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Diff Summary

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Visual Assets

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[32.83, 235.4, 399.71, 25.14]Shaokun Chong a , Yuanzhen Chen a , Wuwei Yan a , Shengwu Guo a , Qiang Tan a , Yifang Wu b , Tao Jiang a , Yongning Liu a, *Shaokun Chong a , Yuanzhen Chen a , Wuwei Yan a , Shengwu Guo a , Qiang Tan a , Yifang Wu b , Tao Jiang a , Yongning Liu a, *
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[32.83, 704.84, 251.08, 38.83]speci fi c capacities of 2.0 wt% CoF2-coated sample (CF-2.0) and other four samples after 1st cycle and 100 th cycle, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of 236.0 mAh g 1 and operating potential of 3.444 V for CF-2.0, lower than other four samples, are obtained. Onspeci fi c capacities of 2.0 wt% CoF2-coated sample (CF-2.0) and other four samples after 1st cycle and 100 th cycle, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of 236.0 mAh g 1 and operating potential of 3.444 V for CF-2.0, lower than other four samples, are obtained. On
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[301.83, 673.49, 251.04, 70.18]between high capacity, high operating voltage and outstanding cycling stability. The excellence in rate capability, performed at various current densities from 0.1 C to 5 C between 2.0 and 4.8 V, further highlights the advantage of the CoF2 coating, as exhibited in Fig. 6(d). Distinctly, the rate performances enhance gradually as the content of CoF2 coating increases. Such that even at the current density ofbetween high capacity, high operating voltage and outstanding cycling stability. The excellence in rate capability, performed at various current densities from 0.1 C to 5 C between 2.0 and 4.8 V, further highlights the advantage of the CoF2 coating, as exhibited in Fig. 6(d). Distinctly, the rate performances enhance gradually as the content of CoF2 coating increases. Such that even at the current density of
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[63.67, 359.17, 498.87, 5.94](a) Cycling performance, (b) discharge median voltage, (c) energy density and (d) rate discharge capability curves of all the samples at 0.1C between 2.0 V and 4.8 V upon(a) Cycling performance, (b) discharge median voltage, (c) energy density and (d) rate discharge capability curves of all the samples at 0.1C between 2.0 V and 4.8 V upon
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[129.6, 547.84, 432.99, 70.26]fi tted with the equivalent circuits in the inset. Fig. 7(a) presents the EIS curves of the cells at open circuit potential before cycling. The intercept on the x-axis at the highest frequency is related to ohmic resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), the diameter of the semicircle EIS pro fi les of LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 (a) at open circuit potential and (b) at charged state of 4.3 V after 100 cycles.fi tted with the equivalent circuits in the inset. Fig. 7(a) presents the EIS curves of the cells at open circuit potential before cycling. The intercept on the x-axis at the highest frequency is related to ohmic resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), the diameter of the semicircle EIS pro fi les of LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 (a) at open circuit potential and (b) at charged state of 4.3 V after 100 cycles.
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[42.52, 547.84, 251.06, 49.98]5 C, CF-1.0 exhibits the highest capacity of 167.5 mAh g 1 , yet that of LNMOis only 120.1 mAh g 1 . Moreover, when the current density is Fig. 7.5 C, CF-1.0 exhibits the highest capacity of 167.5 mAh g 1 , yet that of LNMOis only 120.1 mAh g 1 . Moreover, when the current density is Fig. 7.
