page source_page_order layout_page_order layout_order ref label role_guess included_in_body excluded_risk_level body_decision_reason parser_body_decision_reason production_usage visual_asset_type visual_asset_label visual_asset_caption_preview truncation_marker inside_body_region body_region_id zone column column_index column_count region_id background_rgb background_class is_gray_background has_frame_evidence bbox text_preview cleaned_text_preview 1 1 1 0 #/texts/0 text metadata False low document_ui document_ui False None front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.36, 99.81, 27.86, 9.4] Article Article 1 2 2 1 #/texts/1 section_header title_candidate False low first_page_front_matter_heading first_page_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter full None None p1:front_matter:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 114.79, 498.67, 38.24] Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1 7 3 2 #/texts/6 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter full None None p1:front_matter:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.33, 165.68, 498.77, 11.22] Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien Ashraf E. Abdel-Ghany 1 , Rasha S. El-Tawil 1 , Ahmed M. Hashem 1 , Alain Mauger 2 and Christian M. Julien 1 17 4 3 #/texts/16 text affiliation False low first_page_author_or_affiliation first_page_author_or_affiliation True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right None None p1:front_matter:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.6, 165.68, 11.09, 11.22] 2, * 2, * 1 8 5 4 #/texts/7 list_item metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 200.1, 368.73, 30.61] 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H… 1 Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; achraf_28@yahoo.com (A.E.A.-G.); r2samir@yahoo.com (R.S.E.-T.); ahmedh242@yahoo.com (A.M.H… 1 9 6 5 #/texts/8 list_item metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 232.38, 360.32, 19.85] 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 2 Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75752 Paris, France; alain.mauger@sorbonne-universite.fr 1 10 7 6 #/texts/9 list_item metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 front_matter left_crossing None None p1:front_matter:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.68, 255.44, 213.34, 7.55] Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr Correspondence: christian.julien@sorbonne-universite.fr 1 11 8 7 #/texts/10 text abstract_candidate False medium first_page_summary first_page_summary True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 280.45, 395.04, 162.96] Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are ca… Abstract: Integrated Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni) have shown their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 , but their significant drawbacks are ca… 1 12 9 8 #/texts/11 text front_matter_heading False low outside_body_flow_front_matter_heading outside_body_flow_front_matter_heading True p1:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 459.93, 48.99, 9.21] Keywords: Keywords: 1 13 10 9 #/texts/12 text front_matter_candidate False low outside_body_flow outside_body_flow True p1:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p1:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [218.47, 459.85, 307.36, 9.44] Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries Li-rich compounds; layered oxides; cathode materials; Li-ion batteries 1 3 11 10 #/texts/2 text unknown_text False low before_body_started before_body_started False None front_matter left None None p1:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 505.93, 108.67, 18.53] Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi Academic Editor: Giovanni Battista Appetecchi 1 14 12 11 #/texts/13 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p1:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 511.4, 81.74, 11.05] 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1 5 13 12 #/texts/4 text reference False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.37, 585.45, 117.44, 90.09] Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci.… Citation: Abdel-Ghany, A.E.; El-Tawil, R.S.; Hashem, A.M.; Mauger, A.; Julien, C.M. Integrated Lithium-Rich y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Layered Cathode Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Int. J. Mol. Sci.… 1 4 14 13 #/texts/3 text metadata False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None body_zone left None None p1:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 533.76, 86.83, 42.39] Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 Received: 16 December 2024 Revised: 27 January 2025 Accepted: 31 January 2025 Published: 5 February 2025 1 15 15 14 #/texts/14 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p1:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.12, 529.58, 394.41, 106.94] Energy storage is a critical component of the energy industry's strategy to address increasing energy demands and transition towards renewable sources. One of the most effective energy storage systems is the rechargeabl… Energy storage is a critical component of the energy industry's strategy to address increasing energy demands and transition towards renewable sources. One of the most effective energy storage systems is the rechargeabl… 1 6 16 15 #/texts/5 text metadata False medium first_page_metadata first_page_metadata False None bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.44, 686.83, 111.91, 90.09] Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creative… Copyright: ©2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( licenses/by/4.0… 1 16 17 16 #/texts/15#prov0 text body True None body body True p1:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p1:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 641.0, 394.54, 120.86] However, there is growing interest in the Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni), due to their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 [4-6]. These cathode m… However, there is growing interest in the Li- and Mn-rich layered cathodes y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( M = Mn, Co, and Ni), due to their ability to deliver specific capacities close to 300 mAh g -1 [4-6]. These cathode m… 1 18 18 17 #/texts/17 page_footer page_footer False low docling_page_footer docling_page_footer False None bottom_margin left None None p1:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 805.75, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 1 19 19 18 #/texts/18 page_footer page_footer False low first_page_metadata first_page_metadata True p1:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p1:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [422.25, 805.86, 137.02, 7.55] https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031346 2 2 1 19 #/texts/19 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p2:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 2 3 2 20 #/texts/20 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p2:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p2:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 2 of 30 2 of 30 2 1 3 21 #/texts/15#prov1 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 75.05, 394.54, 79.08] this LixMnO2 phase converts into a spinel phase as reported in ref. [13]. The electrochemical properties-such as specific capacity, rate capability and cycling stability-of these integrated cathodes depend on their comp… this LixMnO2 phase converts into a spinel phase as reported in ref. [13]. The electrochemical properties-such as specific capacity, rate capability and cycling stability-of these integrated cathodes depend on their comp… 2 4 4 22 #/texts/21 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.07, 158.62, 394.86, 148.72] Various compositions of Li-ion cathodes have been the subject of extensive research. Amalraj et al. [15] investigated several compositions, reporting a maximum capacity of 250 mAh g -1 for y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( y =… Various compositions of Li-ion cathodes have been the subject of extensive research. Amalraj et al. [15] investigated several compositions, reporting a maximum capacity of 250 mAh g -1 for y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2 ( y =… 2 5 5 23 #/texts/22 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 311.82, 394.84, 93.01] The current study aims to further explore and identify the optimal combination of y Li2MnO2 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2, y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2, also formulated as Li[Li (1/3-2x/3)NixCoxMn(2/3-x/3)]O2. The significa… The current study aims to further explore and identify the optimal combination of y Li2MnO2 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2, y Li2MnO3 · (1y )Li M O2, also formulated as Li[Li (1/3-2x/3)NixCoxMn(2/3-x/3)]O2. The significa… 2 6 6 24 #/texts/23 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 409.32, 394.96, 162.65] In this study, the new stoichiometric high-voltage Li-rich integrated cathode materials y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (where y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) or Li[Li (1-3x)/3NixCoxMn(2-3x)/3]O2 (where x = 1/3, 0.2, and… In this study, the new stoichiometric high-voltage Li-rich integrated cathode materials y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (where y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) or Li[Li (1-3x)/3NixCoxMn(2-3x)/3]O2 (where x = 1/3, 0.2, and… 2 7 7 25 #/texts/24 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p2:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p2:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 583.47, 361.43, 8.5] Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. Table 1. Formulation of stoichiometric Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides studied in this work. 2 8 8 26 #/texts/25 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 678.46, 139.51, 11.05] 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2 9 9 27 #/texts/26 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p2:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p2:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 695.88, 98.01, 9.4] 2.1. Materials Synthesis 2.1. Materials Synthesis 2 10 10 28 #/texts/27#prov0 text body True None body body True p2:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p2:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 712.61, 394.84, 66.65] The oxide powders y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 (y = 0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) were prepared by the sol-gel method as illustrated in Figure 1. The precursor was prepared using acetate salts as the source of metal ion… The oxide powders y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 (y = 0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) were prepared by the sol-gel method as illustrated in Figure 1. The precursor was prepared using acetate salts as the source of metal ion… 3 2 1 29 #/texts/28 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p3:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 3 3 2 30 #/texts/29 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p3:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 3 of 30 3 of 30 3 1 3 31 #/texts/27#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None front_matter left None None p3:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [119.89, 100.88, 47.67, 6.79] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3 4 4 32 #/texts/30 text body True None body body False None front_matter right_crossing None None p3:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.9, 75.05, 428.2, 190.56] starting materials for all the samples. The stoichiometric amounts of these salts were mixed and dissolved in deionized water under continuous stirring for 1 h. An excess of 7 mol% Li was introduced to account for poten… starting materials for all the samples. The stoichiometric amounts of these salts were mixed and dissolved in deionized water under continuous stirring for 1 h. An excess of 7 mol% Li was introduced to account for poten… 3 5 5 33 #/texts/31 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption False None front_matter right_crossing None None p3:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 473.63, 426.65, 22.0] Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of t… Figure 1. Schematic representation of the synthesis of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3 cathode materials using the citric acid assisted sol-gel method (acetate route). Figure 1. Schematic representation of t… 3 6 6 34 #/texts/32 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading False None body_zone left_crossing None None p3:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 506.16, 194.77, 10.99] 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 2.2. Materials' Characterization 3 7 7 35 #/texts/33 text body True None body body False None body_zone full None None p3:body_zone:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 520.74, 429.19, 236.34] The phase and structure of the final product were analyzed by X-ray diffracti (XRD) using the Philips X'Pert apparatus equipped with a CuKα X-ray source (λ = 1.540 Å). Data were collected in the 2 θ range 10-80° at a st… The phase and structure of the final product were analyzed by X-ray diffracti (XRD) using the Philips X'Pert apparatus equipped with a CuKα X-ray source (λ = 1.540 Å). Data were collected in the 2 θ range 10-80° at a st… 3 8 8 36 #/texts/34#prov0 text body True None body body False None body_zone right_crossing None None p3:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [240.08, 756.88, 352.01, 8.41] were fabricated by mixing 80 wt.% active material, 10 wt.% carbon black (as a conducti were fabricated by mixing 80 wt.