page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview text cleaned_text 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 text metadata False low document_ui document_ui False None front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.36, 99.81, 27.86, 9.4] Article Article Article Article 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter full None None p1:front_matter:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 114.79, 498.67, 38.24] Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1 7 3 2 #/texts/6 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter full None None p1:front_matter:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.33, 165.68, 498.77, 11.22] Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien 1 17 4 3 #/texts/16 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right None None p1:front_matter:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.6, 165.68, 11.09, 11.22] 2, * 2, * 2, * 2, * 1 8 5 4 #/texts/7 list_item metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 200.1, 368.73, 30.61] 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H… 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H… 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H.) 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H.) 1 9 6 5 #/texts/8 list_item metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 232.38, 360.32, 19.85] 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 1 10 7 6 #/texts/9 list_item metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p1:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.68, 255.44, 213.34, 7.55] Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr 1 11 8 7 #/texts/10 text abstract_candidate False medium first_page_summary first_page_summary True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 280.45, 395.04, 162.96] Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are ca… Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are ca… Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are capacity fading and voltage decay during cycling. In this study, new stoichiometric high-voltage Li-rich oxides with y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5 are synthesized in identical conditions using a sol-gel method. These compositions were analyzed to determine their optimal configuration and to understand their extraordinary behavior. Their nanostructural properties were investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology and grain-size distribution of the samples were characterized by BET, SEM and HRTEM analyses. The electrochemical performances of the integrated Liand Mn-rich compounds were evaluated through galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The best cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 had a capacity retention of 83.6% after 100 cycles in the potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are capacity fading and voltage decay during cycling. In this study, new stoichiometric high-voltage Li-rich oxides with y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5 are synthesized in identical conditions using a sol-gel method. These compositions were analyzed to determine their optimal configuration and to understand their extraordinary behavior. Their nanostructural properties were investigated using XRD and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology and grain-size distribution of the samples were characterized by BET, SEM and HRTEM analyses. The electrochemical performances of the integrated Liand Mn-rich compounds were evaluated through galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The best cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 had a capacity retention of 83.6% after 100 cycles in the potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. 1 12 9 8 #/texts/11 text front_matter_heading False low outside_body_flow_front_matter_heading outside_body_flow_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 459.93, 48.99, 9.21] Keywords: Keywords: Keywords: Keywords: 1 13 10 9 #/texts/12 text front_matter_candidate False low outside_body_flow outside_body_flow True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [218.47, 459.85, 307.36, 9.44] Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries 1 3 11 10 #/texts/2 text unknown_text False low before_body_started before_body_started False None front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 505.93, 108.67, 18.53] Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi 1 14 12 11 #/texts/13 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p1:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 511.4, 81.74, 11.05] 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1 5 13 12 #/texts/4 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.37, 585.45, 117.44, 90.09] Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci.… Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci.… Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms26031346 Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346. 10.3390/ijms26031346 1 4 14 13 #/texts/3 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 533.76, 86.83, 42.39] Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 1 6 16 15 #/texts/5 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 686.83, 111.91, 90.09] Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creative… Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( licenses/by/4.0… Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( licenses/by/4.0/). 1 18 18 17 #/texts/17 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 805.75, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 1 19 19 18 #/texts/18 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [422.25, 805.86, 137.02, 7.55] https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031346 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031346 2 2 1 19 #/texts/19 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p2:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 2 3 2 20 #/texts/20 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p2:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 2 of 30 2 of 30 2 of 30 2 of 30 2 7 7 25 #/texts/24 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 583.47, 361.43, 8.5] Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. 2 8 8 26 #/texts/25 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 678.46, 139.51, 11.05] 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2 9 9 27 #/texts/26 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 695.88, 98.01, 9.4] 2.1. Materials Synthesis 2.1. Materials Synthesis 2.1. Materials Synthesis 2.1. Materials Synthesis 3 2 1 29 #/texts/28 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p3:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 3 3 2 30 #/texts/29 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p3:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 3 of 30 3 of 30 3 of 30 3 of 30 3 1 3 31 #/texts/27#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None front_matter left None None p3:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [119.89, 100.88, 47.67, 6.79] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3 5 5 33 #/texts/31 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None front_matter right_crossing None None p3:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 473.63, 426.65, 22.0] Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of t… Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of t… Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). 