 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 117.35, 5.44, 7.95] a a 30 40 3 997 #/texts/1035 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.85, 116.35, 6.01, 7.95] b b 30 41 4 998 #/texts/1036 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [400.92, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c 30 14 5 999 #/texts/1009 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [72.04, 129.74, 25.75, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 38 6 1000 #/texts/1033 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [268.07, 132.1, 21.78, 4.72] U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 34 7 1001 #/texts/1029 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 127.94, 33.41, 5.58] Observed Observed 30 35 8 1002 #/texts/1030 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 134.77, 36.79, 5.58] Calculated Calculated 30 94 9 1003 #/texts/1089 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.63, 129.76, 25.75, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 95 10 1004 #/texts/1090 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.63, 137.48, 25.97, 5.58] C-LNMO C-LNMO 30 98 11 1005 #/texts/1093 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False False [256.51, 144.26, 50.61, 4.72] Space group: Fd3m Space group: Fd3m 30 36 12 1006 #/texts/1031 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 141.59, 18.5, 5.58] Error Error 30 37 13 1007 #/texts/1032 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [326.43, 148.42, 48.02, 5.58] Bragg position Bragg position 30 19 14 1008 #/texts/1014 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.71, 157.73, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 11 15 1009 #/texts/1006 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [70.08, 177.06, 41.5, 7.26] SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 30 12 16 1010 #/texts/1007 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [111.58, 177.06, 12.75, 7.26] CO 3 CO 3 30 13 17 1011 #/texts/1008 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [124.33, 177.06, 32.41, 5.58] = 1:2/3:1/6 = 1:2/3:1/6 30 10 18 1012 #/texts/1005 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 247] gray True False [154.45, 160.86, 33.45, 4.72] PDF#80-2162 PDF#80-2162 30 30 19 1013 #/texts/1025 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [228.88, 156.85, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 91 20 1014 #/texts/1086 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.95, 156.72, 5.59, 43.04] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 30 96 21 1015 #/texts/1091 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [490.24, 189.12, 4.05, 5.58] g g 30 97 22 1016 #/texts/1092 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [494.3, 189.12, 24.84, 5.58] = 2.003 = 2.003 30 15 23 1017 #/texts/1010 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [154.48, 205.29, 33.99, 4.72] PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 30 21 24 1018 #/texts/1016 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 247] gray True False [154.48, 216.02, 32.67, 4.72] PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 30 20 25 1019 #/texts/1015 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [255, 233, 233] colored False False [154.56, 225.61, 32.36, 4.72] PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 30 2 26 1020 #/texts/997 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [46.48, 238.97, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 30 3 27 1021 #/texts/998 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [66.06, 238.97, 6.8, 4.72] 20 20 30 4 28 1022 #/texts/999 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [231, 231, 231] gray True False [85.93, 238.97, 7.08, 4.72] 30 30 30 5 29 1023 #/texts/1000 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [105.91, 238.97, 7.15, 4.72] 40 40 30 6 30 1024 #/texts/1001 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [126.0, 238.97, 6.98, 4.72] 50 50 30 7 31 1025 #/texts/1002 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True False [145.92, 238.97, 7.16, 4.72] 60 60 30 8 32 1026 #/texts/1003 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [166.18, 238.97, 6.64, 4.72] 70 70 30 9 33 1027 #/texts/1004 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [185.97, 238.97, 7.09, 4.72] 80 80 30 22 34 1028 #/texts/1017 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [234.21, 238.88, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 30 23 35 1029 #/texts/1018 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [253.53, 238.88, 6.8, 4.72] 20 20 30 24 36 1030 #/texts/1019 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [273.11, 238.88, 7.07, 4.72] 30 30 30 25 37 1031 #/texts/1020 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [292.83, 238.88, 7.15, 4.72] 40 40 30 26 38 1032 #/texts/1021 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [312.63, 238.88, 6.98, 4.72] 50 50 30 27 39 1033 #/texts/1022 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [332.3, 238.88, 7.16, 4.72] 60 60 30 28 40 1034 #/texts/1023 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [352.28, 238.88, 6.64, 4.72] 70 70 30 29 41 1035 #/texts/1024 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [371.8, 238.88, 7.09, 4.72] 80 80 30 85 42 1036 #/texts/1080 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [416.99, 238.88, 10.51, 4.72] 1.98 1.98 30 86 43 1037 #/texts/1081 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True True [440.2, 238.88, 10.58, 4.72] 1.99 1.99 30 87 44 1038 #/texts/1082 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [462.64, 238.88, 12.11, 4.72] 2.00 2.00 30 88 45 1039 #/texts/1083 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [486.67, 238.88, 10.55, 4.72] 2.01 2.01 30 89 46 1040 #/texts/1084 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [509.46, 238.88, 11.41, 4.72] 2.02 2.02 30 90 47 1041 #/texts/1085 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [532.57, 238.88, 11.68, 4.72] 2.03 2.03 30 16 48 1042 #/texts/1011 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [111.52, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 30 17 49 1043 #/texts/1012 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False True [115.13, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] θ 30 18 50 1044 #/texts/1013 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.73, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] (°) 30 31 51 1045 #/texts/1026 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [298.32, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 30 32 52 1046 #/texts/1027 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True True [301.92, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] θ 30 33 53 1047 #/texts/1028 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [305.52, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] (°) 30 92 54 1048 #/texts/1087 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [467.71, 248.5, 4.05, 5.58] g g 30 93 55 1049 #/texts/1088 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [471.76, 248.5, 21.19, 5.58] Factor Factor 30 82 56 1050 #/texts/1077 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 263.8, 6.0, 7.95] d d 30 84 57 1051 #/texts/1079 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [302.44, 263.8, 3.65, 7.95] f f 30 66 58 1052 #/texts/1061 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [111, 136, 151] colored False True [512.76, 270.8, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 61 59 1053 #/texts/1056 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [128, 128, 128] gray True True [462.53, 272.99, 1.8, 5.58] I I 30 64 60 1054 #/texts/1059 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [104, 118, 131] colored False True [489.73, 276.56, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 65 61 1055 #/texts/1060 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [98, 112, 126] colored False True [492.26, 281.96, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) 30 62 62 1056 #/texts/1057 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 116, 130] colored False True [466.94, 290.11, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 63 63 1057 #/texts/1058 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [467.86, 295.51, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) 30 79 64 1058 #/texts/1074 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [149, 74, 0] colored False True [149.52, 315.65, 6.36, 5.58] Ni Ni 30 80 65 1059 #/texts/1075 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:unknown None unknown False True [204.16, 315.7, 9.45, 5.58] Mn Mn 30 81 66 1060 #/texts/1076 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:colored [0, 113, 112] colored False True [263.64, 315.74, 5.27, 5.58] O O 30 60 67 1061 #/texts/1055 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [133, 142, 148] gray True True [375.07, 308.98, 1.8, 5.58] I I 30 59 68 1062 #/texts/1054 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [131, 131, 131] gray True True [462.53, 316.26, 3.6, 5.58] II II 30 76 69 1063 #/texts/1071 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [121, 136, 152] colored False True [512.76, 316.04, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 83 70 1064 #/texts/1078 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 330.93, 5.62, 7.95] e e 30 77 71 1065 #/texts/1072 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [171, 177, 181] gray True True [350.38, 328.94, 66.66, 5.58] Uniformly distributed Uniformly distributed 30 72 72 1066 #/texts/1067 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [104, 119, 133] colored False True [466.94, 335.34, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 74 73 1067 #/texts/1069 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [490.34, 321.38, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 75 74 1068 #/texts/1070 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [95, 109, 121] colored False True [492.87, 326.78, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) 30 47 75 1069 #/texts/1042 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [63.38, 342.07, 15.2, 5.58] Mn K Mn K 30 48 76 1070 #/texts/1043 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [78.58, 341.93, 4.14, 6.03] α 30 49 77 1071 #/texts/1044 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True True [82.72, 342.07, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 30 78 78 1072 #/texts/1073 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [164, 168, 173] gray True True [352.71, 336.74, 62.0, 5.58] regular spinel phase regular spinel phase 30 73 79 1073 #/texts/1068 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 127] colored False True [467.86, 340.74, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) 30 53 80 1074 #/texts/1048 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.18, 343.27, 5.59, 39.16] Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) 30 50 81 1075 #/texts/1045 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [63.38, 349.86, 12.11, 5.58] Ni K Ni K 30 51 82 1076 #/texts/1046 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [75.49, 349.72, 4.14, 6.03] α 30 99 83 1077 #/texts/1094 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [78.43, 353.24, 15.88, 23.4] Surface Surface 30 52 84 1078 #/texts/1047 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [221, 221, 221] gray True False [79.63, 349.86, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 30 100 85 1079 #/texts/1095 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [125.65, 355.7, 97.37, 10.86] Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution 30 54 86 1080 #/texts/1049 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [265.02, 352.87, 5.58, 13.16] Bulk Bulk 30 56 87 1081 #/texts/1051 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [167, 169, 170] gray True True [338.44, 354.06, 5.4, 5.58] III III 30 58 88 1082 #/texts/1053 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [157, 162, 165] gray True True [428.98, 357.73, 3.6, 5.58] II II 30 57 89 1083 #/texts/1052 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [462.53, 363.11, 5.4, 5.58] III III 30 69 90 1084 #/texts/1064 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [101, 115, 128] colored False True [490.35, 366.78, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 70 91 1085 #/texts/1065 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [96, 110, 123] colored False True [492.89, 372.18, 8.28, 3.86] (111) (111) 30 71 92 1086 #/texts/1066 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [110, 136, 151] colored False True [512.77, 361.54, 44.06, 3.86] Regular spinel phase Regular spinel phase 30 67 93 1087 #/texts/1062 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 117, 130] colored False True [466.94, 380.84, 13.36, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 30 68 94 1088 #/texts/1063 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:colored [102, 117, 130] colored False True [467.86, 386.24, 11.52, 3.86] (002) (002) 30 42 95 1089 #/texts/1037 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [64.17, 394.47, 3.75, 4.72] 0 0 30 43 96 1090 #/texts/1038 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [104.63, 394.47, 12.4, 4.72] 0.08 0.08 30 44 97 1091 #/texts/1039 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [150.16, 394.47, 10.91, 4.72] 0.16 0.16 30 45 98 1092 #/texts/1040 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [194.52, 394.47, 11.75, 4.72] 0.24 0.24 30 46 99 1093 #/texts/1041 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [239.34, 394.47, 11.68, 4.72] 0.32 0.32 30 55 100 1094 #/texts/1050 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body right None None p30:page_body:right:gray [154, 155, 156] gray True True [312.28, 393.77, 25.71, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO 30 101 101 1095 #/texts/1096 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [147.06, 403.79, 30.26, 5.58] Distance ( Distance ( 30 102 102 1096 #/texts/1097 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [177.32, 403.65, 4.04, 6.03] µ 30 103 103 1097 #/texts/1098 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [181.35, 403.79, 8.02, 5.58] m) m) 30 104 104 1098 #/texts/1099 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 415.86, 246.66, 36.5] Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… 30 105 105 1099 #/texts/1100 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p30:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 415.86, 251.7, 26.5] of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). 