% active material, 10 wt.% carbon black (as a conducti 4 2 1 37 #/texts/35 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p4:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 4 3 2 38 #/texts/36 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p4:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p4:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 4 of 30 4 of 30 4 1 3 39 #/texts/34#prov1 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p4:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 72.82, 392.88, 25.6] calibration was routinely verified using the 520 cm -1 Raman peak of a silicon crystal as a reference. calibration was routinely verified using the 520 cm -1 Raman peak of a silicon crystal as a reference. 4 4 4 40 #/texts/37 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p4:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 102.91, 394.55, 204.43] Electrochemical tests were conducted using CR2025-type coin cells. The cathodes were fabricated by mixing 80 wt.% active material, 10 wt.% carbon black (as a conductive agent), and 10 wt.% polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) … Electrochemical tests were conducted using CR2025-type coin cells. The cathodes were fabricated by mixing 80 wt.% active material, 10 wt.% carbon black (as a conductive agent), and 10 wt.% polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) … 4 5 5 41 #/texts/38 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p4:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 322.52, 53.16, 11.05] 3. Results 3. Results 4 6 6 42 #/texts/39 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p4:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 339.94, 119.78, 9.4] 3.1. Structural Investigations 3.1. Structural Investigations 4 7 7 43 #/texts/40 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p4:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 356.67, 395.04, 246.53] The X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-prepared y Li2MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders are shown in Figure 2a, while magnified diffractograms in the 2 θ range 43-46 ◦ and 63-67 ◦ are presented in Figures 2b … The X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-prepared y Li2MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders are shown in Figure 2a, while magnified diffractograms in the 2 θ range 43-46 ◦ and 63-67 ◦ are presented in Figures 2b … 4 8 8 44 #/texts/41#prov0 text body True None body body True p4:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p4:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 607.68, 394.17, 162.65] The clear separation of diffraction doublets, such as the (006)/(012) and (108)/(110) peaks, in Li-rich layered cathode materials provides valuable insights into the material's structural and electrochemical properties.… The clear separation of diffraction doublets, such as the (006)/(012) and (108)/(110) peaks, in Li-rich layered cathode materials provides valuable insights into the material's structural and electrochemical properties.… 5 1 1 45 #/texts/41#prov1 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p5:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 10.34, 398.6, 9.27] solid lines are the calculated spectra. The minimal difference between calculated and ex- solid lines are the calculated spectra. The minimal difference between calculated and ex- 5 2 2 46 #/texts/41#prov2 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p5:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 23.3, 400.91, 9.27] perimental diffractograms highlights the high quality of the fitting process. This is further perimental diffractograms highlights the high quality of the fitting process. This is further 5 4 3 47 #/texts/42 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p5:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 5 3 4 48 #/texts/41#prov3 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p5:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 36.39, 312.7, 9.27] supported by the low values of residual and reliability parameters ( supported by the low values of residual and reliability parameters ( 5 6 5 49 #/texts/44 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [475.84, 36.39, 6.72, 9.27] R R 5 7 6 50 #/texts/45 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [482.45, 36.39, 8.7, 9.27] p, p, 5 8 7 51 #/texts/46 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [492.3, 36.39, 6.72, 9.27] R R 5 9 8 52 #/texts/47 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [498.91, 36.39, 30.85, 9.27] w, and w, and 5 5 9 53 #/texts/43 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p5:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [530.92, 36.39, 30.68, 9.5] 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 of 30 χ 2) ob- 5 10 10 54 #/texts/48 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p5:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 49.35, 398.51, 9.27] tained from the Rietveld refinement, which confirm the successful identification of the as- tained from the Rietveld refinement, which confirm the successful identification of the as- 5 11 11 55 #/texts/49 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p5:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 62.31, 400.9, 9.27] prepared samples even in the presence of both rhombohedral and monoclinic phases. prepared samples even in the presence of both rhombohedral and monoclinic phases. 5 12 12 56 #/texts/50 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p5:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 75.05, 401.0, 37.3] improved activation of the Li2MnO3 phase. They also exhibit better cycling stability, as a more ordered structure resists phase transitions and mechanical strain during repeated lithium intercalation/deintercalation. Th… improved activation of the Li2MnO3 phase. They also exhibit better cycling stability, as a more ordered structure resists phase transitions and mechanical strain during repeated lithium intercalation/deintercalation. Th… 5 13 13 57 #/texts/51 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p5:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p5:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 450.11, 400.96, 46.96] Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements … Figure 2. ( a ) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of integrated layered cathode materials. ( b ) XRD reflections at ca. 2 θ = 44.5°, ( c ) detailed XRD patterns in the 2 θ range 63-67°, and ( d -f ) Rietveld refinements … 5 14 14 58 #/texts/52 text body True None body body True p5:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p5:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [162.73, 510.6, 401.33, 233.34] Figure 3a-d presents the structural analysis of the y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 samples as a function of y content. The lattice parameters ( a and c ) and the c / a ratio are summarized in Table 2. Across a wide c… Figure 3a-d presents the structural analysis of the y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 samples as a function of y content. The lattice parameters ( a and c ) and the c / a ratio are summarized in Table 2. Across a wide c… 6 1 1 59 #/texts/53 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p6:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 6 2 2 60 #/texts/54 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p6:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p6:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 6 of 30 6 of 30 6 3 3 61 #/texts/55 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 74.74, 394.66, 34.14] Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. Table 2. Structural parameters obtained from Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffractograms of integrated y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 layered oxides synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. 6 4 4 62 #/texts/56 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p6:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 480.48, 392.88, 19.61] a Peak intensity ratios were obtained from normalized patterns. b S (MO2) = 2((1/3) -Zoxy )c is the thickness of the metal-O2 planes. c I (LiO2) = c /3 -S ( MO 2 ) is the thickness of the interslab space. a Peak intensity ratios were obtained from normalized patterns. b S (MO2) = 2((1/3) -Zoxy )c is the thickness of the metal-O2 planes. c I (LiO2) = c /3 -S ( MO 2 ) is the thickness of the interslab space. 6 5 5 63 #/texts/57#prov0 text body True None body body True p6:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p6:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.0, 515.54, 395.01, 260.46] Figure 3a-d presents the structural analysis of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 samples as a function of y content. The lattice parameters ( a and c ) and the c / a ratio are summarized in Table 2. Across a… Figure 3a-d presents the structural analysis of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 samples as a function of y content. The lattice parameters ( a and c ) and the c / a ratio are summarized in Table 2. Across a… 7 1 1 64 #/texts/57#prov1 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 3.75, 356.49, 8.41] cation mixing, which allows for more uniform and efficient bonding, further enhancin cation mixing, which allows for more uniform and efficient bonding, further enhancin 7 2 2 65 #/texts/57#prov2 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 15.62, 356.24, 8.41] the material's structural integrity and symmetry. Low cation mixing (reflected by a hig the material's structural integrity and symmetry. Low cation mixing (reflected by a hig 7 4 3 66 #/texts/59 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 27.38, 6.1, 8.41] R R 7 5 4 67 #/texts/60 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [244.65, 27.38, 40.2, 8.41] 1 and low 1 and low 7 6 5 68 #/texts/61 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p7:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [284.87, 27.38, 6.1, 8.41] R R 7 7 6 69 #/texts/62 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.87, 27.38, 301.32, 8.41] 2) generally leads to better ordering in hexagonal systems, as the positions 2) generally leads to better ordering in hexagonal systems, as the positions 7 3 7 70 #/texts/58 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p7:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 7 8 8 71 #/texts/63 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 38.33, 356.55, 9.23] 7 of 30 cations are more predictable, allowing the crystal lattice to adopt an idealized, low-energ 7 of 30 cations are more predictable, allowing the crystal lattice to adopt an idealized, low-energ 7 9 9 72 #/texts/64 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 51.02, 356.05, 8.41] configuration. These factors contribute to a more stable, ordered material with improve configuration. These factors contribute to a more stable, ordered material with improve 7 10 10 73 #/texts/65 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p7:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.53, 62.78, 263.92, 8.41] properties, such as enhanced conductivity or structural stability. properties, such as enhanced conductivity or structural stability. 7 11 11 74 #/texts/66 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body full None None p7:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 74.66, 428.67, 121.26] mixing. R 2 < 1.0 indicates a more regular or symmetric arrangement of cations, implying better structural ordering within the crystal lattice. A value of R 2 less than 1.0 suggests reduced disorder and the absence of s… mixing. R 2 < 1.0 indicates a more regular or symmetric arrangement of cations, implying better structural ordering within the crystal lattice. A value of R 2 less than 1.0 suggests reduced disorder and the absence of s… 7 12 12 75 #/texts/67 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 505.59, 394.75, 48.68] Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) … Figure 3. Structural properties of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 samples as a function of y (Li 2MnO3). ( a ) Evolution of the refined lattice parameters a hex and c hex using an hexagonal system. ( b ) … 7 13 13 76 #/texts/68 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 567.28, 394.95, 134.92] As seen in Figure 3c, all the samples exhibit R 1 values greater than 1.2 and R 2 values below 0.5, confirming their well-ordered structure and minimal cation mixing. This observation provides further evidence that all … As seen in Figure 3c, all the samples exhibit R 1 values greater than 1.2 and R 2 values below 0.5, confirming their well-ordered structure and minimal cation mixing. This observation provides further evidence that all … 7 14 14 77 #/texts/69#prov0 text body True None body body True p7:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p7:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.12, 706.69, 394.41, 66.56] To gain deeper insights into the structural properties of integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 oxides, the TM slab thickness ( S (MO2) ) and interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ) were calculated using the hexago… To gain deeper insights into the structural properties of integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 oxides, the TM slab thickness ( S (MO2) ) and interslab thickness ( I (LiO2) ) were calculated using the hexago… 8 2 1 78 #/texts/70 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p8:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 8 3 2 79 #/texts/71 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p8:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p8:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 8 of 30 8 of 30 8 7 3 80 #/texts/75 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p8:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 