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[42.52, 600.25, 251.08, 122.51]back to 0.1 C, the discharge capacity returns to 98.7% of its initial value for CF-1.0, implying good reversibility and structural stability after high-rate measurements. The primary reason for the signi fi cantly improved rate capability of CF-1.0 is that the introduction of CoF2 nano-coating layer, which accelerates the electrons transport and Li þ diffusion, and inhibits the interfacial reaction between electrolyte and active materials. 3.3. Improved electrochemical kinetics in CoF2 nano-coating layer To get insight into the causes for signi fi cantly improved cyclic stability and rate performance of CoF2-coated samples, EIS mea-back to 0.1 C, the discharge capacity returns to 98.7% of its initial value for CF-1.0, implying good reversibility and structural stability after high-rate measurements. The primary reason for the signi fi cantly improved rate capability of CF-1.0 is that the introduction of CoF2 nano-coating layer, which accelerates the electrons transport and Li þ diffusion, and inhibits the interfacial reaction between electrolyte and active materials. 3.3. Improved electrochemical kinetics in CoF2 nano-coating layer To get insight into the causes for signi fi cantly improved cyclic stability and rate performance of CoF2-coated samples, EIS mea-
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[311.53, 621.17, 251.07, 123.42]represents charge-transfer resistance (Rct), and the slope line at the low frequency is assigned to the Warburg impedance (Zw) exhibiting the diffusion of Li þ in the electrode material. It can be obviously seen that a signi fi cant decrease in the Rct with the increase of CoF2 coating amount except for the similar values of Rs and Zw, exhibiting better electrochemical kinetics on the electrode/electrolyte interface for CF-1.0. The EIS spectra at the charged potential of 4.3 V after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, with a high-frequency semicircle ascribed to the resistance (Rf) of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and a medium-frequency corresponding to charge-transfer resistance (Rct), are presented in Fig. 7(b). As expected, CF-1.0 appears the lowest values of Rf and Rct, indicating that the formation andrepresents charge-transfer resistance (Rct), and the slope line at the low frequency is assigned to the Warburg impedance (Zw) exhibiting the diffusion of Li þ in the electrode material. It can be obviously seen that a signi fi cant decrease in the Rct with the increase of CoF2 coating amount except for the similar values of Rs and Zw, exhibiting better electrochemical kinetics on the electrode/electrolyte interface for CF-1.0. The EIS spectra at the charged potential of 4.3 V after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, with a high-frequency semicircle ascribed to the resistance (Rf) of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and a medium-frequency corresponding to charge-transfer resistance (Rct), are presented in Fig. 7(b). As expected, CF-1.0 appears the lowest values of Rf and Rct, indicating that the formation and
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[53.69, 540.02, 499.18, 5.94](a) Schematic view of structural transformation from layered to spinel phase upon cycling for LNMO active materials; (b1) TEM image, (b2) corresponding SAED pattern and(a) Schematic view of structural transformation from layered to spinel phase upon cycling for LNMO active materials; (b1) TEM image, (b2) corresponding SAED pattern and
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[32.82, 557.14, 520.13, 134.85]growth of the unacceptable SEI fi lm as well as the interfacial reaction have been mitigated by CoF2 coating layer. Thus, the improvement of electrochemical kinetics, the suppression of the formation of SEI fi lm and side reaction between electrolyte and electrode, are responsible for the outstanding stability of capacity and rate capability of CF-1.0. 3.4. Delayed phase transition in CoF2 nano-coating layer upon diffraction patterns can be observed, consisting of [111] zone axis of hexagonal layered structure and [111] zone axis of cubic spinel structure. Furthermore, the dark fi led images, corresponding to the lattice planes of (101)R and (04 ð Þ 4)C as shown in Fig. 8(b3 and b4), respectively, clearly reveal the structure transformation from layered to spinel phase after 50 cycles and the spinel structure originating from the surface of active material. The phase transition upon cycling is ascribed to the migration of TM ions from TM layers to Li layers induced by the irreversible release of oxygen and extraction of Li þ after the initial cycle [10,46 e 48], which leads to between 2.0 and 4.8 V at 0.1 C. The index marked by subscript R and C is related to the rhombohedral (layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2) phase and cubic (spinel LiMn2O4) phase.growth of the unacceptable SEI fi lm as well as the interfacial reaction have been mitigated by CoF2 coating layer. Thus, the improvement of electrochemical kinetics, the suppression of the formation of SEI fi lm and side reaction between electrolyte and electrode, are responsible for the outstanding stability of capacity and rate capability of CF-1.0. 3.4. Delayed phase transition in CoF2 nano-coating layer upon diffraction patterns can be observed, consisting of [111] zone axis of hexagonal layered structure and [111] zone axis of cubic spinel structure. Furthermore, the dark fi led images, corresponding to the lattice planes of (101)R and (04 ð Þ 4)C as shown in Fig. 8(b3 and b4), respectively, clearly reveal the structure transformation from layered to spinel phase after 50 cycles and the spinel structure originating from the surface of active material. The phase transition upon cycling is ascribed to the migration of TM ions from TM layers to Li layers induced by the irreversible release of oxygen and extraction of Li þ after the initial cycle [10,46 e 48], which leads to between 2.0 and 4.8 V at 0.1 C. The index marked by subscript R and C is related to the rhombohedral (layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2) phase and cubic (spinel LiMn2O4) phase.