30 106 106 1100 #/texts/1101 text body True None body body True p30:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p30:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 482.11, 386.45, 101.83] of material 57 . ICP-OES testing revealed a specific lithium deficiency of 10.6% in the material (Fig. 3g and Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, XPS analysis of the Gr anode electrode detected Mn signals (Fig. 3h), c… of material 57 . ICP-OES testing revealed a specific lithium deficiency of 10.6% in the material (Fig. 3g and Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, XPS analysis of the Gr anode electrode detected Mn signals (Fig. 3h), c… 30 107 107 1101 #/texts/1102 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p30:body_region:0 page_body left None None p30:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.11, 214.54, 9.04] Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials 30 108 108 1102 #/texts/1103 text body True None body body True p30:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p30:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 610.19, 389.3, 135.17] After identifying the failure characteristics of the spent cathode material, direct recycling was achieved using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat ultrafast regeneration methods, designated as R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-J… After identifying the failure characteristics of the spent cathode material, direct recycling was achieved using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat ultrafast regeneration methods, designated as R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-J… 30 109 109 1103 #/texts/1104 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p30:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p30:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 30 110 110 1104 #/texts/1105 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p30:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.87, 763.81, 20.33, 6.99] 2442 2442 31 1 1 1105 #/texts/1106 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p31:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p31:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 31 53 2 1106 #/texts/1158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a 31 15 3 1107 #/texts/1120 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [103.75, 122.42, 63.76, 5.7] U-LNMO || Li half cell U-LNMO || Li half cell 31 78 4 1108 #/texts/1183 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [227.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b 31 31 5 1109 #/texts/1136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.48, 123.65, 76.46, 5.7] LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C 31 14 6 1110 #/texts/1119 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 155.98, 5.7, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 31 11 7 1111 #/texts/1116 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [50.77, 175.41, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 31 13 8 1112 #/texts/1118 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.93, 132.5, 8.53, 4.82] 5.0 5.0 31 12 9 1113 #/texts/1117 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [51.28, 154.23, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 31 10 10 1114 #/texts/1115 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [51.35, 196.59, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 31 89 11 1115 #/texts/1194 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [68.04, 165.81, 11.76, 6.39] Mn 3+ Mn 3+ 31 90 12 1116 #/texts/1195 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [79.77, 165.81, 14.08, 6.39] /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ 31 51 13 1117 #/texts/1156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [97.3, 169.59, 4.83, 22.81] (mAh/V) (mAh/V) 31 49 14 1118 #/texts/1154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [97.3, 195.91, 4.83, 5.67] /d /d 31 47 15 1119 #/texts/1152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [212, 212, 212] gray True False [97.3, 206.04, 4.83, 3.45] d d 31 50 16 1120 #/texts/1155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [97.38, 192.41, 4.73, 3.5] V V 31 48 17 1121 #/texts/1153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True True [97.38, 201.58, 4.73, 4.46] Q Q 31 16 18 1122 #/texts/1121 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.52, 130.22, 50.22, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 31 79 19 1123 #/texts/1184 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [117.24, 183.08, 11.82, 6.39] Mn 3+ Mn 3+ 31 91 20 1124 #/texts/1196 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [122.9, 141.91, 5.39, 4.82] Ni Ni 31 92 21 1125 #/texts/1197 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [244, 245, 249] gray True False [128.29, 140.34, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 31 80 22 1126 #/texts/1185 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.03, 183.08, 14.15, 6.39] /Mn 4+ /Mn 4+ 31 81 23 1127 #/texts/1186 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 253] white False False [129.69, 176.37, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni 31 93 24 1128 #/texts/1198 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [132.01, 141.91, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni 31 85 25 1129 #/texts/1190 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [235, 236, 245] gray True False [133.45, 165.79, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni 31 82 26 1130 #/texts/1187 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [135.07, 174.8, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 31 83 27 1131 #/texts/1188 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 251] white False False [138.78, 176.37, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni 31 86 28 1132 #/texts/1191 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:off_white [246, 247, 250] off_white False False [138.82, 164.22, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 31 94 29 1133 #/texts/1199 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 244, 249] gray True False [139.61, 140.34, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 31 87 30 1134 #/texts/1192 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 250, 252] white False False [142.68, 165.79, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni 31 84 31 1135 #/texts/1189 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [146.38, 174.8, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 31 88 32 1136 #/texts/1193 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 251] white False False [150.28, 164.22, 4.0, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 31 95 33 1137 #/texts/1200 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [169.27, 138.88, 5.39, 4.82] Ni Ni 31 96 34 1138 #/texts/1201 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [174.66, 137.31, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 31 97 35 1139 #/texts/1202 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 231, 243] gray True False [178.52, 138.88, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni 31 98 36 1140 #/texts/1203 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [238, 240, 247] gray True False [186.12, 137.31, 4.0, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 31 99 37 1141 #/texts/1204 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [231.42, 133.26, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 29 38 1142 #/texts/1134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.36, 132.49, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 31 28 39 1143 #/texts/1133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [242.55, 152.37, 8.95, 4.82] 120 120 31 27 40 1144 #/texts/1132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [244.36, 172.33, 7.14, 4.82] 90 90 31 26 41 1145 #/texts/1131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [244.36, 192.21, 7.14, 4.82] 60 60 31 35 42 1146 #/texts/1140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [262.17, 137.64, 15.24, 5.7] 0.1 C 0.1 C 31 36 43 1147 #/texts/1141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.05, 140.26, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 31 33 44 1148 #/texts/1138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.12, 198.63, 25.85, 5.7] C-LNMO C-LNMO 31 34 45 1149 #/texts/1139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [286.12, 207.37, 25.63, 5.7] U-LNMO U-LNMO 31 32 46 1150 #/texts/1137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [298.3, 131.45, 60.88, 5.7] voltage: 3.5-4.9 V voltage: 3.5-4.9 V 31 37 47 1151 #/texts/1142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [302.57, 142.72, 10.03, 5.7] 2 C 2 C 31 38 48 1152 #/texts/1143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [322.68, 147.33, 10.24, 5.7] 5 C 5 C 31 39 49 1153 #/texts/1144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [341.72, 156.15, 13.41, 5.7] 10 C 10 C 31 41 50 1154 #/texts/1146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [361.92, 175.95, 12.8, 5.7] 15 C 15 C 31 40 51 1155 #/texts/1145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [383.63, 140.17, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 31 9 52 1156 #/texts/1114 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.84, 217.74, 8.62, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 31 42 53 1157 #/texts/1147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [103.3, 215.33, 7.06, 3.95] 3.0 3.0 31 43 54 1158 #/texts/1148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [116.54, 215.33, 6.64, 3.95] 3.5 3.5 31 44 55 1159 #/texts/1149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True True [129.33, 215.33, 7.12, 3.95] 4.0 4.0 31 45 56 1160 #/texts/1150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [142.57, 215.33, 6.7, 3.95] 4.5 4.5 31 46 57 1161 #/texts/1151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [155.46, 215.33, 6.98, 3.95] 5.0 5.0 31 25 58 1162 #/texts/1130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [244.44, 212.17, 7.05, 4.82] 30 30 31 52 59 1163 #/texts/1157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [118.55, 220.93, 28.66, 4.82] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 31 3 60 1164 #/texts/1108 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [71.37, 233.97, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 31 4 61 1165 #/texts/1109 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [93.09, 233.97, 7.08, 4.82] 30 30 31 5 62 1166 #/texts/1110 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [116.45, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] 60 60 31 6 63 1167 #/texts/1111 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [139.83, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] 90 90 31 7 64 1168 #/texts/1112 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [162.29, 233.97, 9.0, 4.82] 120 120 31 8 65 1169 #/texts/1113 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [185.61, 233.97, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 31 17 66 1170 #/texts/1122 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [255.18, 233.79, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 31 18 67 1171 #/texts/1123 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [275.11, 233.79, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 31 19 68 1172 #/texts/1124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [294.96, 233.79, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 31 20 69 1173 #/texts/1125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.76, 233.79, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 31 21 70 1174 #/texts/1126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True False [333.41, 233.79, 5.58, 4.82] 16 16 31 22 71 1175 #/texts/1127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [352.56, 233.79, 6.77, 4.82] 20 20 31 23 72 1176 #/texts/1128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [372.48, 233.79, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 31 24 73 1177 #/texts/1129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [392.33, 233.79, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 31 101 74 1178 #/texts/1206 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.99, 243.35, 79.29, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 30 75 1179 #/texts/1135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [307.27, 243.39, 42.94, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 31 77 76 1180 #/texts/1182 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 257.53, 5.45, 7.95] c c 31 64 77 1181 #/texts/1169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [60.16, 