73.06, 394.84, 136.78] the reduced amount of Ni 2+ ions in the interslab space with a higher LiMn2O3 content, resulting in weaker screening between the oxygen layers in the interslab region. The increase in I (LiO2) can facilitate the rapid d… the reduced amount of Ni 2+ ions in the interslab space with a higher LiMn2O3 content, resulting in weaker screening between the oxygen layers in the interslab region. The increase in I (LiO2) can facilitate the rapid d… 8 1 4 81 #/texts/69#prov1 text body True None body body False None front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [36.96, 247.17, 48.64, 6.93] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 8 4 5 82 #/texts/72 text body True None body body False None front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [85.56, 247.17, 15.09, 6.93] 2024 2024 8 5 6 83 #/texts/73 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [100.68, 247.17, 1.89, 6.93] , 8 6 7 84 #/texts/74 text body True None body body False None front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [102.48, 247.17, 9.43, 6.93] 25 25 8 8 8 85 #/texts/77 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter full None None p8:front_matter:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [111.96, 247.17, 448.97, 166.95] where λ is the X-ray wavelength, K is the shape factor, B hkl is the line broadening of a Bragg reflection (hkl), and Lc is the effective crystallite size. The first member (B hkl cos θ hkl ) is reported as a function o… where λ is the X-ray wavelength, K is the shape factor, B hkl is the line broadening of a Bragg reflection (hkl), and Lc is the effective crystallite size. The first member (B hkl cos θ hkl ) is reported as a function o… 8 9 9 86 #/texts/78 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p8:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p8:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 579.54, 399.68, 35.36] Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) A… Figure 4. ( a ) Analysis of microstrain from the full-width B at half-maximum of the XRD peaks according to Equation (1) ( b ) Evolution of the crystallite size and strain field (see Equation (1)) as a Figure 4. ( a ) A… 8 10 10 87 #/texts/79 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 615.04, 110.33, 7.76] function of Li2MnO3 content ( function of Li2MnO3 content ( 8 11 11 88 #/texts/80 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [269.88, 615.04, 4.22, 7.76] y y 8 12 12 89 #/texts/81 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p8:body_region:0 front_matter left None None p8:front_matter:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [274.08, 615.04, 7.03, 7.76] ). 8 13 13 90 #/texts/82 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p8:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p8:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 625.81, 145.94, 9.4] 3.2. Morphological Characterization 3.2. Morphological Characterization 8 14 14 91 #/texts/83 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 637.44, 401.42, 143.95] 3.2. Morphological Characterization It is well established that particle size, surface morphology, and particle distribution are crucial factors influencing the performance of Li-ion batteries. Electron microscopy analy… 3.2. Morphological Characterization It is well established that particle size, surface morphology, and particle distribution are crucial factors influencing the performance of Li-ion batteries. Electron microscopy analy… 8 15 15 92 #/texts/84 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 784.92, 371.26, 8.59] uniform structure. Additionally, the increased Li concentration reduces the crystal surface uniform structure. Additionally, the increased Li concentration reduces the crystal surface 8 16 16 93 #/texts/85 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 796.8, 368.84, 8.59] energy, which can induce atomic-level changes in the crystal structure, leading to the for- energy, which can induce atomic-level changes in the crystal structure, leading to the for- 8 17 17 94 #/texts/86 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 808.92, 371.24, 8.59] mation of defects or the nucleation of smaller particles during synthesis. These effects help mation of defects or the nucleation of smaller particles during synthesis. These effects help 8 18 18 95 #/texts/87 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 820.92, 371.28, 8.59] control particle growth, promoting the formation of smaller, more uniform particles. For control particle growth, promoting the formation of smaller, more uniform particles. For 8 19 19 96 #/texts/88 text body True None body body True p8:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p8:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [159.6, 833.04, 369.09, 8.59] example, the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 powder (Figure 5g,h) exhibits particles with a thick- example, the Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 powder (Figure 5g,h) exhibits particles with a thick- 9 3 1 97 #/texts/91 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 4.45, 92.07, 7.98] (SAED) patterns of the (SAED) patterns of the 9 4 2 98 #/texts/92 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [254.24, 4.45, 4.35, 7.98] y y 9 5 3 99 #/texts/93 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p9:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [258.59, 4.45, 46.18, 7.98] Li₂MnO₃∙(1- Li₂MnO₃∙(1- 9 6 4 100 #/texts/94 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [304.91, 4.45, 4.35, 7.98] y y 9 7 5 101 #/texts/95 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [309.26, 4.45, 197.41, 7.98] )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ powders are shown in Figure )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ powders are shown in Figure 9 8 6 102 #/texts/96 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 15.72, 331.24, 7.98] 6c,f,i. The lattice patterns confirm the highly crystalline nature of all the samples. At 6c,f,i. The lattice patterns confirm the highly crystalline nature of all the samples. At 9 9 7 103 #/texts/97 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [493.18, 15.72, 6.52, 7.98] y y 9 10 8 104 #/texts/98 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [500.21, 15.72, 6.52, 7.98] = 9 11 9 105 #/texts/99 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 26.88, 345.27, 7.98] 0.0 (Figure 6c), the SAED pattern shows only one type of reflection, corresponding to the 0.0 (Figure 6c), the SAED pattern shows only one type of reflection, corresponding to the 9 1 10 106 #/texts/89 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 9 12 11 107 #/texts/100 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 38.04, 57.72, 7.98] rhombohedral rhombohedral 9 13 12 108 #/texts/101 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [218.53, 38.04, 8.69, 7.98] R- R- 9 14 13 109 #/texts/102 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [227.23, 38.04, 4.35, 7.98] 3 3 9 15 14 110 #/texts/103 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p9:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [231.59, 38.04, 6.75, 7.98] m m 9 16 15 111 #/texts/104 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p9:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [238.51, 38.04, 101.98, 7.98] phase. With an increasing phase. With an increasing 9 17 16 112 #/texts/105 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [340.17, 38.04, 4.35, 7.98] y y 9 18 17 113 #/texts/106 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [344.64, 38.04, 162.0, 7.98] , (Figure 6f,i), new reflections emerge, and , (Figure 6f,i), new reflections emerge, and 9 2 18 114 #/texts/90 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p9:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [536.33, 38.33, 22.95, 7.55] 9 of 30 9 of 30 9 19 19 115 #/texts/107 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 49.31, 345.34, 7.98] the SAED patterns predominantly consist of two types of reflections: strong fundamental the SAED patterns predominantly consist of two types of reflections: strong fundamental 9 20 20 116 #/texts/108 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p9:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 60.47, 345.29, 7.98] reflections (marked as solid white arrows) indicating the presence of the rhombohedral reflections (marked as solid white arrows) indicating the presence of the rhombohedral 9 21 21 117 #/texts/109 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p9:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.17, 71.74, 399.35, 124.17] size can be attributed to the increased Li content, which not only enhances phase stability but also promotes a more uniform structure. Additionally, the increased Li concentration reduces the crystal surface energy, wh… size can be attributed to the increased Li content, which not only enhances phase stability but also promotes a more uniform structure. Additionally, the increased Li concentration reduces the crystal surface energy, wh… 9 49 22 118 #/texts/137 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [208, 208, 208] gray True True [382.15, 208.78, 3.77, 3.28] 30 30 9 48 23 119 #/texts/136 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [132, 132, 132] gray True True [382.15, 214.69, 3.77, 3.28] 28 28 9 53 24 120 #/texts/141 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [244, 244, 244] gray True True [392.18, 215.43, 6.45, 5.11] (c) (c) 9 52 25 121 #/texts/140 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [434.26, 213.19, 59.64, 4.02] Average particle size 306 (nm) Average particle size 306 (nm) 9 47 26 122 #/texts/135 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [382.15, 220.61, 3.77, 3.28] 26 26 9 46 27 123 #/texts/134 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [214, 214, 214] gray True True [382.15, 226.52, 3.77, 3.28] 24 24 9 45 28 124 #/texts/133 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [160, 160, 160] gray True True [382.15, 232.44, 3.77, 3.28] 22 22 9 44 29 125 #/texts/132 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [167, 167, 167] gray True True [382.15, 238.46, 3.77, 3.28] 20 20 9 50 30 126 #/texts/138 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [230, 230, 230] gray True True [375.0, 241.4, 5.09, 27.05] Count (%) Count (%) 9 43 31 127 #/texts/131 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [382.15, 244.38, 3.77, 3.28] 18 18 9 42 32 128 #/texts/130 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [193, 193, 193] gray True False [382.15, 250.29, 3.77, 3.28] 16 16 9 41 33 129 #/texts/129 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [201, 201, 201] gray True False [382.15, 256.21, 3.77, 3.28] 14 14 9 40 34 130 #/texts/128 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [210, 210, 210] gray True False [382.15, 262.12, 3.77, 3.28] 12 12 9 39 35 131 #/texts/127 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True False [382.15, 268.04, 3.77, 3.28] 10 10 9 38 36 132 #/texts/126 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [131, 131, 131] gray True True [384.05, 274.06, 1.88, 3.28] 8 8 9 37 37 133 #/texts/125 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [158, 158, 158] gray True True [384.05, 279.98, 1.88, 3.28] 6 6 9 36 38 134 #/texts/124 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [209, 209, 209] gray True True [384.05, 285.89, 1.88, 3.28] 4 4 9 35 39 135 #/texts/123 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [140, 140, 140] gray True True [384.05, 291.81, 1.88, 3.28] 2 2 9 34 40 136 #/texts/122 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [148, 148, 148] gray True True [384.05, 297.72, 1.88, 3.28] 0 0 9 23 41 137 #/texts/111 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [386.95, 301.74, 1.88, 3.28] 0 0 9 24 42 138 #/texts/112 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [186, 186, 186] gray True True [395.97, 301.74, 5.7, 3.28] 100 100 9 25 43 139 #/texts/113 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [158, 158, 158] gray True True [406.92, 301.74, 5.67, 3.28] 200 200 9 26 44 140 #/texts/114 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [417.98, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 300 300 9 51 45 141 #/texts/139 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [251, 251, 251] white False True [418.62, 307.86, 43.49, 5.09] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 27 46 142 #/texts/115 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [156, 156, 156] gray True True [428.89, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 400 400 9 28 47 143 #/texts/116 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [156, 156, 156] gray True True [439.85, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 500 500 9 29 48 144 #/texts/117 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [450.66, 301.74, 5.7, 3.28] 600 600 9 30 49 145 #/texts/118 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [170, 170, 170] gray True True [461.61, 301.74, 5.67, 3.28] 700 700 9 31 50 146 #/texts/119 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [152, 152, 152] gray True True [472.67, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 800 800 9 32 51 147 #/texts/120 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [162, 162, 162] gray True True [483.59, 301.74, 5.56, 3.28] 900 900 9 33 52 148 #/texts/121 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [163, 163, 163] gray True True [493.53, 301.74, 7.46, 3.28] 1000 1000 9 71 53 149 #/texts/159 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False False [380.58, 327.04, 3.84, 3.3] 14 14 9 75 54 150 #/texts/163 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True True [391.39, 328.44, 5.37, 5.15] (f) (f) 9 72 55 151 #/texts/160 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [228, 228, 228] gray True True [435.38, 326.0, 61.24, 4.05] Average particle size 197 (nm) Average particle size 197 (nm) 9 70 56 152 #/texts/158 