3 6 6 34 #/texts/32 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None body_zone left_crossing None None p3:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 506.16, 194.77, 10.99] 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 4 2 1 37 #/texts/35 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p4:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 4 3 2 38 #/texts/36 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p4:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 4 of 30 4 of 30 4 of 30 4 of 30 4 5 5 41 #/texts/38 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p4:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 322.52, 53.16, 11.05] 3. Results 3. Results 3. Results 3. Results 4 6 6 42 #/texts/39 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 339.94, 119.78, 9.4] 3.1. Structural Investigations 3.1. Structural Investigations 3.1. Structural Investigations 3.1. Structural Investigations 5 4 3 47 #/texts/42 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 5 5 9 53 #/texts/43 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [530.92, 36.39, 30.68, 9.5] 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 13 13 57 #/texts/51 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p5:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p5:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 450.11, 400.96, 46.96] Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements … Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements … Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements of the as-prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) prepared by the sol-gel method. Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5 ◦ , ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67 ◦ , and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements of the as-prepared y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) prepared by the sol-gel method. Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements of the as-prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) prepared by the sol-gel method. Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5 ◦ , ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67 ◦ , and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements of the as-prepared y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) prepared by the sol-gel method. 6 1 1 59 #/texts/53 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 6 2 2 60 #/texts/54 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p6:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 6 of 30 6 of 30 6 of 30 6 of 30 6 3 3 61 #/texts/55 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 74.74, 394.66, 34.14] Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. 7 3 7 70 #/texts/58 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 7 12 12 75 #/texts/67 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 505.59, 394.75, 48.68] Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) … Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) … Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) Variation in the c/a ration and cell volume. ( c ) Variations in the R-factors. ( d ) Variation in the amount of Ni 2+ in the Li site and interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ). Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) Variation in the c/a ration and cell volume. ( c ) Variations in the R-factors. ( d ) Variation in the amount of Ni 2+ in the Li site and interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ). 8 2 1 78 #/texts/70 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p8:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 8 3 2 79 #/texts/71 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p8:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 8 of 30 8 of 30 8 of 30 8 of 30 8 5 6 83 #/texts/73 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [100.68, 247.17, 1.89, 6.93] , , 8 9 9 86 #/texts/78 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p8:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 579.54, 399.68, 35.36] Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) A… Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) A… Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a function of Li2 MnO3 content ( y ). Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a function of Li2 MnO3 content ( y ). 8 10 10 87 #/texts/79 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 615.04, 110.33, 7.76] function of Li2MnO3 content ( function of Li2MnO3 content ( function of Li2MnO3 content ( function of Li2MnO3 content ( 8 12 12 89 #/texts/81 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [274.08, 615.04, 7.03, 7.76] ). ). 8 13 13 90 #/texts/82 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p8:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 625.81, 145.94, 9.4] 3.2. Morphological Characterization 3.2. Morphological Characterization 3.2. Morphological Characterization 3.2. Morphological Characterization 9 10 8 104 #/texts/98 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [500.21, 15.72, 6.52, 7.98] = = 9 1 10 106 #/texts/89 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 9 14 13 109 #/texts/102 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [227.23, 38.04, 4.35, 7.98] 3 3 3 3 9 15 14 110 #/texts/103 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [231.59, 38.04, 6.75, 7.98] m m m m 9 2 18 114 #/texts/90 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 9 of 30 9 of 30 9 of 30 9 of 30 9 49 22 118 #/texts/137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True True [382.15, 208.78, 3.77, 3.28] 30 30 30 30 9 48 23 119 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right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [382.15, 244.38, 3.77, 3.28] 18 18 18 18 9 42 32 128 #/texts/130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [382.15, 250.29, 3.77, 3.28] 16 16 16 16 9 41 33 129 #/texts/129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [382.15, 256.21, 3.77, 3.28] 14 14 14 14 9 40 34 130 #/texts/128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True False [382.15, 262.12, 3.77, 3.28] 12 12 12 12 9 39 35 131 #/texts/127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True False [382.15, 268.04, 3.77, 3.28] 10 10 10 10 9 38 36 132 #/texts/126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [131, 131, 131] gray True True [384.05, 274.06, 1.88, 3.28] 8 8 8 8 9 37 37 133 #/texts/125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [158, 158, 158] gray True True [384.05, 279.98, 1.88, 3.28] 6 6 6 6 9 