264.06, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 31 76 78 1182 #/texts/1181 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [235, 241, 244] gray True False [378.69, 263.75, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 31 100 79 1183 #/texts/1205 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [49.32, 267.74, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 31 63 80 1184 #/texts/1168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [60.34, 283.01, 9.02, 4.82] 120 120 31 62 81 1185 #/texts/1167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [62.19, 301.95, 7.18, 4.82] 90 90 31 61 82 1186 #/texts/1166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [62.19, 320.98, 7.17, 4.82] 60 60 31 60 83 1187 #/texts/1165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [62.28, 339.93, 7.09, 4.82] 30 30 31 67 84 1188 #/texts/1172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [117.48, 338.08, 88.5, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V 31 66 85 1189 #/texts/1171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [123.61, 330.28, 76.02, 5.7] LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C 31 73 86 1190 #/texts/1178 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:colored [225, 239, 247] colored False True [218.8, 281.98, 18.48, 5.7] 86.2% 86.2% 31 74 87 1191 #/texts/1179 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [254, 250, 250] white False False [218.8, 310.09, 17.79, 5.7] 79.7% 79.7% 31 71 88 1192 #/texts/1176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [301.86, 330.12, 25.9, 5.7] C-LNMO C-LNMO 31 72 89 1193 #/texts/1177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [301.86, 341.37, 25.68, 5.7] U-LNMO U-LNMO 31 70 90 1194 #/texts/1175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:off_white [243, 248, 251] off_white False True [339.43, 288.45, 18.26, 5.7] 78.9% 78.9% 31 68 91 1195 #/texts/1173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:gray [252, 241, 242] gray True False [340.59, 321.88, 18.61, 5.7] 55.9% 55.9% 31 75 92 1196 #/texts/1180 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:colored [196, 214, 224] colored False False [378.69, 293.41, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 31 69 93 1197 #/texts/1174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [392.23, 269.43, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 31 54 94 1198 #/texts/1159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [74.08, 361.11, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 31 55 95 1199 #/texts/1160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.62, 361.11, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 31 56 96 1200 #/texts/1161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False False [187.81, 361.11, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 31 57 97 1201 #/texts/1162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [246.29, 361.11, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 31 58 98 1202 #/texts/1163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p31:page_body:right_crossing:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [304.8, 361.11, 10.92, 4.82] 400 400 31 59 99 1203 #/texts/1164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body right None None p31:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [363.5, 361.11, 10.76, 4.82] 500 500 31 65 100 1204 #/texts/1170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p31:body_region:0 page_body left None None p31:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.54, 369.71, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 31 2 101 1205 #/texts/1107 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 381.73, 379.31, 36.51] Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… 31 102 102 1206 #/texts/1207 text body True None body body True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 447.51, 389.69, 159.49] R-LMO-JH, including stacking faults and twin boundaries 42,60 . The presence of oxygen vacancies was also confirmed by EPR (Fig. 4c). These structural characteristics were also reflected in the materials' electrochemica… R-LMO-JH, including stacking faults and twin boundaries 42,60 . The presence of oxygen vacancies was also confirmed by EPR (Fig. 4c). These structural characteristics were also reflected in the materials' electrochemica… 31 103 103 1207 #/texts/1208 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p31:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p31:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 621.18, 381.06, 20.01] Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 31 104 104 1208 #/texts/1209 text body True None body body True p31:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p31:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.68, 637.69, 382.25, 107.69] 2 0.5Mn1.5O4 When a feasible direct phase evolution path exists between the target upcycled material and the initial cathode material, the spent cathode material can be effectively upcycled using the direct regeneration… 2 0.5Mn1.5O4 When a feasible direct phase evolution path exists between the target upcycled material and the initial cathode material, the spent cathode material can be effectively upcycled using the direct regeneration… 31 105 105 1209 #/texts/1210 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p31:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p31:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 31 106 106 1210 #/texts/1211 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p31:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.31, 763.81, 20.66, 6.99] 2443 2443 32 1 1 1211 #/texts/1212 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p32:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p32:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 32 81 2 1212 #/texts/1292 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.83, 114.85, 5.44, 7.95] a a 32 82 3 1213 #/texts/1293 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [226.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b 32 83 4 1214 #/texts/1294 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [400.28, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] c c 32 11 5 1215 #/texts/1222 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [73.36, 127.06, 19.83, 5.58] U-LRM U-LRM 32 16 6 1216 #/texts/1227 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [237, 239, 246] gray True False [74.68, 135.78, 31.56, 4.72] Superlattice Superlattice 32 92 7 1217 #/texts/1303 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [267.56, 130.51, 16.79, 4.72] U-LRM U-LRM 32 76 8 1218 #/texts/1287 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 126.32, 33.48, 5.58] Observed Observed 32 77 9 1219 #/texts/1288 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 133.2, 36.87, 5.58] Calculated Calculated 32 24 10 1220 #/texts/1235 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [427.97, 127.34, 29.29, 5.58] U-LNMO U-LNMO 32 25 11 1221 #/texts/1236 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [431.52, 135.1, 25.97, 5.58] C-LNMO C-LNMO 32 93 12 1222 #/texts/1304 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True False [256.25, 142.99, 34.74, 4.72] Space group: Space group: 32 94 13 1223 #/texts/1305 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.99, 142.99, 4.91, 4.72] R R 32 95 14 1224 #/texts/1306 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [295.9, 142.99, 3.32, 4.72] 3 3 32 96 15 1225 #/texts/1307 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [299.22, 142.99, 4.93, 4.72] m m 32 78 16 1226 #/texts/1289 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 140.07, 18.5, 5.58] Error Error 32 79 17 1227 #/texts/1290 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [325.53, 146.94, 48.12, 5.58] Bragg position Bragg position 32 13 18 1228 #/texts/1224 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [41.86, 155.32, 5.59, 43.07] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 97 19 1229 #/texts/1308 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [71.02, 174.67, 41.5, 7.26] SLMO:NiO:Li 2 SLMO:NiO:Li 2 32 98 20 1230 #/texts/1309 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [112.52, 174.67, 12.75, 7.26] CO 3 CO 3 32 99 21 1231 #/texts/1310 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [125.27, 174.67, 33.32, 5.58] = 1:2/3:3/2 = 1:2/3:3/2 32 10 22 1232 #/texts/1221 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 249] gray True False [156.24, 158.36, 33.82, 4.72] PDF#74-0919 PDF#74-0919 32 75 23 1233 #/texts/1286 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [227.51, 155.46, 5.59, 43.19] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 80 24 1234 #/texts/1291 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [254.34, 189.51, 31.5, 4.72] Superlattice Superlattice 32 23 25 1235 #/texts/1234 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [401.3, 152.4, 5.59, 43.19] Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 32 26 26 1236 #/texts/1237 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [490.36, 187.07, 4.05, 5.58] g g 32 27 27 1237 #/texts/1238 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [494.42, 187.07, 24.88, 5.58] = 2.003 = 2.003 32 12 28 1238 #/texts/1223 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [156.28, 203.07, 33.98, 4.72] PDF#87-0729 PDF#87-0729 32 15 29 1239 #/texts/1226 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 253] white False False [156.28, 213.87, 32.56, 4.72] PDF#73-1523 PDF#73-1523 32 14 30 1240 #/texts/1225 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [255, 239, 239] gray True False [156.36, 223.51, 32.24, 4.72] PDF#81-1953 PDF#81-1953 32 2 31 1241 #/texts/1213 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.66, 236.72, 5.94, 4.72] 10 10 32 3 32 1242 #/texts/1214 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True False [67.36, 236.72, 6.79, 4.72] 20 20 32 4 33 1243 #/texts/1215 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True False [87.35, 236.72, 7.06, 4.72] 30 30 32 5 34 1244 #/texts/1216 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True False [107.44, 236.72, 7.14, 4.72] 40 40 32 6 35 1245 #/texts/1217 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False True [127.65, 236.72, 6.97, 4.72] 50 50 32 7 36 1246 #/texts/1218 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [147.69, 236.72, 7.15, 4.72] 60 60 32 8 37 1247 #/texts/1219 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [168.08, 236.72, 6.63, 4.72] 70 70 32 9 38 1248 #/texts/1220 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [202, 202, 202] gray True False [187.98, 236.72, 7.08, 4.72] 80 80 32 67 39 1249 #/texts/1278 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True True [232.69, 238.18, 5.95, 4.72] 10 10 32 68 40 1250 #/texts/1279 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [234, 234, 234] gray True False [252.15, 238.18, 6.81, 4.72] 20 20 32 69 41 1251 #/texts/1280 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [271.87, 238.18, 7.08, 4.72] 30 30 32 70 42 1252 #/texts/1281 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [291.72, 238.18, 7.16, 4.72] 40 40 32 71 43 1253 #/texts/1282 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [311.66, 238.18, 6.99, 4.72] 50 50 32 72 44 1254 #/texts/1283 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [331.46, 238.18, 7.17, 4.72] 60 60 32 73 45 1255 #/texts/1284 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [351.58, 238.18, 6.65, 4.72] 70 70 32 74 46 1256 #/texts/1285 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [227, 227, 227] gray True False [371.24, 238.18, 7.1, 4.72] 80 80 32 17 47 1257 #/texts/1228 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [222, 222, 222] gray True True [416.69, 237.48, 10.52, 4.72] 1.98 1.98 32 18 48 1258 #/texts/1229 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [226, 226, 226] gray True True [440.05, 237.48, 10.6, 4.72] 1.99 1.99 32 19 49 1259 #/texts/1230 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [462.64, 237.48, 12.11, 4.72] 2.00 2.00 32 20 50 1260 #/texts/1231 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [486.8, 237.48, 10.57, 4.72] 2.01 2.01 32 21 51 1261 #/texts/1232 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [509.73, 237.48, 11.42, 4.72] 2.02 2.02 32 22 52 1262 #/texts/1233 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [532.98, 237.48, 11.7, 4.72] 2.03 2.03 32 84 53 1263 #/texts/1295 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [113.11, 245.89, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 32 85 54 1264 #/texts/1296 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True True [116.72, 245.75, 3.6, 6.03] θ 32 86 55 1265 #/texts/1297 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [120.32, 245.89, 8.7, 5.58] (°) 32 87 56 1266 #/texts/1298 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [297.28, 247.68, 3.61, 5.58] 2 2 32 88 57 1267 #/texts/1299 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True True [300.89, 247.54, 3.6, 6.03] θ 32 89 58 1268 #/texts/1300 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [304.48, 247.68, 8.7, 5.58] (°) 32 90 59 1269 #/texts/1301 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [467.77, 247.03, 4.05, 5.58] g g 32 91 60 1270 #/texts/1302 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [471.82, 247.03, 21.19, 5.58] Factor Factor 32 64 61 1271 #/texts/1275 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 252] white False True [40.83, 263.65, 6.0, 7.95] d d 32 66 62 1272 #/texts/1277 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [291.4, 263.16, 3.65, 7.95] f f 32 105 63 1273 #/texts/1316 