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [250, 250, 250] white False True [380.58, 339.09, 3.84, 3.3] 12 12 9 69 57 153 #/texts/157 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [380.58, 351.03, 3.84, 3.3] 10 10 9 73 58 154 #/texts/161 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [249, 249, 249] white False True [374.65, 353.96, 5.11, 27.22] Count (%) Count (%) 9 68 59 155 #/texts/156 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [178, 178, 178] gray True True [382.47, 362.97, 1.93, 3.3] 8 8 9 67 60 156 #/texts/155 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [206, 206, 206] gray True True [382.47, 374.91, 1.93, 3.3] 6 6 9 66 61 157 #/texts/154 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [240, 240, 240] gray True True [382.47, 386.85, 1.93, 3.3] 4 4 9 65 62 158 #/texts/153 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [382.47, 398.8, 1.93, 3.3] 2 2 9 64 63 159 #/texts/152 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [382.47, 410.74, 1.93, 3.3] 0 0 9 54 64 160 #/texts/142 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [211, 211, 211] gray True True [384.48, 414.76, 3.94, 3.3] 50 50 9 55 65 161 #/texts/143 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [396.1, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 100 100 9 56 66 162 #/texts/144 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [253, 253, 253] white False True [408.48, 414.76, 5.81, 3.3] 150 150 9 57 67 163 #/texts/145 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [200, 200, 200] gray True True [420.97, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 200 200 9 58 68 164 #/texts/146 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [433.49, 414.76, 5.81, 3.3] 250 250 9 59 69 165 #/texts/147 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [177, 177, 177] gray True True [445.98, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 300 300 9 60 70 166 #/texts/148 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [458.36, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 350 350 9 61 71 167 #/texts/149 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [195, 195, 195] gray True True [470.85, 414.76, 5.85, 3.3] 400 400 9 62 72 168 #/texts/150 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [182, 182, 182] gray True True [483.37, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 450 450 9 63 73 169 #/texts/151 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [205, 205, 205] gray True True [495.86, 414.76, 5.71, 3.3] 500 500 9 74 74 170 #/texts/162 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [420.41, 421.56, 44.33, 5.11] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 85 75 171 #/texts/173 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [203, 203, 203] gray True True [382.36, 436.78, 3.81, 3.25] 10 10 9 86 76 172 #/texts/174 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [233, 233, 233] gray True True [393.08, 443.7, 5.03, 5.08] (i) (i) 9 89 77 173 #/texts/177 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [438.82, 441.09, 56.97, 4.0] Average particle size 131 (nm) Average particle size 131 (nm) 9 84 78 174 #/texts/172 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [384.26, 454.42, 1.9, 3.25] 8 8 9 87 79 175 #/texts/175 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False True [375.25, 469.14, 5.05, 26.87] Count (%) Count (%) 9 83 80 176 #/texts/171 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [197, 197, 197] gray True True [384.26, 472.05, 1.9, 3.25] 6 6 9 82 81 177 #/texts/170 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [204, 204, 204] gray True True [384.26, 489.79, 1.9, 3.25] 4 4 9 81 82 178 #/texts/169 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [237, 237, 237] gray True True [384.26, 507.42, 1.9, 3.25] 2 2 9 80 83 179 #/texts/168 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [179, 179, 179] gray True True [384.26, 525.17, 1.9, 3.25] 0 0 9 76 84 180 #/texts/164 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [161, 161, 161] gray True True [386.26, 529.74, 3.81, 3.25] 50 50 9 78 85 181 #/texts/166 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [189, 189, 189] gray True True [422.2, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 100 100 9 77 86 182 #/texts/165 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [192, 192, 192] gray True True [459.03, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 150 150 9 79 87 183 #/texts/167 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:gray [176, 176, 176] gray True True [495.86, 529.74, 5.69, 3.25] 200 200 9 88 88 184 #/texts/176 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p9:body_region:0 page_body right None None p9:page_body:right:off_white [246, 246, 246] off_white False True [419.29, 536.11, 43.96, 5.05] Particle size (nm) Particle size (nm) 9 22 89 185 #/texts/110 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p9:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p9:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 556.53, 392.88, 34.14] Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (L… Figure 5. SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (L… 9 90 90 186 #/texts/178#prov0 text body True None body body True p9:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p9:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 601.19, 394.95, 176.89] Figure 6 presents TEM images of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders, showing homogeneous, sphere-like particles with sizes in the range 100-200 nm. The corresponding HRTEM images (Figure 6b,e,h) reveal d… Figure 6 presents TEM images of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders, showing homogeneous, sphere-like particles with sizes in the range 100-200 nm. The corresponding HRTEM images (Figure 6b,e,h) reveal d… 10 1 1 187 #/texts/178#prov1 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [50.04, 5.82, 45.24, 6.45] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10 4 2 188 #/texts/181 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [95.24, 5.82, 14.03, 6.45] 2024 2024 10 5 3 189 #/texts/182 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [109.3, 5.82, 1.75, 6.45] , 10 6 4 190 #/texts/183 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [110.98, 5.82, 8.77, 6.45] 25 25 10 7 5 191 #/texts/184 text body True None body body False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [119.79, 5.82, 73.03, 6.45] , x FOR PEER REVIEW , x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 9 6 192 #/texts/186 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [480.38, 5.82, 28.83, 6.45] 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 2 7 193 #/texts/179 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 10 8 8 194 #/texts/185 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.1, 41.83, 35.58, 7.22] Figure 5. Figure 5. 10 10 9 195 #/texts/187 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p10:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [202.16, 41.83, 307.16, 7.22] SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of SEM images at magnifications of 10 k and 50 k and particle-size distribution of 10 3 10 196 #/texts/180 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 10 of 30 10 of 30 10 11 11 197 #/texts/188 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.1, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] y y 10 12 12 198 #/texts/189 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [168.12, 51.98, 41.2, 7.22] Li2MnO3∙(1- Li2MnO3∙(1- 10 13 13 199 #/texts/190 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [209.3, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] y y 10 14 14 200 #/texts/191 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p10:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [213.32, 51.98, 107.57, 7.22] )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( 10 21 15 201 #/texts/198 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [320.9, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] a a 10 22 16 202 #/texts/199 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [324.92, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] - 10 23 17 203 #/texts/200 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [328.93, 51.98, 3.48, 7.22] c c 10 24 18 204 #/texts/201 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [332.39, 51.98, 17.33, 7.22] ) for ) for 10 25 19 205 #/texts/202 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [350.36, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] y y 10 26 20 206 #/texts/203 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [354.38, 51.98, 100.06, 7.22] = 0.0 (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), ( = 0.0 (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), ( 10 31 21 207 #/texts/208 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [454.48, 51.98, 4.79, 7.22] d d 10 32 22 208 #/texts/209 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [459.17, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] - 10 33 23 209 #/texts/210 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [463.19, 51.98, 3.05, 7.22] f f 10 34 24 210 #/texts/211 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [466.2, 51.98, 17.27, 7.22] ) for ) for 10 35 25 211 #/texts/212 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [484.28, 51.98, 3.93, 7.22] y y 10 36 26 212 #/texts/213 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p10:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [488.19, 51.98, 21.28, 7.22] = 0.3 = 0.3 10 15 27 213 #/texts/192 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.1, 62.02, 107.14, 7.22] (Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2), and ( (Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2), and ( 10 16 28 214 #/texts/193 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [271.24, 62.02, 4.36, 7.22] g g 10 17 29 215 #/texts/194 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [275.59, 62.02, 3.93, 7.22] - 10 18 30 216 #/texts/195 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left None None p10:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [279.61, 62.02, 2.62, 7.22] i i 10 19 31 217 #/texts/196 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p10:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [282.17, 62.02, 16.53, 7.22] ) for ) for 10 20 32 218 #/texts/197 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p10:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [298.8, 62.02, 3.93, 7.22] y y 10 27 33 219 #/texts/204 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p10:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [302.71, 62.02, 106.38, 7.22] = 0.5 (Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2). = 0.5 (Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2). 10 28 34 220 #/texts/205 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p10:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [164.1, 74.92, 396.92, 195.14] rhombohedral R -3 m phase. With an increasing y , (Figure 6f,i), new reflections emerge, and the SAED patterns predominantly consist of two types of reflections: strong fundamental reflections (marked as solid white arr… rhombohedral R -3 m phase. With an increasing y , (Figure 6f,i), new reflections emerge, and the SAED patterns predominantly consist of two types of reflections: strong fundamental reflections (marked as solid white arr… 10 29 35 221 #/texts/206 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p10:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p10:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 618.82, 393.18, 34.43] Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni… Figure 6. TEM( a , d , g ), HRTEM ( b , e , h ), and SAED ( c , f , i ) images of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders: ( a -c ) for y = 0.0 (LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ), ( d -f ) for y = 0.3 (Li 1.134 Ni… 10 30 36 222 #/texts/207 text body True None body body True p10:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p10:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 667.82, 394.98, 106.94] In addition to Rietveld refinement, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) experiments were conducted to verify the chemical composition of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders. The EDX spectra of the … In addition to Rietveld refinement, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) experiments were conducted to verify the chemical composition of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders. The EDX spectra of the … 11 1 1 223 #/texts/214 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p11:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 11 2 2 224 #/texts/215 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p11:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p11:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 11 of 30 11 of 30 11 3 3 225 #/texts/216 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [68.98, 131.8, 45.24, 6.45] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11 5 4 226 #/texts/218 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [114.18, 131.8, 14.03, 6.45] 2024 2024 11 6 5 227 #/texts/219 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [128.24, 131.8, 1.75, 6.45] , 11 7 6 228 #/texts/220 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body left None None p11:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [129.92, 131.8, 8.77, 6.45] 25 25 11 4 7 229 #/texts/217 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [138.73, 75.05, 422.28, 120.86] presents the theoretical and experimental concentrations of Ni, Co, and Mn (in atomic percentage) for the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 samples, as determined from Rietveld refinement and EDX analysis. Figure… presents the theoretical and experimental concentrations of Ni, Co, and Mn (in atomic percentage) for the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 