36 38 134 #/texts/124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [384.05, 285.89, 1.88, 3.28] 4 4 4 4 9 35 39 135 #/texts/123 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [384.05, 291.81, 1.88, 3.28] 2 2 2 2 9 34 40 136 #/texts/122 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [148, 148, 148] gray True True [384.05, 297.72, 1.88, 3.28] 0 0 0 0 9 23 41 137 #/texts/111 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [386.95, 301.74, 1.88, 3.28] 0 0 0 0 9 24 42 138 #/texts/112 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [395.97, 301.74, 5.7, 3.28] 100 100 100 100 9 25 43 139 #/texts/113 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [158, 158, 158] gray True True [406.92, 301.74, 5.67, 3.28] 200 200 200 200 9 26 44 140 #/texts/114 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [417.98, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 300 300 300 300 9 51 45 141 #/texts/139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [418.62, 307.86, 43.49, 5.09] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 27 46 142 #/texts/115 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [156, 156, 156] gray True True [428.89, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 400 400 400 400 9 28 47 143 #/texts/116 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [156, 156, 156] gray True True [439.85, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 500 500 500 500 9 29 48 144 #/texts/117 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [450.66, 301.74, 5.7, 3.28] 600 600 600 600 9 30 49 145 #/texts/118 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [170, 170, 170] gray True True [461.61, 301.74, 5.67, 3.28] 700 700 700 700 9 31 50 146 #/texts/119 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [152, 152, 152] gray True True [472.67, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 800 800 800 800 9 32 51 147 #/texts/120 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [162, 162, 162] gray True True [483.59, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 900 900 900 900 9 33 52 148 #/texts/121 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [493.53, 301.74, 7.46, 3.28] 1000 1000 1000 1000 9 71 53 149 #/texts/159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [380.58, 327.04, 3.84, 3.3] 14 14 14 14 9 75 54 150 #/texts/163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True True [391.39, 328.44, 5.37, 5.15] (f) (f) (f) (f) 9 72 55 151 #/texts/160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True True [435.38, 326.0, 61.24, 4.05] Average particle size 197 (nm) Average particle size 197 (nm) Average particle size 197 (nm) Average particle size 197 (nm) 9 70 56 152 #/texts/158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [380.58, 339.09, 3.84, 3.3] 12 12 12 12 9 69 57 153 #/texts/157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [380.58, 351.03, 3.84, 3.3] 10 10 10 10 9 73 58 154 #/texts/161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [249, 249, 249] white False True [374.65, 353.96, 5.11, 27.22] Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) 9 68 59 155 #/texts/156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [178, 178, 178] gray True True [382.47, 362.97, 1.93, 3.3] 8 8 8 8 9 67 60 156 #/texts/155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [382.47, 374.91, 1.93, 3.3] 6 6 6 6 9 66 61 157 #/texts/154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True True [382.47, 386.85, 1.93, 3.3] 4 4 4 4 9 65 62 158 #/texts/153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [382.47, 398.8, 1.93, 3.3] 2 2 2 2 9 64 63 159 #/texts/152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [382.47, 410.74, 1.93, 3.3] 0 0 0 0 9 54 64 160 #/texts/142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [384.48, 414.76, 3.94, 3.3] 50 50 50 50 9 55 65 161 #/texts/143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [396.1, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 100 100 100 100 9 56 66 162 #/texts/144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [408.48, 414.76, 5.81, 3.3] 150 150 150 150 9 57 67 163 #/texts/145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [420.97, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 200 200 200 200 9 58 68 164 #/texts/146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [433.49, 414.76, 5.81, 3.3] 250 250 250 250 9 59 69 165 #/texts/147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [177, 177, 177] gray True True [445.98, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 300 300 300 300 9 60 70 166 #/texts/148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [458.36, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 350 350 350 350 9 61 71 167 #/texts/149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [470.85, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 400 400 400 400 9 62 72 168 #/texts/150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [483.37, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 450 450 450 450 9 63 73 169 #/texts/151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [495.86, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 500 500 500 500 9 74 74 170 #/texts/162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [420.41, 421.56, 44.33, 5.11] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 85 75 171 #/texts/173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True True [382.36, 436.78, 3.81, 3.25] 10 10 10 10 9 86 76 172 #/texts/174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [393.08, 443.7, 5.03, 5.08] (i) (i) (i) (i) 9 89 77 173 #/texts/177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [438.82, 441.09, 56.97, 4.0] Average particle size 131 (nm) Average particle size 131 (nm) Average particle size 131 (nm) Average particle size 131 (nm) 9 84 78 174 #/texts/172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [384.26, 454.42, 1.9, 3.25] 8 8 8 8 9 87 79 175 #/texts/175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [375.25, 469.14, 5.05, 26.87] Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) Count (%) 9 83 80 176 #/texts/171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True True [384.26, 472.05, 1.9, 3.25] 6 6 6 6 9 82 81 177 #/texts/170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [384.26, 489.79, 1.9, 3.25] 4 4 4 4 9 81 82 178 #/texts/169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [384.26, 507.42, 1.9, 3.25] 2 2 2 2 9 80 83 179 #/texts/168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [384.26, 525.17, 1.9, 3.25] 0 0 0 0 9 76 84 180 #/texts/164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [161, 161, 161] gray True True [386.26, 529.74, 3.81, 3.25] 50 50 50 50 9 78 85 181 #/texts/166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [422.2, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 100 100 100 100 9 77 86 182 #/texts/165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [192, 192, 192] gray True True [459.03, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 150 150 150 150 9 79 87 183 #/texts/167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [176, 176, 176] gray True True [495.86, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 200 200 200 200 9 88 88 184 #/texts/176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [419.29, 536.11, 43.96, 5.05] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 22 89 185 #/texts/110 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p9:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 556.53, 392.88, 34.14] Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (L… Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (L… Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2), and ( g -i ) for y = 0.5 (Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 ). Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2), and ( g -i ) for y = 0.5 (Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 ). 10 1 1 187 #/texts/178#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.04, 5.82, 45.24, 6.45] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10 4 2 188 #/texts/181 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.24, 5.82, 14.03, 6.45] 2024 2024 2024 2024 10 5 3 189 #/texts/182 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [109.3, 5.82, 1.75, 6.45] , , 10 6 4 190 #/texts/183 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.98, 5.82, 8.77, 6.45] 25 25 25 25 10 9 6 192 #/texts/186 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [480.38, 5.82, 28.83, 6.45] 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 2 7 193 #/texts/179 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 10 3 10 196 #/texts/180 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 22 16 202 #/texts/199 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [324.92, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] - - 10 23 17 203 #/texts/200 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.93, 51.98, 3.48, 7.22] c c c c 10 31 21 207 #/texts/208 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [454.48, 51.98, 4.79, 7.22] d d d d 10 32 22 208 #/texts/209 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [459.17, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] - - 10 17 29 215 #/texts/194 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [275.59, 62.02, 3.93, 7.22] - - 10 18 30 216 #/texts/195 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [279.61, 62.02, 2.62, 7.22] i i i i 10 29 35 221 #/texts/206 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p10:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p10:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 618.82, 393.18, 34.43] Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni… Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni… Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni 0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.466 O2 ), and ( g -i ) for y = 0.5 (Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 ). Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni 0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.466 O2 ), and ( g -i ) for y = 0.5 (Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 ). 11 1 1 223 #/texts/214 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 11 2 2 224 #/texts/215 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p11:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p11:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 11 of 30 11 of 30 11 of 30 11 of 30 11 6 5 227 #/texts/219 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [128.24, 131.8, 1.75, 6.45] , , 11 8 8 230 #/texts/221 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 506.95, 392.88, 23.41] Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and … Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and … Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. 11 9 9 231 #/texts/222 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 543.67, 392.68, 23.19] Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y… Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y… Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. 11 11 11 233 #/texts/223#prov1 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p11:body_region:0 page_body right None None p11:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [388.58, 570.75, 75.58, 7.99] Composition as Li[ Composition as Li[ Composition as Li[ Composition as Li[ 12 2 1 237 #/texts/227 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p12:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 12 3 2 238 #/texts/228 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p12:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p12:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 12 of 30 12 of 30 12 of 30 12 of 30 12 5 5 241 #/texts/230 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [101.46, 106.12, 1.89, 6.93] , , 12 8 8 244 #/texts/233 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p12:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.38, 457.8, 398.89, 34.55] Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. (… Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. (… Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2 MnO3). Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2 MnO3). 13 2 1 248 #/texts/238 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p13:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 13 3 2 249 #/texts/239 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p13:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p13:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 13 of 30 13 of 30 13 of 30 13 of 30 13 4 4 251 #/texts/240 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p13:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p13:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 111.12, 393.18, 10.0] Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. 13 5 5 252 #/texts/241 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p13:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p13:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 226.61, 106.68, 9.4] 3.3. Vibrational Properties 3.3. Vibrational Properties 3.3. Vibrational Properties 3.3. Vibrational Properties 13 7 7 254 #/texts/243 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p13:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p13:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 743.16, 394.3, 23.74] Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9.… Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9.… Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. 