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [462.69, 273.26, 1.8, 5.58] I I 32 58 64 1274 #/texts/1269 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [117, 135, 150] colored False True [512.3, 271.21, 43.9, 3.86] Surface spinel phase Surface spinel phase 32 43 65 1275 #/texts/1254 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [85, 110, 128] colored False True [313.93, 280.4, 59.81, 21.06] Surface spinel layer Surface spinel layer 32 56 66 1276 #/texts/1267 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [107, 123, 138] colored False True [463.51, 291.05, 13.33, 3.86] Spinel Spinel 32 57 67 1277 #/texts/1268 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [95, 110, 123] colored False True [465.58, 296.45, 9.19, 3.86] (311) (311) 32 54 68 1278 #/texts/1265 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [136, 140, 141] gray True True [485.23, 296.1, 11.45, 3.86] Layer Layer 32 104 69 1279 #/texts/1315 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [205, 207, 210] gray True True [410.09, 305.97, 1.8, 5.58] I I 32 55 70 1280 #/texts/1266 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [143, 144, 144] gray True True [485.09, 301.5, 11.73, 3.86] (003) (003) 32 61 71 1281 #/texts/1272 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:colored [151, 75, 1] colored False True [152.11, 316.49, 6.37, 5.58] Ni Ni 32 62 72 1282 #/texts/1273 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:unknown None unknown False True [207.64, 316.54, 9.44, 5.58] Mn Mn 32 63 73 1283 #/texts/1274 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:colored [1, 114, 112] colored False True [266.62, 316.58, 5.27, 5.58] O O 32 42 74 1284 #/texts/1253 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [135, 144, 152] gray True True [334.26, 322.3, 59.29, 5.58] Bulk layer structure Bulk layer structure 32 103 75 1285 #/texts/1314 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [155, 155, 155] gray True True [462.69, 316.53, 3.6, 5.58] II II 32 52 76 1286 #/texts/1263 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [147, 147, 147] gray True True [490.57, 319.47, 12.42, 4.19] Layer Layer 32 53 77 1287 #/texts/1264 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [142, 142, 144] gray True True [491.08, 325.33, 11.41, 4.19] (104) (104) 32 59 78 1288 #/texts/1270 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [126, 143, 154] colored False True [511.25, 316.14, 25.32, 3.86] Layer phase Layer phase 32 65 79 1289 #/texts/1276 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.83, 330.04, 5.62, 7.95] e e 32 33 80 1290 #/texts/1244 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [67.6, 341.38, 15.22, 5.58] Mn K Mn K 32 34 81 1291 #/texts/1245 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [82.79, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] α 32 35 82 1292 #/texts/1246 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [221, 221, 221] gray True False [86.95, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 32 36 83 1293 #/texts/1247 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [106.4, 341.38, 12.09, 5.58] Ni K Ni K 32 37 84 1294 #/texts/1248 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False True [118.48, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] α 32 38 85 1295 #/texts/1249 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [122.64, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] 1 1 32 102 86 1296 #/texts/1313 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [141, 150, 155] gray True True [436.08, 339.7, 3.6, 5.58] II II 32 50 87 1297 #/texts/1261 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [137, 141, 143] gray True True [484.38, 340.79, 18.24, 4.19] Layered Layered 32 39 88 1298 #/texts/1250 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [46.44, 343.96, 5.59, 39.34] Itensity (a.u.) Itensity (a.u.) 32 106 89 1299 #/texts/1317 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [68.99, 354.17, 12.38, 24.1] Surface Surface 32 107 90 1300 #/texts/1318 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [115.15, 362.89, 97.37, 10.86] Ni element gradient distribution Ni element gradient distribution 32 40 91 1301 #/texts/1251 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [269.96, 360.09, 5.58, 13.18] Bulk Bulk 32 100 92 1302 #/texts/1311 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [146, 153, 157] gray True True [337.86, 354.0, 5.4, 5.58] III III 32 49 93 1303 #/texts/1260 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [127, 140, 150] colored False True [375.77, 368.18, 41.26, 5.58] stacking fault stacking fault 32 48 94 1304 #/texts/1259 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [124, 135, 147] colored False True [386.56, 360.38, 19.67, 5.58] Slight Slight 32 101 95 1305 #/texts/1312 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [462.69, 363.38, 5.4, 5.58] III III 32 51 96 1306 #/texts/1262 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [133, 133, 134] gray True True [487.15, 346.65, 12.72, 4.19] (003) (003) 32 46 97 1307 #/texts/1257 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [150, 150, 150] gray True True [490.57, 364.8, 12.42, 4.19] Layer Layer 32 47 98 1308 #/texts/1258 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [144, 145, 146] gray True True [491.07, 370.65, 11.41, 4.19] (104) (104) 32 60 99 1309 #/texts/1271 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:colored [126, 135, 146] colored False True [511.7, 362.48, 25.32, 3.86] Layer phase Layer phase 32 28 100 1310 #/texts/1239 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [60.76, 395.23, 3.75, 4.72] 0 0 32 29 101 1311 #/texts/1240 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [110.14, 395.23, 12.36, 4.72] 0.08 0.08 32 30 102 1312 #/texts/1241 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [164.57, 395.23, 10.87, 4.72] 0.16 0.16 32 31 103 1313 #/texts/1242 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [251, 251, 251] white False False [217.78, 395.23, 11.71, 4.72] 0.24 0.24 32 32 104 1314 #/texts/1243 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [271.51, 395.23, 11.64, 4.72] 0.32 0.32 32 41 105 1315 #/texts/1252 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [138, 147, 154] gray True True [313.02, 392.83, 19.82, 5.58] U-LRM U-LRM 32 44 106 1316 #/texts/1255 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [109, 117, 123] gray True True [484.67, 386.86, 18.24, 4.19] Layered Layered 32 45 107 1317 #/texts/1256 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text False None page_body right None None p32:page_body:right:gray [138, 138, 139] gray True True [487.44, 392.72, 12.72, 4.19] (003) (003) 32 108 108 1318 #/texts/1319 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [148.79, 404.73, 30.38, 5.58] Distance ( Distance ( 32 109 109 1319 #/texts/1320 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:off_white [247, 247, 247] off_white False True [179.18, 404.59, 4.04, 6.03] µ 32 110 110 1320 #/texts/1321 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p32:body_region:0 page_body left None None p32:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [183.22, 404.73, 8.01, 5.58] m) m) 32 111 111 1321 #/texts/1322 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 416.8, 246.54, 26.5] Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… 32 112 112 1322 #/texts/1323 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption False None page_body right_crossing None None p32:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 416.8, 255.89, 26.5] refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… 32 113 113 1323 #/texts/1324 text body True None body body True p32:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p32:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 483.33, 387.49, 169.79] (Supplementary Fig. 14 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8). Morphologically, U-LNMO exhibits a typical octahedral shape with sharper edges and corners compared with LMO (Fig. 6d). HRTEM images confirm that U-LNMO has a un… (Supplementary Fig. 14 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8). Morphologically, U-LNMO exhibits a typical octahedral shape with sharper edges and corners compared with LMO (Fig. 6d). HRTEM images confirm that U-LNMO has a un… 32 114 114 1324 #/texts/1325 text body True None body body True p32:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p32:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 667.9, 381.45, 77.49] Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Unlike the phase structure that remains unchanged during the upcycling of LMO to LNMO, the transformation from a spinel stru… Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Unlike the phase structure that remains unchanged during the upcycling of LMO to LNMO, the transformation from a spinel stru… 32 115 115 1325 #/texts/1326 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer True p32:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p32:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 32 116 116 1326 #/texts/1327 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin right None None p32:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.33, 763.81, 20.87, 6.99] 2444 2444 33 1 1 1327 #/texts/1328 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p33:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p33:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 33 84 2 1328 #/texts/1411 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] a a 33 68 3 1329 #/texts/1395 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [177.89, 120.97, 8.24, 6.39] O 2- O 2- 33 69 4 1330 #/texts/1396 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [186.13, 120.97, 10.61, 6.39] /O n- /O n- 33 86 5 1331 #/texts/1413 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [222.13, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] b b 33 38 6 1332 #/texts/1365 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [236.27, 119.8, 10.78, 4.82] 300 300 33 44 7 1333 #/texts/1371 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [256.95, 124.5, 15.24, 5.7] 0.1 C 0.1 C 33 63 8 1334 #/texts/1390 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [51.01, 130.02, 8.19, 4.82] 4.5 4.5 33 83 9 1335 #/texts/1410 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [99.34, 131.23, 4.97, 4.72] 4+ 4+ 33 40 10 1336 #/texts/1367 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.3, 129.72, 51.15, 5.7] LRM || Li half cell LRM || Li half cell 33 64 11 1337 #/texts/1391 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [40.61, 156.32, 5.71, 33.83] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 33 62 12 1338 #/texts/1389 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.51, 148.52, 8.7, 4.82] 4.0 4.0 33 60 13 1339 #/texts/1387 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [50.58, 185.53, 8.63, 4.82] 3.0 3.0 33 61 14 1340 #/texts/1388 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [249, 249, 249] white False False [51.08, 167.03, 8.12, 4.82] 3.5 3.5 33 59 15 1341 #/texts/1386 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [51.36, 204.03, 7.85, 4.82] 2.5 2.5 33 91 16 1342 #/texts/1418 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [250, 250, 250] white False False [72.44, 172.45, 4.83, 22.81] (mAh/V) (mAh/V) 33 90 17 1343 #/texts/1417 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True False [72.53, 195.27, 4.73, 17.02] dQ/dV dQ/dV 33 78 18 1344 #/texts/1405 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [75.28, 148.03, 7.14, 6.98] Ni Ni 33 79 19 1345 #/texts/1406 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 244, 249] gray True False [78.92, 144.68, 4.79, 4.6] 2+ 2+ 33 80 20 1346 #/texts/1407 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [82.89, 140.98, 10.32, 9.06] / Ni / Ni 33 81 21 1347 #/texts/1408 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [252, 252, 253] white False False [89.72, 137.54, 4.94, 4.7] 3+ 3+ 33 82 22 1348 #/texts/1409 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [93.83, 134.69, 9.0, 8.19] /Ni /Ni 33 72 23 1349 #/texts/1399 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [227, 230, 242] gray True False [95.41, 198.32, 5.37, 4.82] Ni Ni 33 73 24 1350 #/texts/1400 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [227, 229, 242] gray True False [100.78, 196.75, 3.72, 3.07] 2+ 2+ 33 74 25 1351 #/texts/1401 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [104.5, 198.32, 9.18, 4.82] / Ni / Ni 33 70 26 1352 #/texts/1397 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.3, 173.27, 8.24, 6.39] O 2- O 2- 33 75 27 1353 #/texts/1402 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [241, 242, 248] gray True False [113.68, 196.75, 3.89, 3.07] 3+ 3+ 33 76 28 1354 #/texts/1403 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [237, 239, 247] gray True False [117.57, 198.32, 7.6, 4.82] /Ni /Ni 33 71 29 1355 #/texts/1398 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [118.54, 173.27, 10.62, 6.39] /O n- /O n- 33 77 30 1356 #/texts/1404 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [231, 233, 244] gray True False [125.17, 196.75, 3.94, 3.07] 4+ 4+ 33 65 31 1357 #/texts/1392 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [135.66, 143.68, 58.09, 5.7] U-LRM || Li half cell U-LRM || Li half cell 33 66 32 1358 #/texts/1393 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [139.52, 151.48, 50.38, 5.7] 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 30 °C rate: 0.1 C 33 87 33 1359 #/texts/1414 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [226.06, 133.69, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 36 34 1360 #/texts/1363 