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[32.82, 673.06, 251.09, 70.61]cycling To disclose the reasons for improving the capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling of CoF2-coated samples, LNMO and CF1.0 after several cycles were observed using TEM. Fig. 8 (b1 and b2) presents TEM image and corresponding SAED pattern of LNMO after 50 cycles at 0.1 C between 2.0 and 4.8 V. Two types ofcycling To disclose the reasons for improving the capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling of CoF2-coated samples, LNMO and CF1.0 after several cycles were observed using TEM. Fig. 8 (b1 and b2) presents TEM image and corresponding SAED pattern of LNMO after 50 cycles at 0.1 C between 2.0 and 4.8 V. Two types of
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[301.83, 694.41, 251.07, 49.26]serious capacity fading and voltage decay, as illustrated in Fig. 8(a). After 100 cycles for LNMO, a thick layer, namely, SEI fi lm formed on the surface of grain, indicative of the severe side reaction between electrolyte and electrode as shown in Fig. 8(c1). And the SAED pattern exhibits [100] zone axis of cubic spinel phase on the wholeserious capacity fading and voltage decay, as illustrated in Fig. 8(a). After 100 cycles for LNMO, a thick layer, namely, SEI fi lm formed on the surface of grain, indicative of the severe side reaction between electrolyte and electrode as shown in Fig. 8(c1). And the SAED pattern exhibits [100] zone axis of cubic spinel phase on the whole
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[224.67, 47.78, 136.29, 6.37]Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
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[216.51, 79.77, 156.17, 1.59]Contents lists available at ScienceDirectContents lists available at ScienceDirect
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[210.56, 98.49, 167.92, 12.99]Journal of Power SourcesJournal of Power Sources
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[165.09, 135.72, 258.93, 1.59]j o urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsourj o urnal homepage:
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[32.82, 178.39, 414.73, 47.0]Suppressing capacity fading and voltage decay of Li-rich layered cathode material by a surface nano-protective layer of CoF2 for lithium-ion batteriesSuppressing capacity fading and voltage decay of Li-rich layered cathode material by a surface nano-protective layer of CoF2 for lithium-ion batteries
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[32.83, 267.32, 446.32, 7.46]a State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR Chinaa State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
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[32.83, 275.88, 225.32, 7.46]b Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, PR Chinab Northwest Institute for Nonferrous Metal Research, Xi'an, 710016, PR China
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[32.83, 313.97, 86.34, 0.06]h i g h l i g h t sh i g h l i g h t s
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[32.83, 497.82, 95.61, 0.06]a r t i c l e i n f oa r t i c l e i n f o
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[32.83, 511.33, 85.09, 40.53]Article history: Received 8 July 2016 Received in revised form 2 September 2016 Accepted 6 September 2016Article history: Received 8 July 2016 Received in revised form 2 September 2016 Accepted 6 September 2016
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[32.83, 554.53, 109.97, 5.94]Available online 29 September 2016Available online 29 September 2016
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[32.83, 573.97, 59.83, 49.14]Keywords: Lithium-ion battery Cathode material CoF2 coating layer Capacity fading Voltage decayKeywords: Lithium-ion battery Cathode material CoF2 coating layer Capacity fading Voltage decay
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[197.23, 512.05, 355.76, 102.32]Li-rich layered oxides have been regarded as valuable cathode materials for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. However, high initial irreversible capacity, bad rate capability, as well as serious capacity fading and voltage decay hinder their commercial application. In this paper, a nano CoF2 protective layer is coated on the surface of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 via a facial wet chemistry method. A high initial discharge capacity of 264.4 mAh g 1 is obtained for 0.5% CoF2-coated sample and 259.1 mAh g 1 for 1% CoF2-coated sample owing to the suppression of irreversible release of O2 and the contribution of electrochemical conversion of CoF2/LiF. Furthermore, 1% CoF2-coated sample exhibits the excellent rate capability of 167.5 mAh g 1 at 5 C rate, the superior cycling stability with the capacity retention of 241.0 mAh g 1 and the ameliorative voltage drop of 0.312 V at 0.1C after 100 cycles. The enhanced rate performance as well as stability of capacity and voltage can be attributed to the nano coatings which inhibit the electrolyte-electrode side reaction, enhance the electrochemical kinetics and mitigate structure transition from layered to spinel phase.Li-rich layered oxides have been regarded as valuable cathode materials for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. However, high initial irreversible capacity, bad rate capability, as well as serious capacity fading and voltage decay hinder their commercial application. In this paper, a nano CoF2 protective layer is coated on the surface of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 via a facial wet chemistry method. A high initial discharge capacity of 264.4 mAh g 1 is obtained for 0.5% CoF2-coated sample and 259.1 mAh g 1 for 1% CoF2-coated sample owing to the suppression of irreversible release of O2 and the contribution of electrochemical conversion of CoF2/LiF. Furthermore, 1% CoF2-coated sample exhibits the excellent rate capability of 167.5 mAh g 1 at 5 C rate, the superior cycling stability with the capacity retention of 241.0 mAh g 1 and the ameliorative voltage drop of 0.312 V at 0.1C after 100 cycles. The enhanced rate performance as well as stability of capacity and voltage can be attributed to the nano coatings which inhibit the electrolyte-electrode side reaction, enhance the electrochemical kinetics and mitigate structure transition from layered to spinel phase.