13 25 25 272 #/texts/252 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [361.58, 791.32, 181.7, 6.87] = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 14 2 1 279 #/texts/259 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p14:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 14 3 2 280 #/texts/260 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p14:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p14:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 14 of 30 14 of 30 14 of 30 14 of 30 14 4 4 282 #/texts/261 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p14:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p14:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 446.68, 124.2, 9.4] 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 15 1 3 286 #/texts/264 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p15:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 15 2 5 288 #/texts/265 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p15:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 15 of 30 15 of 30 15 of 30 15 of 30 15 12 12 295 #/texts/277 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [171.24, 544.6, 14.36, 6.6] 2024 2024 2024 2024 15 13 13 296 #/texts/278 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [185.63, 544.6, 1.8, 6.6] , , 15 14 14 297 #/texts/279 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [187.35, 544.6, 8.98, 6.6] 25 25 25 25 15 15 15 298 #/texts/280 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [196.37, 544.6, 74.76, 6.6] , x FOR PEER REVIEW , x FOR PEER REVIEW , x FOR PEER REVIEW , x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 17 17 300 #/texts/282 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin full None None p15:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 737.28, 428.82, 37.95] Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 u… Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 u… Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 until 5 cycles, ( d ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 over 100 cycles. Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 , ( b ) Li1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 until 5 cycles, ( d ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 over 100 cycles. Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 until 5 cycles, ( d ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 over 100 cycles. Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 , ( b ) Li1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 until 5 cycles, ( d ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 over 100 cycles. 15 18 18 301 #/texts/283 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [260.69, 779.4, 332.4, 8.17] While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- 15 30 24 307 #/texts/295 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [542.29, 813.67, 5.84, 8.17] V V V V 15 25 29 312 #/texts/290 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [394.12, 825.21, 5.84, 8.17] V V V V 15 27 31 314 #/texts/292 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [432.39, 825.21, 5.84, 8.17] V V V V 16 2 1 316 #/texts/298 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 16 3 2 317 #/texts/299 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p16:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p16:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 16 of 30 16 of 30 16 of 30 16 of 30 16 4 3 318 #/texts/300 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p16:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p16:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 74.74, 393.18, 34.14] Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of… Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of… Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of electrode material compared with observed values corresponding to individual stage. Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of electrode material compared with observed values corresponding to individual stage. 17 1 1 321 #/texts/302 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p17:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 17 2 2 322 #/texts/303 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p17:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p17:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 17 of 30 17 of 30 17 of 30 17 of 30 18 1 2 326 #/texts/306 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p18:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 18 5 5 329 #/texts/310 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 372.29, 427.12, 36.78] Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.1… Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.1… Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 at 1st and 100th cycles. Figure 11. Differential capacity ( -d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 electrodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 , ( c ) Li1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and ( d ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 at 1st and 100th cycles. Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 at 1st and 100th cycles. Figure 11. Differential capacity ( -d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 electrodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 , ( c ) Li1.134 Ni 0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and ( d ) Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O 2 at 1st and 100th cycles. 19 3 1 335 #/texts/318 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 9.16, 115.88, 8.59] highlight that an increasing highlight that an increasing highlight that an increasing highlight that an increasing 19 4 2 336 #/texts/319 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.49, 9.16, 4.67, 8.59] y y y y 19 5 3 337 #/texts/320 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [295.29, 9.16, 248.53, 8.59] (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- 19 6 4 338 #/texts/321 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 21.16, 371.58, 8.59] all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high 19 1 5 339 #/texts/316 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p19:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 19 7 6 340 #/texts/322 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 33.28, 371.24, 8.59] specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical 19 2 7 341 #/texts/317 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p19:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 19 of 30 19 of 30 19 of 30 19 of 30 19 8 8 342 #/texts/323 text body_heading False low inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 45.28, 198.43, 8.59] performance compared to other compositions. performance compared to other compositions. performance compared to other compositions. performance compared to other compositions. 19 9 9 343 #/texts/324 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p19:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p19:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 252.92, 393.78, 27.07] Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO… Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO… Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 electrodes. 