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [236.54, 159.26, 10.51, 4.82] 200 200 33 37 35 1361 #/texts/1364 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [237.06, 139.53, 9.99, 4.82] 250 250 33 34 36 1362 #/texts/1361 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [237.39, 198.79, 9.66, 4.82] 100 100 33 35 37 1363 #/texts/1362 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [237.91, 178.99, 9.14, 4.82] 150 150 33 45 38 1364 #/texts/1372 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [278.18, 147.67, 16.46, 5.7] 0.5 C 0.5 C 33 42 39 1365 #/texts/1369 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.98, 199.08, 20.06, 5.7] C-LRM C-LRM 33 43 40 1366 #/texts/1370 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [281.98, 207.9, 19.83, 5.7] U-LRM U-LRM 33 46 41 1367 #/texts/1373 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [300.13, 156.74, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 33 41 42 1368 #/texts/1368 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [313.72, 137.52, 80.38, 5.7] 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 33 47 43 1369 #/texts/1374 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [319.79, 164.28, 10.03, 5.7] 2 C 2 C 33 48 44 1370 #/texts/1375 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [339.2, 174.79, 10.25, 5.7] 5 C 5 C 33 50 45 1371 #/texts/1377 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [358.09, 183.77, 13.42, 5.7] 10 C 10 C 33 49 46 1372 #/texts/1376 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [380.28, 158.75, 9.02, 5.7] 1 C 1 C 33 58 47 1373 #/texts/1385 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.86, 222.53, 8.35, 4.82] 2.0 2.0 33 67 48 1374 #/texts/1394 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [81.44, 218.17, 60.29, 3.95] 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 33 92 49 1375 #/texts/1419 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [94.99, 223.29, 28.66, 4.82] Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 33 33 50 1376 #/texts/1360 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False False [240.09, 218.52, 6.96, 4.82] 50 50 33 51 51 1377 #/texts/1378 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True False [67.41, 234.23, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 33 52 52 1378 #/texts/1379 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True False [86.01, 234.23, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 33 53 53 1379 #/texts/1380 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [104.87, 234.23, 9.71, 4.82] 100 100 33 54 54 1380 #/texts/1381 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [225, 225, 225] gray True True [125.35, 234.23, 9.19, 4.82] 150 150 33 55 55 1381 #/texts/1382 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [235, 235, 235] gray True False [144.89, 234.23, 10.56, 4.82] 200 200 33 56 56 1382 #/texts/1383 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [165.37, 234.23, 10.05, 4.82] 250 250 33 57 57 1383 #/texts/1384 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [185.2, 234.23, 10.84, 4.82] 300 300 33 25 58 1384 #/texts/1352 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [250.83, 234.54, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 33 26 59 1385 #/texts/1353 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [241, 241, 241] gray True False [270.92, 234.54, 3.4, 4.82] 4 4 33 27 60 1386 #/texts/1354 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [290.94, 234.54, 3.34, 4.82] 8 8 33 28 61 1387 #/texts/1355 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [309.92, 234.54, 5.23, 4.82] 12 12 33 29 62 1388 #/texts/1356 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [329.74, 234.54, 5.59, 4.82] 16 16 33 30 63 1389 #/texts/1357 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True True [349.06, 234.54, 6.78, 4.82] 20 20 33 31 64 1390 #/texts/1358 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True False [369.15, 234.54, 6.43, 4.82] 24 24 33 32 65 1391 #/texts/1359 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [236, 236, 236] gray True False [389.17, 234.54, 6.37, 4.82] 28 28 33 89 66 1392 #/texts/1416 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.85, 243.09, 79.29, 5.7] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 39 67 1393 #/texts/1366 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [303.53, 243.93, 42.95, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 33 85 68 1394 #/texts/1412 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 254.76, 5.45, 7.95] c c 33 14 69 1395 #/texts/1341 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [58.38, 262.92, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 33 24 70 1396 #/texts/1351 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [240, 244, 247] gray True False [381.18, 264.95, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 33 88 71 1397 #/texts/1415 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [47.84, 269.44, 5.7, 79.29] Specific capacity (mAh/g) Specific capacity (mAh/g) 33 12 72 1398 #/texts/1339 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [58.66, 301.23, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 33 13 73 1399 #/texts/1340 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [243, 243, 243] gray True False [59.18, 282.04, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 33 10 74 1400 #/texts/1337 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [238, 238, 238] gray True True [59.51, 339.45, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 33 11 75 1401 #/texts/1338 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [245, 245, 245] gray True True [60.03, 320.34, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 33 21 76 1402 #/texts/1348 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.97, 279.07, 20.1, 5.7] C-LRM C-LRM 33 22 77 1403 #/texts/1349 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.97, 290.42, 19.88, 5.7] U-LRM U-LRM 33 17 78 1404 #/texts/1344 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [253.95, 340.95, 88.71, 5.7] Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V 33 16 79 1405 #/texts/1343 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p33:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [263.15, 333.15, 70.29, 5.7] LMR || Li half cell 30 °C LMR || Li half cell 30 °C 33 18 80 1406 #/texts/1345 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [252, 242, 243] gray True False [341.46, 317.99, 18.49, 5.7] 84.2% 84.2% 33 20 81 1407 #/texts/1347 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [341.61, 296.94, 17.96, 5.7] 90.1% 90.1% 33 23 82 1408 #/texts/1350 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [243, 246, 248] gray True False [381.18, 294.86, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 33 19 83 1409 #/texts/1346 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [395.15, 271.13, 5.71, 75.92] Coulombic efficiency (%) Coulombic efficiency (%) 33 3 84 1410 #/texts/1330 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [74.37, 363.28, 3.75, 4.82] 0 0 33 4 85 1411 #/texts/1331 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [121.44, 363.28, 6.99, 4.82] 50 50 33 5 86 1412 #/texts/1332 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [219, 219, 219] gray True False [168.78, 363.28, 9.72, 4.82] 100 100 33 6 87 1413 #/texts/1333 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [239, 239, 239] gray True False [217.81, 363.28, 9.2, 4.82] 150 150 33 7 88 1414 #/texts/1334 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:gray [242, 242, 242] gray True False [265.83, 363.28, 10.57, 4.82] 200 200 33 8 89 1415 #/texts/1335 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:gray [229, 229, 229] gray True False [314.86, 363.28, 10.06, 4.82] 250 250 33 9 90 1416 #/texts/1336 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body right None None p33:page_body:right:white [248, 248, 248] white False False [363.17, 363.28, 10.85, 4.82] 300 300 33 15 91 1417 #/texts/1342 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [203.72, 372.61, 43.26, 5.7] Cycle number Cycle number 33 2 92 1418 #/texts/1329 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 384.62, 384.13, 26.5] Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… 33 93 93 1419 #/texts/1420 text body True None body body True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 448.74, 388.47, 135.19] is observed at ~21°, and the related structural parameters closely match those of the commercial material (C-LRM) (Supplementary Fig. 15 and Supplementary Tables 9 and 10). The phase transition also alters the material'… is observed at ~21°, and the related structural parameters closely match those of the commercial material (C-LRM) (Supplementary Fig. 15 and Supplementary Tables 9 and 10). The phase transition also alters the material'… 33 94 94 1420 #/texts/1421 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 598.11, 92.81, 9.04] Reporting summary Reporting summary 33 95 95 1421 #/texts/1422 text body True None body body True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 610.19, 384.92, 19.88] Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. 33 96 96 1422 #/texts/1423 section_header back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p33:body_region:0 page_body left None None p33:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 644.24, 75.22, 9.04] Data availability Data availability 33 97 97 1423 #/texts/1424 text metadata False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p33:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 656.31, 372.18, 54.48] All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… 33 98 98 1424 #/texts/1425 text reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 722.23, 191.21, 7.77] Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; 33 99 99 1425 #/texts/1426 text metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 732.98, 120.66, 7.77] Published online: 18 August 2025 Published online: 18 August 2025 33 100 100 1426 #/texts/1427 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p33:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p33:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 33 101 101 1427 #/texts/1428 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p33:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.48, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] 2445 2445 34 1 1 1428 #/texts/1429 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 34 2 2 1429 #/texts/1430 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 113.77, 60.3, 9.84] References References 34 3 3 1430 #/texts/1431 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 151.52, 227.11, 13.26] Fuso Nerini, F. et al. Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Energy 3 , 10-15 (2018). Fuso Nerini, F. et al. Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Energy 3 , 10-15 (2018). 34 4 4 1431 #/texts/1432 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 167.51, 246.28, 13.26] Soergel, B. et al. A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 agenda. Nat. Clim. Change 11 , 656-664 (2021). Soergel, B. et al. A sustainable development pathway for climate action within the UN 2030 agenda. Nat. Clim. Change 11 , 656-664 (2021). 34 5 5 1432 #/texts/1433 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 183.51, 235.16, 13.26] Li, M., Lu, J., Chen, Z. & Amine, K. 30 years of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 30 , 1800561 (2018). Li, M., Lu, J., Chen, Z. & Amine, K. 30 years of lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 30 , 1800561 (2018). 34 6 6 1433 #/texts/1434 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 199.51, 243.48, 13.26] Yang, X., Liu, T. & Wang, C. Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles. Nat. Energy 6 , 176-185 (2021). Yang, X., Liu, T. & Wang, C. Thermally modulated lithium iron phosphate batteries for mass-market electric vehicles. Nat. Energy 6 , 176-185 (2021). 34 7 7 1434 #/texts/1435 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 215.5, 234.56, 13.26] Huang, Y. & Li, J. Key challenges for grid-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 12 , 2202197 (2022). Huang, Y. & Li, J. Key challenges for grid-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage. Adv. Energy Mater. 12 , 2202197 (2022). 34 8 8 1435 #/texts/1436 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 231.5, 253.36, 5.26] Lu, D. et al. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 627 , 101-107 (2024). Lu, D. et al. Ligand-channel-enabled ultrafast Li-ion conduction. Nature 627 , 101-107 (2024). 34 9 9 1436 #/texts/1437 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 239.5, 248.98, 21.26] Ji, H., Wang, J., Ma, J., Cheng, H.-M. & Zhou, G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52 , 8194-8244 (2023). Ji, H., Wang, J., Ma, J., Cheng, H.-M. & Zhou, G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem. Soc. Rev. 52 , 8194-8244 (2023). 34 10 10 1437 #/texts/1438 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 263.49, 226.67, 13.26] Wang, J. et al. Toward direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries: a nextgeneration recycling method. Chem. Rev. 124 , 2839-2887 (2024). Wang, J. et al. Toward direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries: a nextgeneration recycling method. Chem. Rev. 124 , 2839-2887 (2024). 34 11 11 1438 #/texts/1439 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 279.49, 245.69, 13.26] Wang, G. et al. Advances and challenges in thermal runaway modelling of lithium-ion batteries. Innovation 5 , 100624 (2024). Wang, G. et al. Advances and challenges in thermal runaway modelling of lithium-ion batteries. Innovation 5 , 100624 (2024). 