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[416.24, 615.67, 136.59, 8.36]© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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[301.83, 675.65, 62.13, 7.42]1. Introduction1. Introduction
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[37.87, 700.81, 3.32, 6.91]*
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[44.56, 701.71, 141.56, 14.59]Corresponding author. E-mail address: ynliu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (Y. Liu).Corresponding author. E-mail address: ynliu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (Y. Liu).
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[32.83, 728.64, 156.13, 14.57]http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.028 0378-7753/ © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.0378-7753/ © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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[133.4, 378.9, 18.05, 5.94]Fig. 4.Fig. 4.
low428textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[154.66, 378.9, 316.99, 5.94]XPS spectra of LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 in the region of (a) Ni 2p, (b) Mn 2p, (c) Co 2p and (d) F 1s.XPS spectra of LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 in the region of (a) Ni 2p, (b) Mn 2p, (c) Co 2p and (d) F 1s.
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[42.52, 411.97, 251.03, 7.42]ion vacancy in TM layers during initial discharge procedure resultingion vacancy in TM layers during initial discharge procedure resulting
low430textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[42.52, 422.4, 251.06, 7.42]in a large irreversible capacity loss [31,42,43], corresponding sche-in a large irreversible capacity loss [31,42,43], corresponding sche-
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[103.24, 432.89, 73.15, 7.42]extraction/insertionextraction/insertion
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[114.57, 443.32, 7.42, 7.42]inin
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[126.37, 443.32, 88.32, 7.42]LNMO active materialsLNMO active materials
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[42.52, 453.81, 251.07, 7.42]Fig. 5(b) presents the CV pro fi les of all the samples for the initialFig. 5(b) presents the CV pro fi les of all the samples for the initial
low440textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[161.18, 461.98, 4.79, 10.33]þ
low441textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[157.72, 462.19, 3.56, 5.57]22
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[177.0, 462.19, 3.56, 5.57]33
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[166.0, 464.24, 11.18, 7.42]/Ni/Ni
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[42.52, 474.73, 251.13, 7.42]well as the peaks of the release of O2 at about 4.75 V can be observedwell as the peaks of the release of O2 at about 4.75 V can be observed
low446textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[42.52, 485.16, 251.03, 7.42]clearly for all the samples during initial charge process, while theclearly for all the samples during initial charge process, while the
low447textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[42.52, 495.65, 251.04, 7.43]peak intensity of the release of O2 weakens gradually as the increasepeak intensity of the release of O2 weakens gradually as the increase
low448page_headerpage_headerdocling_page_headerdocling_page_header
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[213.68, 47.78, 177.75, 6.46]S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
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[551.68, 48.21, 10.94, 5.94]235235
low450textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[323.49, 411.97, 38.8, 7.42]Especially,Especially,
low451textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[366.58, 411.97, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
low452textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[383.24, 411.97, 21.9, 7.42]initialinitial
low453textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[409.49, 411.97, 36.11, 7.42]dischargedischarge
low454textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[449.97, 411.97, 31.04, 7.42]capacitycapacity
low456textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[311.53, 422.4, 251.05, 7.42]ciency of CF-1.0 slightly decrease compared to CF-0.5, which isciency of CF-1.0 slightly decrease compared to CF-0.5, which is
low457textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[199.79, 430.57, 4.79, 10.33]þ
low458textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[311.53, 432.89, 43.25, 7.42]responsibleresponsible
low459textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[359.94, 432.89, 10.69, 7.42]forfor
low460textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[375.76, 432.89, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
low461textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[47, 97, 14]
colored
[393.28, 432.89, 35.13, 7.42]relativelyrelatively
low462textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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unknown
[433.47, 432.89, 26.57, 7.42]thickerthicker
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[464.99, 432.89, 27.68, 7.42]coatingcoating
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unknown
[181.3, 432.89, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
low467textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[193.49, 432.89, 6.47, 7.42]LiLi
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[209.65, 432.89, 24.61, 7.42]duringduring
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[239.24, 432.89, 21.35, 7.42]initialinitial
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[265.55, 432.89, 28.08, 7.42]charge-charge-
low471textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[311.53, 443.32, 93.23, 7.43]overmuch the loss of O2.overmuch the loss of O2.
low472textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[219.11, 443.32, 53.83, 7.42]shown in Fig.shown in Fig.
low473textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[277.4, 443.32, 16.19, 7.42]5(c).5(c).
low474textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[180.45, 461.98, 4.79, 10.33]þ
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[199.79, 461.98, 4.79, 10.33]þ
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unknown
[196.27, 462.19, 3.56, 5.57]44
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[259.14, 463.71, 6.22, 7.96]ee
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[311.53, 463.81, 19.15, 7.97]3.2.2.3.2.2.