19 10 10 344 #/texts/325 text body_candidate_excluded False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p19:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 286.12, 394.96, 462.37] Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electr… Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electr… Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electrode compositions, the discharge capacity is normalized relative to their first discharge capacity at a 0.1C rate, allowing direct comparison. As a general trend, discharge capacity decreases moderately with increasing C rates for all electrodes, demonstrating the impact of higher C rates on the utilization of active materials and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. Regarding LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, this electrode exhibits typical behavior for a pristine R3 m layered structure. There is a continuous decrease in the discharge capacity as the current rate increases, retaining ~32 mAh g -1 when cycled at a high rate of 3C. In contrast to the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, the Li-rich electrodes ( y = 0.3 and 0.5) demonstrate a significantly better retention of discharge capacity across current rates from 0.1C to 3C. This suggests an activation process that enhances their performance under high-rate conditions. At the 3C rate, the Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.467O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes deliver 90 and 123 mAhg -1 , respectively. The results align well with those reported in the literature [29,34,54-57]. This excellent rate capability can be attributed to several factors: (i) A well-formed layered structure, as the integrated Li2MnO3 regions enhance structural stability and facilitate lithium-ion transport during high-rate cycling. (ii) A small particle size: this reduces lithium-ion diffusion paths, promoting faster intercalation/deintercalation reactions [54]. (iii) A high specific surface area: this enhances contact between the active material and the electrolyte, improving reaction kinetics and capacity utilization. Kaewmala et al. [57] highlighted that the increased discharge capacity in the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode is closely associated with its higher c/a ratio. The elevated c/a ratio correlates with an increased interslab thickness ( I (LiO2)) as noted in Table 2, facilitating enhanced lithium diffusion. This structural advantage supports larger capacities even at a high current density. Upon reducing the current density back to 0.1C (Figure 12b), the electrode materials retained high discharge capacities: 250.6 mAh g -1 (a 95.68% retention of initial capacity) for y = 0.5, ~220 mAh g -1 (93.34% retention) for y = 0.3. For comparison, it is reduced to 168.1mAh g -1 (an 89.45% retention) for the pristine material ( y = 0). These results suggest that the electrode materials, particularly the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 composition, maintain structural integrity and functionality even after extended cycling at high current densities. This resilience is likely due to the robust Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electrode compositions, the discharge capacity is normalized relative to their first discharge capacity at a 0.1C rate, allowing direct comparison. As a general trend, discharge capacity decreases moderately with increasing C rates for all electrodes, demonstrating the impact of higher C rates on the utilization of active materials and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. Regarding LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2, this electrode exhibits typical behavior for a pristine R -3 m layered structure. There is a continuous decrease in the discharge capacity as the current rate increases, retaining ~32 mAh g -1 when cycled at a high rate of 3C. In contrast to the pristine LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2, the Li-rich electrodes ( y = 0.3 and 0.5) demonstrate a significantly better retention of discharge capacity across current rates from 0.1C to 3C. This suggests an activation process that enhances their performance under high-rate conditions. At the 3C rate, the Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.467O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes deliver 90 and 123 mAhg -1 , respectively. The results align well with those reported in the literature [29,34,54-57]. This excellent rate capability can be attributed to several factors: (i) A well-formed layered structure, as the integrated Li2MnO3 regions enhance structural stability and facilitate lithium-ion transport during high-rate cycling. (ii) A small particle size: this reduces lithium-ion diffusion paths, promoting faster intercalation/deintercalation reactions [54]. (iii) A high specific surface area: this enhances contact between the active material and the electrolyte, improving reaction kinetics and capacity utilization. Kaewmala et al. [57] highlighted that the increased discharge capacity in the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode is closely associated with its higher c / a ratio. The elevated c / a ratio correlates with an increased interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ) as noted in Table 2, facilitating enhanced lithium diffusion. This structural advantage supports larger capacities even at a high current density. Upon reducing the current density back to 0.1C (Figure 12b), the electrode materials retained high discharge capacities: 250.6 mAh g -1 (a 95.68% retention of initial capacity) for y = 0.5, ~220 mAh g -1 (93.34% retention) for y = 0.3. For comparison, it is reduced to 168.1mAh g -1 (an 89.45% retention) for the pristine material ( y = 0). These results suggest that the electrode materials, particularly the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 composition, maintain structural integrity and functionality even after extended cycling at high current densities. This resilience is likely due to the robust layered structure and structural benefits provided by the Li2MnO3 component, ensuring excellent cyclability and capacity retention. Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electrode compositions, the discharge capacity is normalized relative to their first discharge capacity at a 0.1C rate, allowing direct comparison. As a general trend, discharge capacity decreases moderately with increasing C rates for all electrodes, demonstrating the impact of higher C rates on the utilization of active materials and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. Regarding LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, this electrode exhibits typical behavior for a pristine R3 m layered structure. There is a continuous decrease in the discharge capacity as the current rate increases, retaining ~32 mAh g -1 when cycled at a high rate of 3C. In contrast to the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, the Li-rich electrodes ( y = 0.3 and 0.5) demonstrate a significantly better retention of discharge capacity across current rates from 0.1C to 3C. This suggests an activation process that enhances their performance under high-rate conditions. At the 3C rate, the Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.467O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes deliver 90 and 123 mAhg -1 , respectively. The results align well with those reported in the literature [29,34,54-57]. This excellent rate capability can be attributed to several factors: (i) A well-formed layered structure, as the integrated Li2MnO3 regions enhance structural stability and facilitate lithium-ion transport during high-rate cycling. (ii) A small particle size: this reduces lithium-ion diffusion paths, promoting faster intercalation/deintercalation reactions [54]. (iii) A high specific surface area: this enhances contact between the active material and the electrolyte, improving reaction kinetics and capacity utilization. Kaewmala et al. [57] highlighted that the increased discharge capacity in the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode is closely associated with its higher c/a ratio. The elevated c/a ratio correlates with an increased interslab thickness ( I (LiO2)) as noted in Table 2, facilitating enhanced lithium diffusion. This structural advantage supports larger capacities even at a high current density. Upon reducing the current density back to 0.1C (Figure 12b), the electrode materials retained high discharge capacities: 250.6 mAh g -1 (a 95.68% retention of initial capacity) for y = 0.5, ~220 mAh g -1 (93.34% retention) for y = 0.3. For comparison, it is reduced to 168.1mAh g -1 (an 89.45% retention) for the pristine material ( y = 0). These results suggest that the electrode materials, particularly the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 composition, maintain structural integrity and functionality even after extended cycling at high current densities. This resilience is likely due to the robust Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electrode compositions, the discharge capacity is normalized relative to their first discharge capacity at a 0.1C rate, allowing direct comparison. As a general trend, discharge capacity decreases moderately with increasing C rates for all electrodes, demonstrating the impact of higher C rates on the utilization of active materials and lithium-ion diffusion kinetics. Regarding LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2, this electrode exhibits typical behavior for a pristine R -3 m layered structure. There is a continuous decrease in the discharge capacity as the current rate increases, retaining ~32 mAh g -1 when cycled at a high rate of 3C. In contrast to the pristine LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2, the Li-rich electrodes ( y = 0.3 and 0.5) demonstrate a significantly better retention of discharge capacity across current rates from 0.1C to 3C. This suggests an activation process that enhances their performance under high-rate conditions. At the 3C rate, the Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.467O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes deliver 90 and 123 mAhg -1 , respectively. The results align well with those reported in the literature [29,34,54-57]. This excellent rate capability can be attributed to several factors: (i) A well-formed layered structure, as the integrated Li2MnO3 regions enhance structural stability and facilitate lithium-ion transport during high-rate cycling. (ii) A small particle size: this reduces lithium-ion diffusion paths, promoting faster intercalation/deintercalation reactions [54]. (iii) A high specific surface area: this enhances contact between the active material and the electrolyte, improving reaction kinetics and capacity utilization. Kaewmala et al. [57] highlighted that the increased discharge capacity in the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode is closely associated with its higher c / a ratio. The elevated c / a ratio correlates with an increased interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ) as noted in Table 2, facilitating enhanced lithium diffusion. This structural advantage supports larger capacities even at a high current density. Upon reducing the current density back to 0.1C (Figure 12b), the electrode materials retained high discharge capacities: 250.6 mAh g -1 (a 95.68% retention of initial capacity) for y = 0.5, ~220 mAh g -1 (93.34% retention) for y = 0.3. For comparison, it is reduced to 168.1mAh g -1 (an 89.45% retention) for the pristine material ( y = 0). These results suggest that the electrode materials, particularly the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 composition, maintain structural integrity and functionality even after extended cycling at high current densities. This resilience is likely due to the robust layered structure and structural benefits provided by the Li2MnO3 component, ensuring excellent cyclability and capacity retention. 20 1 1 345 #/texts/326 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p20:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 20 2 2 346 #/texts/327 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p20:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p20:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 20 of 30 20 of 30 20 of 30 20 of 30 20 3 3 347 #/texts/328 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p20:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p20:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 74.92, 204.99, 9.4] 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 21 5 3 352 #/texts/331 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 21 6 6 355 #/texts/332 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p21:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 21 of 30 21 of 30 21 of 30 21 of 30 21 11 10 359 #/texts/337 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [235.87, 425.01, 12.5, 10.34] (c) (c) (c) (c) 21 10 11 360 #/texts/336 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 596.93, 394.45, 36.26] Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent mode… Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent mode… Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent model circuit. Plots of the real part of the impedance vs. ω -1/2 for ( d ) fresh electrodes and ( e ) after 100 cycles. Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent model circuit. Plots of the real part of the impedance vs. ω -1/2 for ( d ) fresh electrodes and ( e ) after 100 cycles. 22 2 1 363 #/texts/341 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p22:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 22 3 2 364 #/texts/342 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p22:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p22:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 22 of 30 22 of 30 22 of 30 22 of 30 22 5 5 367 #/texts/345 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p22:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p22:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 255.65, 393.18, 21.6] Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. 