34 12 12 1439 #/texts/1440 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 295.48, 248.09, 13.26] Wang, Z., Zhang, B. & Guan, D. Take responsibility for electronic-waste disposal. Nature 536 , 23-25 (2016). Wang, Z., Zhang, B. & Guan, D. Take responsibility for electronic-waste disposal. Nature 536 , 23-25 (2016). 34 13 13 1440 #/texts/1441 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 311.48, 222.86, 5.26] Bauer, C. et al. Charging sustainable batteries. Nat. Sustain. 5 , 176-178 (2022). Bauer, C. et al. Charging sustainable batteries. Nat. Sustain. 5 , 176-178 (2022). 34 14 14 1441 #/texts/1442 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 319.48, 254.19, 13.26] Gent, W. E., Busse, G. M. & House, K. Z. The predicted persistence of cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 7 , 1132-1143 (2022). Gent, W. E., Busse, G. M. & House, K. Z. The predicted persistence of cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 7 , 1132-1143 (2022). 34 15 15 1442 #/texts/1443 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 335.47, 250.09, 13.26] Sun, X., Ouyang, M. & Hao, H. Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom. Joule 6 , 1738-1742 (2022). Sun, X., Ouyang, M. & Hao, H. Surging lithium price will not impede the electric vehicle boom. Joule 6 , 1738-1742 (2022). 34 16 16 1443 #/texts/1444 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 351.47, 254.12, 13.26] Harper, G. et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Nature 575 , 75-86 (2019). Harper, G. et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Nature 575 , 75-86 (2019). 34 17 17 1444 #/texts/1445 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 367.46, 239.08, 5.26] Harper, G. D. J. Upcycle for enhanced performance. Nat. Sustain. 6 , 725-726 (2023). Harper, G. D. J. Upcycle for enhanced performance. Nat. Sustain. 6 , 725-726 (2023). 34 18 18 1445 #/texts/1446 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 375.46, 231.5, 13.26] Chen, W. et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Sci. Adv. 9 , eadh5131 (2023). Chen, W. et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Sci. Adv. 9 , eadh5131 (2023). 34 19 19 1446 #/texts/1447 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 391.46, 247.59, 13.26] Tran, M. K., Rodrigues, M.-T. F., Kato, K., Babu, G. & Ajayan, P. M. Deep eutectic solvents for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 4 , 339-345 (2019). Tran, M. K., Rodrigues, M.-T. F., Kato, K., Babu, G. & Ajayan, P. M. Deep eutectic solvents for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries. Nat. Energy 4 , 339-345 (2019). 34 20 20 1447 #/texts/1448 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 407.45, 232.46, 13.26] Cao, Y. et al. A review of direct recycling methods for spent lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 70 , 103475 (2024). Cao, Y. et al. A review of direct recycling methods for spent lithium-ion batteries. Energy Storage Mater. 70 , 103475 (2024). 34 21 21 1448 #/texts/1449 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 423.45, 246.41, 21.26] Tao, Y., Rahn, C. D., Archer, L. A. & You, F. Second life and recycling: energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Adv. 7 , eabi7633 (2021). Tao, Y., Rahn, C. D., Archer, L. A. & You, F. Second life and recycling: energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Sci. Adv. 7 , eabi7633 (2021). 34 22 22 1449 #/texts/1450 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 447.44, 235.04, 13.26] Ciez, R. E. & Whitacre, J. F. Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain. 2 , 148-156 (2019). Ciez, R. E. & Whitacre, J. F. Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain. 2 , 148-156 (2019). 34 23 23 1450 #/texts/1451 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 463.44, 240.56, 13.26] Lan, Y. et al. Direct regenerating cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 11 , 2304425 (2024). Lan, Y. et al. Direct regenerating cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Sci. 11 , 2304425 (2024). 34 24 24 1451 #/texts/1452 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 479.44, 255.39, 13.26] Frith, J. T ., Lacey, M. J. & Ulissi, U. A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries. Nat. Commun. 14 , 420 (2023). Frith, J. T ., Lacey, M. J. & Ulissi, U. A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries. Nat. Commun. 14 , 420 (2023). 34 25 25 1452 #/texts/1453 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.67, 495.43, 250.43, 13.35] Ren, H. et al. Densification of cathode/electrolyte interphase to enhance reversibility of LiCoO2 at 4.65 V. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2408875 (2024). Ren, H. et al. Densification of cathode/electrolyte interphase to enhance reversibility of LiCoO2 at 4.65 V. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2408875 (2024). 34 26 26 1453 #/texts/1454 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 511.52, 253.45, 13.26] Xue, H. et al. In situ conversion of artificial proton-rich shell to inorganic maskant toward stable single-crystal Ni-rich cathode. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2415860 (2025). Xue, H. et al. In situ conversion of artificial proton-rich shell to inorganic maskant toward stable single-crystal Ni-rich cathode. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2415860 (2025). 34 27 27 1454 #/texts/1455 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 527.51, 250.03, 13.27] Xu, E. et al. Stress-induced anomalous lithiation plateau of LiFe y Mn1-y PO4 over high-rate discharging. Adv. Energy Mater. 15 , 2404929 (2025). Xu, E. et al. Stress-induced anomalous lithiation plateau of LiFe y Mn1-y PO4 over high-rate discharging. Adv. Energy Mater. 15 , 2404929 (2025). 34 28 28 1455 #/texts/1456 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 543.51, 251.71, 13.26] Zhu, X. et al. Epitaxial growth of an atom-thin layer on a LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode for stable Li-ion battery cycling. Nat. Commun. 13 , 1565 (2022). Zhu, X. et al. Epitaxial growth of an atom-thin layer on a LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode for stable Li-ion battery cycling. Nat. Commun. 13 , 1565 (2022). 34 29 29 1456 #/texts/1457 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 559.51, 254.92, 13.26] Liu, T . et al. Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode. Nature 606 , 305-312 (2022). Liu, T . et al. Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode. Nature 606 , 305-312 (2022). 34 30 30 1457 #/texts/1458 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 575.51, 250.46, 13.27] Wang, J. et al. Sustainable upcycling of spent LiCoO 2 to an ultra-stable battery cathode at high voltage. Nat. Sustain. 6 , 797-805 (2023). Wang, J. et al. Sustainable upcycling of spent LiCoO 2 to an ultra-stable battery cathode at high voltage. Nat. Sustain. 6 , 797-805 (2023). 34 31 31 1458 #/texts/1459 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 591.51, 244.63, 13.26] Zheng, N. et al. Surface catalytic repair for the efficient regeneration of spent layered oxide cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 , 27819-27829 (2024). Zheng, N. et al. Surface catalytic repair for the efficient regeneration of spent layered oxide cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146 , 27819-27829 (2024). 34 32 32 1459 #/texts/1460 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 607.51, 227.48, 13.26] Ji, G. et al. Direct regeneration of degraded lithium-ion battery cathodes with a multifunctional organic lithium salt. Nat. Commun. 14 , 584 (2023). Ji, G. et al. Direct regeneration of degraded lithium-ion battery cathodes with a multifunctional organic lithium salt. Nat. Commun. 14 , 584 (2023). 34 33 33 1460 #/texts/1461 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 623.51, 242.57, 13.27] Tang, D. et al. A multifunctional amino acid enables direct recycling of spent LiFePO 4 cathode material. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2309722 (2024). Tang, D. et al. A multifunctional amino acid enables direct recycling of spent LiFePO 4 cathode material. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2309722 (2024). 34 34 34 1461 #/texts/1462 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 639.51, 250.81, 13.26] Jia, K. et al. Topotactic transformation of surface structure enabling direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145 , 7288-7300 (2023). Jia, K. et al. Topotactic transformation of surface structure enabling direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 145 , 7288-7300 (2023). 34 35 35 1462 #/texts/1463 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 655.51, 242.45, 13.27] Wang, J. et al. Direct and green repairing of degraded LiCoO 2 for reuse in lithium-ion batteries. Natl Sci. Rev. 9 , nwac097 (2022). Wang, J. et al. Direct and green repairing of degraded LiCoO 2 for reuse in lithium-ion batteries. Natl Sci. Rev. 9 , nwac097 (2022). 34 36 36 1463 #/texts/1464 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 671.51, 240.02, 13.26] Ma, J. et al. Adaptable eutectic salt for the direct recycling of highly degraded layer cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 , 20306-20314 (2022). Ma, J. et al. Adaptable eutectic salt for the direct recycling of highly degraded layer cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 , 20306-20314 (2022). 34 37 37 1464 #/texts/1465 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 687.51, 237.59, 13.26] Wang, J. et al. Direct recycling of spent cathode material at ambient conditions via spontaneous lithiation. Nat. Sustain. 7 , 1283-1293 (2024). Wang, J. et al. Direct recycling of spent cathode material at ambient conditions via spontaneous lithiation. Nat. Sustain. 7 , 1283-1293 (2024). 34 38 38 1465 #/texts/1466 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:page_body:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 703.51, 255.64, 13.26] Shi, R. et al. Homogeneous repair of highly degraded Ni -rich cathode material with spent lithium anode. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2311553 (2024). Shi, R. et al. Homogeneous repair of highly degraded Ni -rich cathode material with spent lithium anode. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2311553 (2024). 34 39 39 1466 #/texts/1467 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 719.5, 251.42, 21.26] Zhuang, Z. et al. Fast Li replenishment channels -assisted recycling of degraded layered cathodes with enhanced cycling performance and thermal stability. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2313144 (2024). Zhuang, Z. et al. Fast Li replenishment channels -assisted recycling of degraded layered cathodes with enhanced cycling performance and thermal stability. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2313144 (2024). 34 73 40 1467 #/texts/1501 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin column_1_of_2 1 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 34 40 41 1468 #/texts/1468 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 151.5, 251.9, 13.28] Li, J. et al. Interfacial metal -solvent chelation for direct regeneration of LiFePO 4 cathode black mass. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2414235 (2025). Li, J. et al. Interfacial metal -solvent chelation for direct regeneration of LiFePO 4 cathode black mass. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2414235 (2025). 34 41 42 1469 #/texts/1469 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 167.51, 236.04, 13.26] Chen, W. et al. Efficient and scalable direct regeneration of spent layered cathode materials via advanced oxidation. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2414235 (2025). Chen, W. et al. Efficient and scalable direct regeneration of spent layered cathode materials via advanced oxidation. Adv. Mater. 37 , 2414235 (2025). 34 42 43 1470 #/texts/1470 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 183.51, 231.17, 13.26] Choi, C. H. et al. Flash-within-flash synthesis of gram-scale solid-state materials. Nat. Chem. 16 , 1831-1837 (2024). Choi, C. H. et al. Flash-within-flash synthesis of gram-scale solid-state materials. Nat. Chem. 16 , 1831-1837 (2024). 34 43 44 1471 #/texts/1471 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 199.51, 241.26, 13.26] Wang, C. et al. A general method to synthesize and sinter bulk ceramics in seconds. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020). Wang, C. et al. A general method to synthesize and sinter bulk ceramics in seconds. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020). 34 44 45 1472 #/texts/1472 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 215.5, 252.72, 13.26] Zhu, W. et al. Ultrafast non-equilibrium synthesis of cathode materials for Li-ion batterie. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2208974 (2023). Zhu, W. et al. Ultrafast non-equilibrium synthesis of cathode materials for Li-ion batterie. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2208974 (2023). 34 45 46 1473 #/texts/1473 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 231.5, 239.49, 13.26] Guo, Z. et al. Ultrafast non-equilibrium phase transition induced twin boundaries of spinel lithium manganate. Adv. Energy Mater. 14 , 2302484 (2024). Guo, Z. et al. Ultrafast non-equilibrium phase transition induced twin boundaries of spinel lithium manganate. Adv. Energy Mater. 14 , 2302484 (2024). 