samples, as determined from Rietveld refinement and EDX analysis. Figure… 11 8 8 230 #/texts/221 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 506.95, 392.88, 23.41] Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and … Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and ( d ) comparison between theoretical and experimental values for 3D elements of prepared y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. Figure 7. ( a -c ) EDX spectra and … 11 9 9 231 #/texts/222 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 543.67, 392.68, 23.19] Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y… Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 composite powders in atomic percent (at. %) ratio of elements. Table 3. Rietveld and EDX analysis of Ni, Co, and Mn in the y… 11 10 10 232 #/texts/223#prov0 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [260.82, 570.75, 114.29, 7.99] Atomic % Ratio of Elements Atomic % Ratio of Elements 11 11 11 233 #/texts/223#prov1 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p11:body_region:0 page_body right None None p11:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [388.58, 570.75, 75.58, 7.99] Composition as Li[ Composition as Li[ 11 12 12 234 #/texts/224 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body right None None p11:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [464.27, 570.75, 8.2, 7.99] M M 11 13 13 235 #/texts/225 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body right None None p11:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [472.53, 570.75, 52.73, 7.99] ]O2 Notation ]O2 Notation 11 14 14 236 #/texts/226#prov0 text body True None body body True p11:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p11:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [183.04, 760.47, 345.45, 7.99] 0.92, which, according to the IUPAC classification, corresponds to a type IV isotherm with 0.92, which, according to the IUPAC classification, corresponds to a type IV isotherm with 12 2 1 237 #/texts/227 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p12:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 12 3 2 238 #/texts/228 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p12:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p12:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 12 of 30 12 of 30 12 1 3 239 #/texts/226#prov1 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [37.75, 106.12, 48.64, 6.93] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12 4 4 240 #/texts/229 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [86.34, 106.12, 15.09, 6.93] 2024 2024 12 5 5 241 #/texts/230 text unknown_text False medium empty_after_cleaning empty_after_cleaning False None page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [101.46, 106.12, 1.89, 6.93] , 12 6 6 242 #/texts/231 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p12:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [103.26, 106.12, 9.43, 6.93] 25 25 12 7 7 243 #/texts/232 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body full None None p12:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [112.74, 75.05, 448.27, 106.94] Figure 8a-c display the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders. All three samples exhibit similar isotherm shapes, featuring a hysteresis loop indicative of a hier… Figure 8a-c display the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 powders. All three samples exhibit similar isotherm shapes, featuring a hysteresis loop indicative of a hier… 12 8 8 244 #/texts/233 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p12:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.38, 457.8, 398.89, 34.55] Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. (… Figure 8. ( a -c ) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms for y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) powders. ( d ) Variation in specific surface area and pore volume as function of y (Li2MnO3). Figure 8. (… 12 9 9 245 #/texts/234 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [180.31, 490.99, 349.2, 8.59] As summarized in Table 4, the BJH pore-size distribution confirms the nanopore na- As summarized in Table 4, the BJH pore-size distribution confirms the nanopore na- 12 10 10 246 #/texts/235 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.38, 503.11, 400.63, 157.39] ture of all the samples. Based on the results shown in Figure 8d and the data listed in Table 4, the BET specific surface area ( S BET) and pore volume of pristine LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 are 6.8 m 2 g -1 and 0.0169 m 3 g -1… ture of all the samples. Based on the results shown in Figure 8d and the data listed in Table 4, the BET specific surface area ( S BET) and pore volume of pristine LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 are 6.8 m 2 g -1 and 0.0169 m 3 g -1… 12 11 11 247 #/texts/237#prov0 text body True None body body True p12:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p12:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [160.38, 700.15, 400.64, 57.56] improves wettability, facilitating better the penetration of the electrolyte, and consequently shortening the diffusion paths within the cathode material. where LBET is expressed in nm, SBET is the specific surface area… improves wettability, facilitating better the penetration of the electrolyte, and consequently shortening the diffusion paths within the cathode material. where LBET is expressed in nm, SBET is the specific surface area… 13 2 1 248 #/texts/238 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p13:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 13 3 2 249 #/texts/239 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p13:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p13:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 13 of 30 13 of 30 13 1 3 250 #/texts/237#prov1 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p13:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 75.05, 393.27, 23.37] improves wettability, facilitating better the penetration of the electrolyte, and consequently shortening the diffusion paths within the cathode material. improves wettability, facilitating better the penetration of the electrolyte, and consequently shortening the diffusion paths within the cathode material. 13 4 4 251 #/texts/240 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p13:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p13:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 111.12, 393.18, 10.0] Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. Table 4. BET results and pore structure parameters for y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. 13 5 5 252 #/texts/241 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p13:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p13:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 226.61, 106.68, 9.4] 3.3. Vibrational Properties 3.3. Vibrational Properties 13 6 6 253 #/texts/242 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p13:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [147.98, 243.66, 412.95, 190.5] Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the local structure, surface state, and composition of the as-prepared samples [38]. This technique serves as a surface-sensitive probe, capable of analyzin… Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the local structure, surface state, and composition of the as-prepared samples [38]. This technique serves as a surface-sensitive probe, capable of analyzin… 13 7 7 254 #/texts/243 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p13:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p13:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 743.16, 394.3, 23.74] Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9.… Figure 9. Raman scattering spectra of integrated y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 powders: ( a ) y = 0.0, ( b ) y = 0.3, ( c ) y = 0.5. ( d ) Frequency shift in the A 1g and E g modes against the composition. Figure 9.… 13 8 8 255 #/texts/244 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 769.72, 95.29, 6.87] 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 13 9 9 256 #/texts/245#prov0 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p13:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [262.03, 781.62, 14.43, 6.87] The The 13 10 10 257 #/texts/245#prov1 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [280.65, 781.62, 45.85, 6.87] galvanostatic galvanostatic 13 11 11 258 #/texts/245#prov2 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [330.69, 781.62, 59.96, 6.87] charge-discharge charge-discharge 13 17 12 259 #/texts/251#prov0 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [394.83, 781.62, 23.77, 6.87] curves curves 13 18 13 260 #/texts/251#prov1 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [422.78, 781.62, 11.35, 6.87] for for 13 19 14 261 #/texts/251#prov2 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.32, 781.62, 12.31, 6.87] the the 13 20 15 262 #/texts/251#prov3 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [454.81, 781.62, 15.19, 6.87] first first 13 21 16 263 #/texts/251#prov4 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [474.18, 781.62, 14.35, 6.87] five five 13 22 17 264 #/texts/251#prov5 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [492.72, 781.62, 21.68, 6.87] cycles cycles 13 23 18 265 #/texts/251#prov6 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [518.52, 781.62, 8.52, 6.87] of of 13 24 19 266 #/texts/251#prov7 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [531.23, 781.62, 12.13, 6.87] the the 13 12 20 267 #/texts/246 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left None None p13:bottom_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 791.32, 3.74, 6.87] y y 13 13 21 268 #/texts/247 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [249.93, 791.32, 39.25, 6.87] Li2MnO3∙(1- Li2MnO3∙(1- 13 14 22 269 #/texts/248 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin left_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [289.2, 791.32, 3.74, 6.87] y y 13 15 23 270 #/texts/249 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [293.04, 791.32, 64.76, 6.87] )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( 13 16 24 271 #/texts/250 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [357.84, 791.32, 3.74, 6.87] y y 13 25 25 272 #/texts/252 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [361.58, 791.32, 181.7, 6.87] = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 13 26 26 273 #/texts/253 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 800.82, 111.55, 6.87] cycles for Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 ( cycles for Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 ( 13 27 27 274 #/texts/254 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [357.65, 800.82, 3.74, 6.87] y y 13 28 28 275 #/texts/255 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p13:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [361.39, 800.82, 181.93, 6.87] = 0.5) at a C/10 rate, within a voltage range of 2.0 V to = 0.5) at a C/10 rate, within a voltage range of 2.0 V to 13 29 29 276 #/texts/256 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 810.52, 297.1, 6.87] 4.8 V, are presented in Figure 10a-d. With increasing lithium content, the sloping profile 4.8 V, are presented in Figure 10a-d. With increasing lithium content, the sloping profile 13 30 30 277 #/texts/257 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 820.21, 297.1, 6.87] of the first charge curve becomes more pronounced, and a distinct plateau appears. This of the first charge curve becomes more pronounced, and a distinct plateau appears. This 13 31 31 278 #/texts/258#prov0 text body True None body body True p13:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p13:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [246.09, 829.81, 297.06, 6.87] behavior is attributed to phase transformations and variations in site occupancy energy, behavior is attributed to phase transformations and variations in site occupancy energy, 14 2 1 279 #/texts/259 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p14:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 14 3 2 280 #/texts/260 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p14:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p14:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 14 of 30 14 of 30 14 1 3 281 #/texts/258#prov1 text body True None body body True p14:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p14:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.03, 74.74, 394.98, 357.95] The Raman spectra of the prepared samples (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) are shown in Figure 9a-c. The Raman spectrum of the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 exhibits two broad bands centered at approximately 489 and 599 cm -1 , resulting… The Raman spectra of the prepared samples (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) are shown in Figure 9a-c. The Raman spectrum of the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 exhibits two broad bands centered at approximately 489 and 599 cm -1 , resulting… 14 4 4 282 #/texts/261 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p14:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p14:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 446.68, 124.2, 9.4] 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 3.4. Electrochemical Properties 14 5 5 283 #/texts/262 text body True None body body True p14:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p14:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 463.72, 394.94, 246.21] The galvanostatic charge-discharge curves for the first five cycles of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 cycles for Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 (… The galvanostatic charge-discharge curves for the first five cycles of