23 2 1 369 #/texts/347 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p23:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 23 3 2 370 #/texts/348 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p23:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p23:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 23 of 30 23 of 30 23 of 30 23 of 30 23 6 6 374 #/texts/352 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p23:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p23:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 448.29, 141.54, 9.4] 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 24 1 1 377 #/texts/356 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 35.56, 156.6, 8.34] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 3 2 378 #/texts/358 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p24:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p24:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [501.52, 35.56, 31.0, 6.93] 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 2 3 379 #/texts/357 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p24:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 4 4 380 #/texts/359 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p24:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p24:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 233.75, 398.96, 23.59] Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-sp… Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-sp… Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3 Mn1/3O2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. 24 7 8 384 #/texts/362 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p24:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p24:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 533.31, 73.08, 11.05] 4. Discussion 4. Discussion 4. Discussion 4. Discussion 25 2 1 386 #/texts/365 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p25:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 25 3 2 387 #/texts/366 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p25:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p25:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 25 of 30 25 of 30 25 of 30 25 of 30 26 1 1 391 #/texts/369 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p26:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 26 2 2 392 #/texts/370 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p26:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p26:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 26 of 30 26 of 30 26 of 30 26 of 30 26 7 3 393 #/texts/375 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p26:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 73.8, 80.4, 11.05] 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions 26 10 6 396 #/texts/378 text back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.02, 493.65, 394.38, 47.5] Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing,… Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing,… Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing, A.M. and C.M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing, A.M. and C.M.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 26 11 7 397 #/texts/379 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 551.62, 210.71, 8.5] Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. 26 12 8 398 #/texts/380 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 570.6, 220.22, 8.5] Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 26 13 9 399 #/texts/381 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 589.65, 120.79, 8.29] Informed Consent Statement: Informed Consent Statement: Informed Consent Statement: Informed Consent Statement: 26 14 10 400 #/texts/382 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [289.96, 589.58, 60.56, 8.5] Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. 26 15 11 401 #/texts/383 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 608.55, 265.41, 8.5] Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. 26 16 12 402 #/texts/384 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 627.53, 255.5, 8.5] Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 26 3 13 403 #/texts/371 section_header back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None body_zone left None None p26:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 651.48, 59.76, 11.05] References References References References 26 4 14 404 #/texts/372 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone full None None p26:body_zone:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 669.17, 525.13, 34.03] Wang, G.; Yi, L.; Yu, R.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Wu, B.; Liu, M.; Zhang, X.; Yang, X.; et al. Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 with controllable morphology and size for high performance lithium-ion batteries. 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[CrossRef] 28 4 4 435 #/texts/413 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p28:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 114.03, 523.56, 21.27] Abdel-Ghany, A.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Lithium-rich cobalt-free manganese-based layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: Suppressing the voltage fading. Energies 2020 , 13 , 3487. [CrossRef] Abdel-Ghany, A.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Lithium-rich cobalt-free manganese-based layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: Suppressing the voltage fading. Energies 2020 , 13 , 3487. [CrossRef] Abdel-Ghany, A.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Lithium-rich cobalt-free manganese-based layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: Suppressing the voltage fading. Energies 2020 , 13 , 3487. [CrossRef] Abdel-Ghany, A.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Lithium-rich cobalt-free manganese-based layered cathode materials for Li-ion batteries: Suppressing the voltage fading. Energies 2020 , 13 , 3487. [CrossRef] 28 5 5 436 #/texts/414 list_item reference False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p28:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 139.57, 523.56, 22.48] Abdel-Ghany, A.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Improved electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5 Mn0.5 O2 by Li-enrichment and AlF3 coating. Materialia 2019 , 5 , 100207. [CrossRef] Abdel-Ghany, A.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Improved electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5 Mn0.5 O2 by Li-enrichment and AlF3 coating. Materialia 2019 , 5 , 100207. [CrossRef] Abdel-Ghany, A.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Improved electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5 Mn0.5 O2 by Li-enrichment and AlF3 coating. Materialia 2019 , 5 , 100207. 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[CrossRef] 30 11 11 495 #/texts/473 text body_candidate_excluded False medium after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop False None page_body full None None p30:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.45, 321.46, 523.83, 34.03] Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s… Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s… Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). 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