34 46 47 1474 #/texts/1474 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 247.49, 241.11, 14.1] Guo, Y. et al. Atomistic observation and transient reordering of antisite Li/Fe defects toward sustainable LiFePO 4 . Energy Environ. Sci. 17 , 7749-7761 (2024). Guo, Y. et al. Atomistic observation and transient reordering of antisite Li/Fe defects toward sustainable LiFePO 4 . Energy Environ. Sci. 17 , 7749-7761 (2024). 34 47 48 1475 #/texts/1475 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 263.52, 240.98, 13.26] Yin, Y. et al. Rapid, direct regeneration of spent LiCoO 2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 8 , 3005-3012 (2023). Yin, Y. et al. Rapid, direct regeneration of spent LiCoO 2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 8 , 3005-3012 (2023). 34 48 49 1476 #/texts/1476 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.48, 279.51, 240.36, 13.26] Ji, H. et al. Closed -loop direct upcycling of spent Ni -rich layered cathodes into high -voltage cathode materials. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2407029 (2024). Ji, H. et al. Closed -loop direct upcycling of spent Ni -rich layered cathodes into high -voltage cathode materials. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2407029 (2024). 34 49 50 1477 #/texts/1477 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 295.51, 253.18, 13.26] Ji, G. et al. Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material. Nat. Commun. 15 , 4086 (2024). Ji, G. et al. Sustainable upcycling of mixed spent cathodes to a high-voltage polyanionic cathode material. Nat. Commun. 15 , 4086 (2024). 34 50 51 1478 #/texts/1478 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 311.51, 252.6, 13.26] Ma, J. et al. Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material. Nat. Commun. 15 , 1046 (2024). Ma, J. et al. Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material. Nat. Commun. 15 , 1046 (2024). 34 51 52 1479 #/texts/1479 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 327.5, 246.59, 13.26] Liu, S. et al. Manganese-based composite-structure cathode materials for sustainable batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 15 , 2404459 (2025). Liu, S. et al. Manganese-based composite-structure cathode materials for sustainable batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 15 , 2404459 (2025). 34 52 53 1480 #/texts/1480 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 343.5, 256.23, 13.26] Song, J. et al. Building better full manganese-based cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 6 , 20 (2023). Song, J. et al. Building better full manganese-based cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 6 , 20 (2023). 34 53 54 1481 #/texts/1481 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 359.49, 247.74, 13.26] Gupta, V. et al. Scalable direct recycling of cathode black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2203093 (2023). Gupta, V. et al. Scalable direct recycling of cathode black mass from spent lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2203093 (2023). 34 54 55 1482 #/texts/1482 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 375.49, 247.18, 13.26] Tao, S. et al. Collaborative and privacy-preserving retired battery sorting for profitable direct recycling via federated machine learning. Nat. Commun. 14 , 8032 (2023). Tao, S. et al. Collaborative and privacy-preserving retired battery sorting for profitable direct recycling via federated machine learning. Nat. Commun. 14 , 8032 (2023). 34 55 56 1483 #/texts/1483 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 391.49, 244.95, 13.26] Tao, S. et al. Generative learning assisted state-of-health estimation for sustainable battery recycling with random retirement conditions. Nat. Commun. 15 , 10154 (2024). Tao, S. et al. Generative learning assisted state-of-health estimation for sustainable battery recycling with random retirement conditions. Nat. Commun. 15 , 10154 (2024). 34 56 57 1484 #/texts/1484 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 407.48, 254.61, 13.26] Chen, Z. et al. Reaction-passivation mechanism driven materials separation for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 14 , 4649 (2023). Chen, Z. et al. Reaction-passivation mechanism driven materials separation for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 14 , 4649 (2023). 34 57 58 1485 #/texts/1485 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 423.48, 255.86, 14.0] Ji, H. et al. Surface engineering suppresses the failure of biphasic sodium layered cathode for high performance sodium -ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 , 2109319 (2022). Ji, H. et al. Surface engineering suppresses the failure of biphasic sodium layered cathode for high performance sodium -ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 , 2109319 (2022). 34 58 59 1486 #/texts/1486 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 439.47, 252.32, 13.26] Zhang, Y. et al. Operando characterization and regulation of metal dissolution and redeposition dynamics near battery electrode surface. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19 , 790-797 (2023). Zhang, Y. et al. Operando characterization and regulation of metal dissolution and redeposition dynamics near battery electrode surface. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19 , 790-797 (2023). 34 59 60 1487 #/texts/1487 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 455.47, 246.3, 13.31] Zeng, W. et al. Entropy-increased LiMn 2 O4-based positive electrodes for fast-charging lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 15 , 7371 (2024). Zeng, W. et al. Entropy-increased LiMn 2 O4-based positive electrodes for fast-charging lithium metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 15 , 7371 (2024). 34 60 61 1488 #/texts/1488 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 471.51, 250.41, 13.26] Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). Liu, T . et al. Correlation between manganese dissolution and dynamic phase stability in spinel-based lithium-ion battery. Nat. Commun. 10 , 4721 (2019). 34 61 62 1489 #/texts/1489 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 487.51, 255.66, 13.26] Tan, Y. et al. Overlithiation-driven structural regulation of lithium nickel manganese oxide for high-performance battery cathode. Energy Storage Mater. 63 , 102962 (2023). Tan, Y. et al. Overlithiation-driven structural regulation of lithium nickel manganese oxide for high-performance battery cathode. Energy Storage Mater. 63 , 102962 (2023). 34 62 63 1490 #/texts/1490 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 503.51, 252.21, 13.26] Dong, Q., Hu, S. & Hu, L. Electrothermal synthesis of commodity chemicals. Nat. Chem. Eng. 1 , 680-690 (2024). Dong, Q., Hu, S. & Hu, L. Electrothermal synthesis of commodity chemicals. Nat. Chem. Eng. 1 , 680-690 (2024). 34 63 64 1491 #/texts/1491 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.46, 519.5, 239.73, 13.26] Wang, R. et al. Twin boundary defect engineering improves lithium-ion diffusion for fast-charging spinel cathode materials. Nat. Commun. 12 , 3085 (2021). Wang, R. et al. Twin boundary defect engineering improves lithium-ion diffusion for fast-charging spinel cathode materials. Nat. Commun. 12 , 3085 (2021). 34 64 65 1492 #/texts/1492 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 535.52, 236.04, 13.26] Zhang, Y. et al. Oxygen vacancy chemistry in oxide cathodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 53 , 3302-3326 (2024). Zhang, Y. et al. Oxygen vacancy chemistry in oxide cathodes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 53 , 3302-3326 (2024). 34 65 66 1493 #/texts/1493 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 551.51, 255.03, 13.26] Zhang, X. et al. Surface nickel gradient tunes anionic redox activity to stabilize cobalt-free Li-rich cathodes. Nano Energy 128 , 109973 (2024). Zhang, X. et al. Surface nickel gradient tunes anionic redox activity to stabilize cobalt-free Li-rich cathodes. Nano Energy 128 , 109973 (2024). 34 66 67 1494 #/texts/1494 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 567.51, 239.9, 13.26] Wang, K. et al. Unraveling the role of surficial oxygen vacancies in stabilizing Li-rich layered oxides. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2301216 (2023). Wang, K. et al. Unraveling the role of surficial oxygen vacancies in stabilizing Li-rich layered oxides. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2301216 (2023). 34 67 68 1495 #/texts/1495 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 590.09, 75.85, 7.0] Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 34 68 69 1496 #/texts/1496 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 599.52, 251.32, 69.25] G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… 34 69 70 1497 #/texts/1497 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 678.09, 78.48, 7.0] Author contributions Author contributions 34 70 71 1498 #/texts/1498 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 page_body column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 687.52, 249.24, 29.26] H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… 34 71 72 1499 #/texts/1499 section_header back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 726.09, 77.03, 7.0] Competing interests Competing interests 34 72 73 1500 #/texts/1500 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [306.47, 735.52, 120.03, 5.26] The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare no competing interests. 34 74 74 1501 #/texts/1502 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p34:body_region:0 bottom_margin column_2_of_2 2 2 p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [540.36, 763.81, 20.84, 6.99] 2446 2446 35 1 1 1502 #/texts/1503 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p35:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] Protocol Protocol 35 2 2 1503 #/texts/1504 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p35:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.68, 229.59, 517.28, 61.37] 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… 35 3 3 1504 #/texts/1505 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin left None None p35:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 35 4 4 1505 #/texts/1506 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p35:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [541.08, 763.81, 19.9, 6.99] 2447 2447 36 2 1 1506 #/texts/1508 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 127.01, 175.94, 17.22] Reporting Summary Reporting Summary 36 3 2 1507 #/texts/1509 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 154.26, 526.18, 17.94] Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see o… Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see o… 36 22 3 1508 #/texts/1528 text metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p36:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [308.88, 63.3, 90.91, 7.02] Corresponding author(s): Corresponding author(s): 36 23 4 1509 #/texts/1529 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right_crossing None None p36:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [308.88, 80.22, 95.18, 7.02] Last updated by author(s): Last updated by author(s): 36 24 5 1510 #/texts/1530 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p36:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [408.24, 64.02, 118.91, 6.27] Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou 36 25 6 1511 #/texts/1531 text metadata False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p36:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [408.24, 81.06, 43.99, 6.27] May 13, 2025 May 13, 2025 36 1 7 1512 #/texts/1507 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin right None None p36:top_margin:right:colored [245, 130, 134] colored False True [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary 36 4 8 1513 #/texts/1510 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 222.34, 49.71, 10.95] Statistics Statistics 36 5 9 1514 #/texts/1511 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 240.18, 492.74, 7.02] For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. 36 6 10 1515 #/texts/1512 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.36, 258.3, 12.15, 7.02] n/a n/a 36 7 11 1516 #/texts/1513 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [43.8, 258.3, 38.13, 7.02] Confirmed Confirmed 36 8 12 1517 #/texts/1514 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 274.63, 428.7, 7.74] The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement 36 9 13 1518 #/texts/1515 checkbox_selected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 291.9, 468.9, 7.02] A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly 36 10 14 1519 #/texts/1516 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 308.22, 365.88, 17.08] The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. 36 11 15 1520 #/texts/1517 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 334.38, 131.52, 7.02] A description of all covariates tested A description of all covariates tested 36 12 16 1521 #/texts/1518 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 351.42, 420.35, 7.02] A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons 36 13 17 1522 #/texts/1519 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 368.82, 499.07, 17.82] A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… 36 14 18 1523 #/texts/1520 checkbox_unselected body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 397.27, 479.03, 17.66] For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. 