the y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrode materials and the first 100 cycles for Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 (… 15 3 1 284 #/texts/266 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p15:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [261.34, 12.75, 332.0, 8.17] According to the data summarized in Table 5, together with the complete extraction According to the data summarized in Table 5, together with the complete extraction 15 4 2 285 #/texts/267 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p15:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.4, 24.16, 351.02, 8.17] of lithium ions, it can be seen that the practical capacity corresponding to the oxidation of of lithium ions, it can be seen that the practical capacity corresponding to the oxidation of 15 1 3 286 #/texts/264 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p15:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 15 5 4 287 #/texts/268 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p15:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.4, 35.69, 350.95, 8.17] Ni 2+ /Ni 4+ and Co 3+ /Co 4+ (below 4.5 V) are close to their theoretical values (predicted by Ni 2+ /Ni 4+ and Co 3+ /Co 4+ (below 4.5 V) are close to their theoretical values (predicted by 15 2 5 288 #/texts/265 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p15:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 15 of 30 15 of 30 15 6 6 289 #/texts/269 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p15:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.4, 47.1, 351.16, 8.17] Equation (3)) as the value of Li content increases. However, the Li2MnO3 phase cannot be Equation (3)) as the value of Li content increases. However, the Li2MnO3 phase cannot be 15 7 7 290 #/texts/270 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p15:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.4, 58.51, 351.08, 8.17] oxidized, since manganese is already in the Mn 4+ valence state. During the first discharge, oxidized, since manganese is already in the Mn 4+ valence state. During the first discharge, 15 8 8 291 #/texts/272 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p15:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 104.39, 427.48, 31.1] During the first discharge process, Li + ions are initially intercalated into the M O2 phase (stage I, Figure 10b,c). This is followed by reinsertion into the MnO2 (stage II, Figure 10b,c): ity is observed, which increa… During the first discharge process, Li + ions are initially intercalated into the M O2 phase (stage I, Figure 10b,c). This is followed by reinsertion into the MnO2 (stage II, Figure 10b,c): ity is observed, which increa… 15 9 9 292 #/texts/274 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [242.4, 173.09, 8.98, 8.17] 5. 5. 15 10 10 293 #/texts/275 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p15:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 184.61, 427.5, 233.12] According to Equations (3) and (5), the theoretical capacities of the LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 and Li2MnO3 components were calculated for comparison with the experimental data and are summarized in Table 5. During the … According to Equations (3) and (5), the theoretical capacities of the LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O2 and Li2MnO3 components were calculated for comparison with the experimental data and are summarized in Table 5. During the … 15 11 11 294 #/texts/276 text body True None body body False None page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [124.97, 544.6, 46.31, 6.6] Int. J. Mol. Sci. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15 12 12 295 #/texts/277 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [171.24, 544.6, 14.36, 6.6] 2024 2024 15 13 13 296 #/texts/278 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [185.63, 544.6, 1.8, 6.6] , 15 14 14 297 #/texts/279 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [187.35, 544.6, 8.98, 6.6] 25 25 15 15 15 298 #/texts/280 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p15:body_region:0 page_body left None None p15:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [196.37, 544.6, 74.76, 6.6] , x FOR PEER REVIEW , x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 16 16 299 #/texts/281 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 page_body right None None p15:page_body:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [565.49, 544.6, 29.51, 6.6] 17 of 30 17 of 30 15 17 17 300 #/texts/282 caption caption False low docling_caption docling_caption True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin full None None p15:bottom_margin:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 737.28, 428.82, 37.95] Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 u… Figure 10. Galvanostatic charge-discharge capacity curves recorded at C/10 rate in potential range 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li for ( a ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( b ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O, ( c ) Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 u… 15 18 18 301 #/texts/283 text caption False low caption_fragment caption_fragment True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [260.69, 779.4, 332.4, 8.17] While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical perfor- 15 19 19 302 #/texts/284 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [241.73, 790.71, 353.48, 8.17] mance for Li-rich cathode materials with increasing lithium content, the issues of voltage mance for Li-rich cathode materials with increasing lithium content, the issues of voltage 15 20 20 303 #/texts/285 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [241.73, 802.25, 353.49, 8.17] fade and differences in redox reaction potentials between the first cycle and the following fade and differences in redox reaction potentials between the first cycle and the following 15 21 21 304 #/texts/286 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [241.73, 813.67, 284.89, 8.17] cycles are better analyzed using differential (or incremental) capacity (d cycles are better analyzed using differential (or incremental) capacity (d 15 28 22 305 #/texts/293 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [526.87, 813.67, 6.91, 8.17] Q Q 15 29 23 306 #/texts/294 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [533.95, 813.67, 8.28, 8.17] /d /d 15 30 24 307 #/texts/295 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [542.29, 813.67, 5.84, 8.17] V V 15 31 25 308 #/texts/296 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [548.23, 813.67, 44.99, 8.17] ) plots. Fig- ) plots. Fig- 15 22 26 309 #/texts/287 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p15:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [241.73, 825.21, 136.77, 8.17] ure 11a presents the deferential d ure 11a presents the deferential d 15 23 27 310 #/texts/288 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [378.7, 825.21, 6.91, 8.17] Q Q 15 24 28 311 #/texts/289 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [385.67, 825.21, 8.36, 8.17] /d /d 15 25 29 312 #/texts/290 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [394.12, 825.21, 5.84, 8.17] V V 15 26 30 313 #/texts/291 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [399.95, 825.21, 31.37, 8.17] versus versus 15 27 31 314 #/texts/292 text page_margin_footer False low page_margin_footer page_margin_footer True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [432.39, 825.21, 5.84, 8.17] V V 15 32 32 315 #/texts/297#prov0 text body True None body body True p15:body_region:0 bottom_margin right None None p15:bottom_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [438.33, 825.21, 154.72, 8.17] plots for the first discharge curves of plots for the first discharge curves of 16 2 1 316 #/texts/298 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p16:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 16 3 2 317 #/texts/299 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p16:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p16:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 16 of 30 16 of 30 16 4 3 318 #/texts/300 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p16:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p16:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 74.74, 393.18, 34.14] Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of… Table 5. Theoretical charge, discharge-specific capacities, irreversible capacities (IRs), and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of corresponding components in y Li2 MnO3 · (1y )LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 based on mass ratio of… 16 1 4 319 #/texts/297#prov1 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p16:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 415.17, 394.93, 204.43] According to the data summarized in Table 5, together with the complete extraction of lithium ions, it can be seen that the practical capacity corresponding to the oxidation of Ni 2+ /Ni 4+ and Co 3+ /Co 4+ (below 4.5 V… According to the data summarized in Table 5, together with the complete extraction of lithium ions, it can be seen that the practical capacity corresponding to the oxidation of Ni 2+ /Ni 4+ and Co 3+ /Co 4+ (below 4.5 V… 16 5 5 320 #/texts/301 text body True None body body True p16:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p16:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 624.09, 394.62, 148.72] In the second cycle, a voltage plateau around 4.5 V observed in the charge curve-a characteristic feature of Li-rich layered materials-disappears. This indicates that the activation of the Li2MnO3 phase is complete, acc… In the second cycle, a voltage plateau around 4.5 V observed in the charge curve-a characteristic feature of Li-rich layered materials-disappears. This indicates that the activation of the Li2MnO3 phase is complete, acc… 17 1 1 321 #/texts/302 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p17:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 17 2 2 322 #/texts/303 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p17:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p17:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 17 of 30 17 of 30 17 3 3 323 #/texts/304 text body True None body body True p17:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p17:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 72.82, 394.93, 123.09] By the second cycle, the discharge capacities improve to 176, 228, and 256 mAhg -1 for y = 0.0, y = 0.3, and y = 0.5, respectively, with corresponding Coulombic efficiencies of 89.3, 96.6, and 98.1%. For the Li1.2Ni0.13… By the second cycle, the discharge capacities improve to 176, 228, and 256 mAhg -1 for y = 0.0, y = 0.3, and y = 0.5, respectively, with corresponding Coulombic efficiencies of 89.3, 96.6, and 98.1%. For the Li1.2Ni0.13… 17 4 4 324 #/texts/305 text body True None body body True p17:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p17:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.07, 200.4, 395.95, 538.69] While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical performance for Li-rich cathode materials with increasing lithium content, the issues of voltage fade and differences in redox reaction potential… While the discharge-charge profiles demonstrate promising electrochemical performance for Li-rich cathode materials with increasing lithium content, the issues of voltage fade and differences in redox reaction potential… 18 2 1 325 #/texts/307 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p18:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [236.85, 25.57, 358.37, 8.59] electrochemical stability during prolonged cycling. The results suggest that optimizi electrochemical stability during prolonged cycling. The results suggest that optimizi 18 1 2 326 #/texts/306 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p18:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 18 3 3 327 #/texts/308 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p18:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [236.85, 37.57, 355.25, 8.59] 18 of 30 the lithium content in Li-rich cathode materials is a viable strategy to improve their lo 18 of 30 the lithium content in Li-rich cathode materials is a viable strategy to improve their lo 18 4 4 328 #/texts/309 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p18:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [236.85, 49.69, 79.56, 8.59] term performance. term performance. 18 5 5 329 #/texts/310 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 372.29, 427.12, 36.78] Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.1… Figure 11. Differential capacity (-d Q /d V ) vs. V plots for ( a ) y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 e trodes at first cycle, ( b ) pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, ( c ) Li1.134Ni0.2Co0.2Mn0.466O2, and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.1… 18 6 6 330 #/texts/311 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body full None None p18:page_body:full:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 416.41, 429.25, 210.45] The cycling performance of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂//Li cells was e uated at the C/10 rate in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V, as shown in Figure 12a. O extended cycling, a decay in the specific capacity wa… The cycling performance of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂//Li cells was e uated at the C/10 rate in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V, as shown in Figure 12a. O extended cycling, a decay in the specific capacity wa… 18 7 7 331 #/texts/312 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.52, 627.37, 316.86, 17.59]  LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, with a capacity retention of 60.6%. · Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2, with a capacity retention of 83.6%;  LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂, with a capacity retention of 60.6%. · Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2, with a capacity retention of 83.6%; 18 9 8 332 #/texts/314 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.52, 642.25, 425.99, 20.59] Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles improves significantly fr 60% for the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ with a rhombohedral structure to 84% · Li1.134 Ni0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.467 O2 , with a capacity retention… Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles improves significantly fr 60% for the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ with a rhombohedral structure to 84% · Li1.134 Ni0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.467 O2 , with a capacity retention… 18 8 9 333 #/texts/313 list_item body True None recovered_body_outside_flow recovered_body_outside_flow True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.52, 661.88, 424.14, 13.08] Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 that includes a 50% Li2MnO3 cubic structure. These res · LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, with a capacity retention of 60.6%. Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 that includes a 50% Li2MnO3 cubic structure. These res · LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, with a capacity retention of 60.6%. 18 10 10 334 #/texts/315 text body True None body body True p18:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p18:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 679.11, 393.38, 93.01] Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles improves significantly from 60% for the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with a rhombohedral structure to 84% for Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 that includes a 50% Li2M… Furthermore, the Coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles improves significantly from 60% for the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with a rhombohedral structure to 84% for Li1.2 Ni0.13 Co0.13 Mn0.54 O2 that includes a 50% Li2M… 19 3 1 335 #/texts/318 text front_matter_heading False low front_matter_heading front_matter_heading True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 9.16, 115.88, 8.59] highlight that an increasing highlight that an increasing 19 4 2 336 #/texts/319 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [290.49, 9.16, 4.67, 8.59] y y 19 5 3 337 #/texts/320 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [295.29, 9.16, 248.53, 8.59] (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- (Li2MnO3) content enhances the capacity retention and over- 19 6 4 338 #/texts/321 text unknown_text False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 21.16, 371.58, 8.59] all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high all cyclability of the cathode materials. The Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrode, with its high 19 1 5 339 #/texts/316 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p19:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 19 7 6 340 #/texts/322 text unknown_text False medium inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p19:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 33.28, 371.24, 8.59] specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical specific capacity and excellent cycling stability, demonstrates superior electrochemical 19 2 7 341 #/texts/317 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p19:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p19:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 19 of 30 19 of 30 19 8 8 342 #/texts/323 text body_heading False low inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 top_margin left_crossing None None p19:top_margin:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [174.68, 45.28, 198.43, 8.59] performance compared to other compositions. performance compared to other compositions. 19 9 9 343 #/texts/324 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p19:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p19:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 252.92, 393.78, 27.07] Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO… Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2MnO3∙(1y ) LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrodes. Figure 12. ( a ) Cycling performance at C /10 rate and ( b ) rate capability for y Li2 MnO… 19 10 10 344 #/texts/325 text body_candidate_excluded False high inside_front_matter inside_front_matter True p19:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p19:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 286.12, 394.96, 462.37] Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electr… Figure 12b illustrates the rate capability of the y Li₂MnO₃∙(1y )LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O₂ electrodes under various current densities ranging from 0.1C to 3C, in the voltage window 2.0-4.8 V vs. Li + /Li. For all three electr… 20 1 1 345 #/texts/326 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p20:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 20 2 2 346 #/texts/327 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p20:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p20:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 20 of 30 20 of 30 20 3 3 347 #/texts/328 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p20:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p20:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 74.92, 204.99, 9.4] 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 3.5. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 20 4 4 348 #/texts/329 text body True None body body True p20:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p20:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 91.97, 395.2, 288.0] The main goal of EIS experiments is a comparison of the electrochemical behavior during long-term cycling and the stability of electrodes comprising 'layered-layered' integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (0… The main goal of EIS experiments is a comparison of the electrochemical behavior during long-term cycling and the stability of electrodes comprising 'layered-layered' integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (0… 20 5 5 349 #/texts/330#prov0 text body True None body body True p20:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p20:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.9, 384.45, 395.12, 385.49] Measurements were taken both on fresh cells (before cycling) and after 100 cycles at a 0.1C rate. Nyquist plots of the electrodes, including LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2, Li1.134 Ni0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.467 O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54… Measurements were taken both on fresh cells (before cycling) and after 100 cycles at a 0.1C rate. Nyquist plots of the electrodes, including LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2, Li1.134 Ni0.2 Co0.2 Mn0.467 O2 and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54… 21 1 1 350 #/texts/330#prov1 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p21:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 5.77, 371.49, 8.59] cathode similar to that of our work with a three-electrode system and demonstrated that cathode similar to that of our work with a three-electrode system and demonstrated that 21 2 2 351 #/texts/330#prov2 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p21:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 17.89, 369.08, 8.59] the full cell impedance arises predominantly at the positive electrode, that positive elec- the full cell impedance arises predominantly at the positive electrode, that positive elec- 21 5 3 352 #/texts/331 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p21:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 21 3 4 353 #/texts/330#prov3 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p21:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 29.89, 371.44, 8.59] trode data are similar to the full cell data, and that impedance changes at the negative trode data are similar to the full cell data, and that impedance changes at the negative 21 4 5 354 #/texts/330#prov4 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p21:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 42.01, 371.51, 8.59] electrode are small [63]. More recently, in their tutorial, Lazanas and Prodrominis [64] electrode are small [63]. More recently, in their tutorial, Lazanas and Prodrominis [64] 21 6 6 355 #/texts/332 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p21:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 21 of 30 21 of 30 21 7 7 356 #/texts/333 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 top_margin right_crossing None None p21:top_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 53.89, 371.4, 8.59] explained that when the SEI on the anode plays a role, it generates an inductive loop at a explained that when the SEI on the anode plays a role, it generates an inductive loop at a 21 8 8 357 #/texts/334 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [210.31, 66.01, 369.11, 8.59] high frequency, which is not observed in our experiments. We can also mention the anal- high frequency, which is not observed in our experiments. We can also mention the anal- 21 9 9 358 #/texts/335 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 74.92, 415.92, 168.28] collectors remain stable over the cycling period. (iii) R ct, associated with the charge transfer process at the electrode/electrolyte interface, is lower for Li-rich materials compared to the parent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2… collectors remain stable over the cycling period. (iii) R ct, associated with the charge transfer process at the electrode/electrolyte interface, is lower for Li-rich materials compared to the parent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2… 21 11 10 359 #/texts/337 text visual_text False low visual_text visual_text True p21:body_region:0 page_body left None None p21:page_body:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [235.87, 425.01, 12.5, 10.34] (c) (c) 21 10 11 360 #/texts/336 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 596.93, 394.45, 36.26] Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent mode… Figure 13. EIS measurements ( Z ′′ vs. Z ′ plots) of y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 ( y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) electrodes: ( a ) Fresh electrodes, ( b ) after 50 cycles at a 0.1C rate, ( c ) equivalent mode… 21 12 12 361 #/texts/338 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 645.54, 392.61, 25.6] The EIS fitting parameters are reported in Table 6. The real part of the impedance Z ′ ( ω ) is the sum of the real part of the four components: The EIS fitting parameters are reported in Table 6. The real part of the impedance Z ′ ( ω ) is the sum of the real part of the four components: 21 13 13 362 #/texts/340#prov0 text body True None body body True p21:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p21:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 710.54, 394.53, 26.78] Figure 13d,e show the plots of the real part of Z vs. ω -1/2 of integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 electrodes in the low-frequency range, used to de- Figure 13d,e show the plots of the real part of Z vs. ω -1/2 of integrated y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2 electrodes in the low-frequency range, used to de- 22 2 1 363 #/texts/341 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p22:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 22 3 2 364 #/texts/342 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p22:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p22:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 22 of 30 22 of 30 22 1 3 365 #/texts/340#prov1 text body True None body body True p22:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p22:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 75.05, 392.88, 24.55] termine the Warburg factor (i.e., the slope of the regression line). The apparent diffusion coefficient D Li can be calculated according the following relation [62]: termine the Warburg factor (i.e., the slope of the regression line). The apparent diffusion coefficient D Li can be calculated according the following relation [62]: 22 4 4 366 #/texts/344 text body True None body body True p22:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p22:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 149.81, 394.13, 94.41] in which R is the gas constant, T the absolute temperature, F the Faraday's constant, n the number of electrons transferred, C Li is the concentration of Li + ion inside the electrode, and A the effective surface area o… in which R is the gas constant, T the absolute temperature, F the Faraday's constant, n the number of electrons transferred, C Li is the concentration of Li + ion inside the electrode, and A the effective surface area o… 22 5 5 367 #/texts/345 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p22:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p22:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.1, 255.65, 393.18, 21.6] Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. Table 6. Fitting results of Nyquist plots for the y Li2 MnO3 · (1y ) LiNi 1/3 C 1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3 and 0.5) electrodes before cycling and after 100 cycles. 