36 15 19 1524 #/texts/1521 checkbox_unselected affiliation False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 425.7, 351.21, 7.02] For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings 36 16 20 1525 #/texts/1522 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 442.74, 417.36, 7.02] For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes 36 17 21 1526 #/texts/1523 checkbox_selected affiliation False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [58.08, 459.19, 323.38, 7.74] Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated 36 18 22 1527 #/texts/1524 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p36:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.28, 475.74, 254.95, 5.98] Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. 36 19 23 1528 #/texts/1525 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 501.7, 105.73, 10.95] Software and code Software and code 36 20 24 1529 #/texts/1526 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p36:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 522.18, 196.29, 7.02] Policy information about availability of computer code Policy information about availability of computer code 36 21 25 1530 #/texts/1527 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p36:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 627.19, 522.6, 14.04] For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… 36 26 26 1531 #/texts/1532 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p36:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 36 27 27 1532 #/texts/1533 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p36:bottom_margin:right:colored [249, 188, 190] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 1 1 37 1 1 1533 #/texts/1534 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p37:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 33.22, 26.19, 10.95] Data Data 37 4 2 1534 #/texts/1537 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p37:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 53.58, 157.2, 7.02] Policy information about availability of data Policy information about availability of data 37 10 3 1535 #/texts/1543 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 175.9, 403.94, 10.95] Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material 37 9 4 1536 #/texts/1542 text metadata False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [27.36, 122.82, 527.07, 25.59] All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… 37 5 5 1537 #/texts/1538 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [29.16, 65.58, 485.0, 7.02] All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: 37 6 6 1538 #/texts/1539 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 77.7, 255.87, 6.27] Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets 37 7 7 1539 #/texts/1540 list_item back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 87.3, 168.42, 6.27] A description of any restrictions on data availability A description of any restrictions on data availability 37 8 8 1540 #/texts/1541 list_item unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [39.12, 98.34, 309.32, 6.27] For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy 37 2 9 1541 #/texts/1535 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin right None None p37:top_margin:right:colored [245, 130, 134] colored False True [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary 37 11 10 1542 #/texts/1544 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 196.38, 518.63, 17.82] Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. 37 12 11 1543 #/texts/1545 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 222.78, 92.51, 6.27] Reporting on sex and gender Reporting on sex and gender 37 35 12 1544 #/texts/1568 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [250, 252, 253] white False False [152.28, 222.78, 17.43, 6.27] None None 37 13 13 1545 #/texts/1546 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 242.58, 104.76, 15.87] Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings 37 36 14 1546 #/texts/1569 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.28, 242.58, 17.43, 6.27] None None 37 14 15 1547 #/texts/1547 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 271.86, 83.1, 6.27] Population characteristics Population characteristics 37 37 16 1548 #/texts/1570 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.64, 271.86, 17.37, 6.27] None None 37 15 17 1549 #/texts/1548 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 291.54, 40.06, 6.27] Recruitment Recruitment 37 38 18 1550 #/texts/1571 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [152.28, 291.54, 17.43, 6.27] None None 37 16 19 1551 #/texts/1549 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 311.22, 50.63, 6.27] Ethics oversight Ethics oversight 37 39 20 1552 #/texts/1572 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [152.28, 311.22, 17.43, 6.27] None None 37 17 21 1553 #/texts/1550 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 328.26, 338.05, 6.27] Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. 37 18 22 1554 #/texts/1551 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 357.38, 183.98, 15.63] Field-specific reporting Field-specific reporting 37 19 23 1555 #/texts/1552 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 381.54, 522.17, 7.02] Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. 37 20 24 1556 #/texts/1553 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [38.04, 400.98, 45.09, 7.02] Life sciences Life sciences 37 21 25 1557 #/texts/1554 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [143.04, 400.98, 105.43, 7.02] Behavioural & social sciences Behavioural & social sciences 37 22 26 1558 #/texts/1555 checkbox_selected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [280.32, 400.98, 180.76, 7.02] Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences 37 23 27 1559 #/texts/1556 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 415.35, 322.71, 5.43] For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf 37 24 28 1560 #/texts/1557 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body full None None p37:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 447.98, 507.07, 15.63] Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design 37 25 29 1561 #/texts/1558 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 473.58, 282.75, 7.02] All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. 37 26 30 1562 #/texts/1559 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 491.82, 55.96, 6.27] Study description Study description 37 40 31 1563 #/texts/1573 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 491.82, 419.9, 15.99] This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… 37 27 32 1564 #/texts/1560 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 521.22, 54.3, 6.27] Research sample Research sample 37 41 33 1565 #/texts/1574 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 521.22, 93.75, 6.27] Spent LIBs Cathode materials Spent LIBs Cathode materials 37 28 34 1566 #/texts/1561 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [32.04, 540.9, 57.32, 6.27] Sampling strategy Sampling strategy 37 42 35 1567 #/texts/1575 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [126.72, 540.9, 425.83, 6.27] Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. 37 29 36 1568 #/texts/1562 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 560.58, 48.06, 6.27] Data collection Data collection 37 43 37 1569 #/texts/1576 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 560.58, 240.24, 6.27] All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. 37 30 38 1570 #/texts/1563 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 580.26, 76.14, 6.27] Timing and spatial scale Timing and spatial scale 37 44 39 1571 #/texts/1577 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 580.26, 423.24, 25.47] The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … 37 31 40 1572 #/texts/1564 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 619.26, 49.88, 6.27] Data exclusions Data exclusions 37 45 41 1573 #/texts/1578 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 619.26, 72.46, 6.27] No data was excluded. No data was excluded. 37 32 42 1574 #/texts/1565 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 638.94, 48.53, 6.27] Reproducibility Reproducibility 37 46 43 1575 #/texts/1579 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body left_crossing None None p37:page_body:left_crossing:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [126.72, 638.94, 344.74, 6.27] Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. 37 33 44 1576 #/texts/1566 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 658.62, 48.29, 6.27] Randomization Randomization 37 47 45 1577 #/texts/1580 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 658.62, 393.33, 16.83] This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. 37 34 46 1578 #/texts/1567 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p37:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [32.04, 688.98, 25.79, 6.27] Blinding Blinding 37 48 47 1579 #/texts/1581 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p37:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p37:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [126.72, 688.98, 419.33, 25.47] This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… 37 3 48 1580 #/texts/1536 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p37:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 37 49 49 1581 #/texts/1582 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p37:bottom_margin:right:colored [245, 143, 146] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 2 2 38 5 1 1582 #/texts/1587 section_header unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [23.52, 67.22, 435.19, 15.63] Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods 38 6 2 1583 #/texts/1588 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p38:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [24.96, 89.34, 532.83, 15.87] Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… 38 9 3 1584 #/texts/1590 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [26.16, 140.58, 94.74, 7.02] n/a Involved in the study n/a Involved in the study 38 7 4 1585 #/texts/1589#prov0 text body_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [27.84, 124.52, 150.58, 8.61] Materials & experimental systems Materials & experimental systems 38 1 5 1586 #/texts/1583 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [32.04, 26.46, 118.01, 7.02] Did the study involve field work? Did the study involve field work? 38 10 6 1587 #/texts/1591 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 154.26, 34.43, 6.27] Antibodies Antibodies 38 11 7 1588 #/texts/1592 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 168.42, 63.02, 6.27] Eukaryotic cell lines Eukaryotic cell lines 38 12 8 1589 #/texts/1593 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 182.58, 100.66, 6.27] Palaeontology and archaeology Palaeontology and archaeology 38 3 9 1590 #/texts/1585 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [177.0, 28.98, 10.81, 6.27] Yes Yes 38 17 10 1591 #/texts/1598 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [219.24, 140.58, 12.15, 7.02] n/a n/a 38 4 11 1592 #/texts/1586 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin left None None p38:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [219.48, 28.98, 9.3, 6.27] No No 38 8 12 1593 #/texts/1589#prov1 text body_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [220.8, 124.52, 39.86, 8.61] Methods Methods 38 18 13 1594 #/texts/1599 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.68, 140.58, 75.21, 7.02] Involved in the study Involved in the study 38 19 14 1595 #/texts/1600 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [254, 254, 254] white False False [252.12, 154.26, 28.04, 6.27] ChIP-seq ChIP-seq 38 20 15 1596 #/texts/1601 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [252.12, 168.42, 49.94, 6.27] Flow cytometry Flow cytometry 38 21 16 1597 #/texts/1602 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left_crossing None None p38:page_body:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [252.12, 182.58, 80.87, 6.27] MRI-based neuroimaging MRI-based neuroimaging 38 2 17 1598 #/texts/1584 page_header page_header False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None top_margin right None None p38:top_margin:right:colored [245, 130, 134] colored False True [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] nature portfolio | reporting summary nature portfolio | reporting summary 38 13 18 1599 #/texts/1594 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 196.86, 93.58, 6.27] Animals and other organisms Animals and other organisms 38 14 19 1600 #/texts/1595 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 211.02, 38.78, 6.27] Clinical data Clinical data 38 15 20 1601 #/texts/1596 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 225.18, 93.52, 6.27] Dual use research of concern Dual use research of concern 38 16 21 1602 #/texts/1597 checkbox_unselected unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body left None None p38:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [59.04, 239.34, 19.55, 6.27] Plants Plants 38 22 22 1603 #/texts/1603 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body right None None p38:page_body:right:colored [235, 115, 119] colored False True [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] April 2023 April 2023 38 23 23 1604 #/texts/1604 page_footer page_footer False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None bottom_margin right None None p38:bottom_margin:right:colored [243, 115, 119] colored False True [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] 3 3