22 6 6 368 #/texts/346#prov0 text body True None body body True p22:body_region:0 bottom_margin right_crossing None None p22:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 501.91, 394.96, 274.18] As shown in Table 6, the Li-rich electrodes exhibit a lower σ w compared to the pristine electrode LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2, indicating superior ion conductivity and a higher Li + diffusion coefficient. According to data i… As shown in Table 6, the Li-rich electrodes exhibit a lower σ w compared to the pristine electrode LiNi1/3 C1/3 Mn1/3 O2, indicating superior ion conductivity and a higher Li + diffusion coefficient. According to data i… 23 2 1 369 #/texts/347 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p23:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 23 3 2 370 #/texts/348 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p23:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p23:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 23 of 30 23 of 30 23 1 3 371 #/texts/346#prov1 text body True None body body True p23:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p23:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 75.05, 394.13, 134.79] materials, which is fortunate since it makes possible a comparison between the different modifications and the different synthesis processes that have been used. In particular, this allows us to compare the lithium diff… materials, which is fortunate since it makes possible a comparison between the different modifications and the different synthesis processes that have been used. In particular, this allows us to compare the lithium diff… 23 4 4 372 #/texts/349 text body True None body body True p23:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p23:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 214.2, 392.88, 37.43] The Li-rich electrodes show a decrease in Rct , which directly indicates an enhanced electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The exchange current density ( I 0 ) is calculated using the linearized Butl… The Li-rich electrodes show a decrease in Rct , which directly indicates an enhanced electron transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The exchange current density ( I 0 ) is calculated using the linearized Butl… 23 5 5 373 #/texts/351 text body True None body body True p23:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p23:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.0, 299.38, 395.01, 134.92] I 0 is an intrinsic property of the cathode material, independent of the cell's manufacturing process and the size or shape of the particles. The values of the exchange current density I 0 before and after cycling are l… I 0 is an intrinsic property of the cathode material, independent of the cell's manufacturing process and the size or shape of the particles. The values of the exchange current density I 0 before and after cycling are l… 23 6 6 374 #/texts/352 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p23:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p23:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 448.29, 141.54, 9.4] 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 3.6. Area-Specific Impedance (ASI) 23 7 7 375 #/texts/353 text body True None body body True p23:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p23:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 465.34, 392.89, 37.45] More insights into the variation in the overall cell potential as a function of the depth of charge (DOD) can be gained by evaluating the area-specific impedance (ASI), expressed in Ω cm 2 , which is calculated using th… More insights into the variation in the overall cell potential as a function of the depth of charge (DOD) can be gained by evaluating the area-specific impedance (ASI), expressed in Ω cm 2 , which is calculated using th… 23 8 8 376 #/texts/355 text body True None body body True p23:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p23:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [165.97, 546.41, 395.04, 221.01] where A is the cross-sectional area of the electrode, ∆ V = OCV -V cell is the potential change during current interruption for 60 s at each DOD, and I is the current passed throughout the cell. Various factors can infl… where A is the cross-sectional area of the electrode, ∆ V = OCV -V cell is the potential change during current interruption for 60 s at each DOD, and I is the current passed throughout the cell. Various factors can infl… 24 1 1 377 #/texts/356 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p24:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 35.56, 156.6, 8.34] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 , 25 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 3 2 378 #/texts/358 text page_margin_header False low page_margin_header page_margin_header True p24:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p24:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [501.52, 35.56, 31.0, 6.93] 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 2 3 379 #/texts/357 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin right None None p24:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 24 of 30 24 of 30 24 4 4 380 #/texts/359 caption caption False low outside_body_flow_caption outside_body_flow_caption True p24:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p24:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 233.75, 398.96, 23.59] Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-sp… Figure 14. Area-specific impedance (ASI) of parent and y Li2MnO3∙(1y )LiNi1/3C1/3Mn1/3O2 ( y =0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) as a function of depth of discharge (DOD): ( a ) fresh cell and ( b ) after 100 cycles. Figure 14. Area-sp… 24 5 5 381 #/texts/360 text body True None body body True p24:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p24:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 266.95, 399.09, 253.87] For the fresh cells at 90% DOD (Figure 14a), the measured ASI values are 192, 121, and 77 Ω cm 2 , respectively. After 100 cycles, these values increase to 240, 152, and 106 Ω cm 2 , respectively. These results demonstr… For the fresh cells at 90% DOD (Figure 14a), the measured ASI values are 192, 121, and 77 Ω cm 2 , respectively. After 100 cycles, these values increase to 240, 152, and 106 Ω cm 2 , respectively. These results demonstr… 24 6 6 382 #/texts/361 text body True None body body True p24:body_region:0 front_matter right_crossing None None p24:front_matter:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 524.35, 369.06, 8.59] oxide (LLO) cathodes are reported only with modifications involving doping and/or coat- oxide (LLO) cathodes are reported only with modifications involving doping and/or coat- 24 8 7 383 #/texts/363 text body True None body body True p24:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p24:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 536.35, 371.56, 8.59] ing, to optimize their electrochemical properties. For example, coating with Li3PO4 with a ing, to optimize their electrochemical properties. For example, coating with Li3PO4 with a 24 7 8 384 #/texts/362 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p24:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p24:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 533.31, 73.08, 11.05] 4. Discussion 4. Discussion 24 9 9 385 #/texts/364#prov0 text body True None body body True p24:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p24:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [161.44, 548.47, 399.5, 221.38] spinel structure significantly increases the cycle life by protecting the surface and the rate capability, since Li3PO4 is conductive [75]. The electrode 0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2 coated with a Li3PO4 conductive… spinel structure significantly increases the cycle life by protecting the surface and the rate capability, since Li3PO4 is conductive [75]. The electrode 0.5Li2MnO3∙0.5LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2 coated with a Li3PO4 conductive… 25 2 1 386 #/texts/365 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p25:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 25 3 2 387 #/texts/366 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p25:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p25:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 25 of 30 25 of 30 25 1 3 388 #/texts/364#prov1 text body True None body body True p25:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p25:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 75.05, 394.62, 23.37] Li-ion batteries. We believe that the results obtained on the pristine LLO particles studied in the present work is a promising step and a motivation to apply such modifications to them. Li-ion batteries. We believe that the results obtained on the pristine LLO particles studied in the present work is a promising step and a motivation to apply such modifications to them. 25 4 4 389 #/texts/367 text body True None body body True p25:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p25:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.06, 102.59, 394.87, 232.6] Several researchers have shown that Li-rich layered oxide, 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5Li (Ni1/3 Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, exhibits an interestingly high capacity among several cathode systems. Li et al. [81] reported that the induced rock sa… Several researchers have shown that Li-rich layered oxide, 0.5Li2MnO3 · 0.5Li (Ni1/3 Mn1/3Co1/3)O2, exhibits an interestingly high capacity among several cathode systems. Li et al. [81] reported that the induced rock sa… 25 5 5 390 #/texts/368 text body True None body body True p25:body_region:0 page_body right_crossing None None p25:page_body:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 339.68, 394.93, 427.27] The superlattice structure in Li2MnO3 arises from the ordering of lithium and manganese ions in the transition metal layers, with a layered structure ( C 2/ m space group). It significantly impacts electrochemical prope… The superlattice structure in Li2MnO3 arises from the ordering of lithium and manganese ions in the transition metal layers, with a layered structure ( C 2/ m space group). It significantly impacts electrochemical prope… 26 1 1 391 #/texts/369 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header False None top_margin left None None p26:top_margin:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [35.72, 36.24, 100.28, 7.66] Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025 , 26 , 1346 26 2 2 392 #/texts/370 page_header page_header False low docling_page_header docling_page_header True p26:body_region:0 top_margin right None None p26:top_margin:right:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [532.35, 38.33, 26.93, 7.55] 26 of 30 26 of 30 26 7 3 393 #/texts/375 section_header body_heading False low body_heading body_heading True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left None None p26:body_zone:left:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 73.8, 80.4, 11.05] 5. Conclusions 5. Conclusions 26 8 4 394 #/texts/376 text body True None body body True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 91.97, 394.54, 190.5] In this work, new stoichiometric, high-voltage, Li-rich integrated cathode materials y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (where y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) have been synthesized in identical conditions through a sol-gel … In this work, new stoichiometric, high-voltage, Li-rich integrated cathode materials y Li2MnO3 · (1y )LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 (where y = 0.0, 0.3, and 0.5) have been synthesized in identical conditions through a sol-gel … 26 9 5 395 #/texts/377 text body True None body body True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.09, 286.96, 394.94, 190.5] The findings also show that the performance retention after cycling is further improved in lithium-rich electrodes due to the complete activation of the Li2MnO3 component and the formation of a stabilizing spinel phase … The findings also show that the performance retention after cycling is further improved in lithium-rich electrodes due to the complete activation of the Li2MnO3 component and the formation of a stabilizing spinel phase … 26 10 6 396 #/texts/378 text back_matter_heading False low back_matter_heading back_matter_heading stop_trigger True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.02, 493.65, 394.38, 47.5] Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing,… Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.E.A.-G. and A.M.H.; formal analysis, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; investigation, A.E.A.-G. and R.S.E.-T.; writing-original draft preparation, A.E.A.-G.; writing-review and editing,… 26 11 7 397 #/texts/379 text back_matter_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 551.62, 210.71, 8.5] Funding: This research received no external funding. Funding: This research received no external funding. 26 12 8 398 #/texts/380 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 570.6, 220.22, 8.5] Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. 26 13 9 399 #/texts/381 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 589.65, 120.79, 8.29] Informed Consent Statement: Informed Consent Statement: 26 14 10 400 #/texts/382 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [289.96, 589.58, 60.56, 8.5] Not applicable. Not applicable. 26 15 11 401 #/texts/383 text back_matter_heading False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone right_crossing None None p26:body_zone:right_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 608.55, 265.41, 8.5] Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. 26 16 12 402 #/texts/384 text unknown_text False low after_back_matter_stop after_back_matter_stop after_stop True p26:body_region:0 body_zone left_crossing None None p26:body_zone:left_crossing:white [255, 255, 255] white False False [166.39, 627.53, 255.5, 8.5] Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 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