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[335.62, 463.81, 141.35, 7.97]Cyclic performance and rate capabilityCyclic performance and rate capability
low480textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[185.27, 464.24, 11.09, 7.42]/Ni/Ni
low481textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[206.59, 464.24, 52.65, 7.42]at about 3.875at about 3.875
low482textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
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[265.38, 464.24, 28.32, 7.42]4.0 V as4.0 V as
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[323.49, 474.73, 239.06, 7.42]Fig. 6(a) shows the cycling stability of all the cathode materialsFig. 6(a) shows the cycling stability of all the cathode materials
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[480.98, 484.62, 6.22, 7.96]ee
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[311.53, 485.16, 169.49, 7.42]measured at 0.1C in the voltage range of 2.0measured at 0.1C in the voltage range of 2.0
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[311.53, 495.65, 14.15, 7.42]andand
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[331.03, 495.65, 23.14, 7.42]CF-1.0CF-1.0
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[359.54, 495.65, 26.3, 7.42]exhibitexhibit
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[391.24, 495.65, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
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[408.98, 495.65, 36.11, 7.42]dischargedischarge
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[450.53, 495.65, 31.04, 7.42]capacitycapacity
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[486.87, 495.65, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
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[32.82, 48.21, 10.94, 5.94]236236
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[203.98, 47.78, 177.75, 6.46]S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
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[53.46, 516.44, 499.38, 5.94](a) Initial charge-discharge curves of bare LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 from 2.0 V to 4.8 V at 0.1C and (b) corresponding cyclic voltammetry pro fi les; (c) schematic view of(a) Initial charge-discharge curves of bare LNMO, CF-0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 from 2.0 V to 4.8 V at 0.1C and (b) corresponding cyclic voltammetry pro fi les; (c) schematic view of
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[105.39, 523.41, 3.68, 7.71]þ
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[111.17, 525.0, 194.81, 5.94]during initial charge-discharge process for LNMO active materials.during initial charge-discharge process for LNMO active materials.
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[44.79, 568.84, 239.09, 7.42]Fig. 6(c) presents energy density fading curves upon cycling,Fig. 6(c) presents energy density fading curves upon cycling,
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[32.83, 579.33, 251.04, 7.42]which re fl ect the integration stability of capacity and voltage. CF-which re fl ect the integration stability of capacity and voltage. CF-
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[32.83, 589.76, 251.04, 7.42]0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 reveal much higher initial energy densities0.1, CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 reveal much higher initial energy densities
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[149.73, 597.93, 4.79, 10.33]
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[154.49, 598.14, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[97.68, 600.25, 52.03, 7.42], 949.1 Wh kg, 949.1 Wh kg
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[160.44, 600.25, 64.79, 7.42]and 926.7 Wh kgand 926.7 Wh kg
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[301.83, 558.41, 251.01, 7.42]the one hand, the relatively thicker coating layer not only sup-the one hand, the relatively thicker coating layer not only sup-
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[301.83, 568.84, 138.43, 8.39]presses excessively the release of O2presses excessively the release of O2
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[372.25, 577.01, 4.79, 10.33]þ
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[301.83, 579.33, 70.41, 7.42]tion/insertion of Lition/insertion of Li
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[379.5, 579.33, 173.33, 7.42]in layered structure, resulting in low capacity.in layered structure, resulting in low capacity.
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[301.83, 589.76, 251.04, 7.42]On the other hand, the low reduction potential of 2.854 V for CoF2/On the other hand, the low reduction potential of 2.854 V for CoF2/
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[225.24, 597.93, 4.79, 10.33]
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[230.0, 598.14, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[301.83, 600.25, 251.02, 7.42]LiF can reduce the operating voltage of CF-2.0. Moreover, CF-2.0LiF can reduce the operating voltage of CF-2.0. Moreover, CF-2.0
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[232.89, 600.25, 50.99, 7.42], respectively,, respectively,
low5169section_headerbody_headingbody_headingbody_heading
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[44.79, 673.49, 239.1, 7.42]In order to investigate the capacity and voltage stability for theIn order to investigate the capacity and voltage stability for the
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[32.83, 694.41, 251.02, 7.42]supplementary materials presents the operation voltages versussupplementary materials presents the operation voltages versus
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[301.83, 642.08, 251.04, 7.42]1.0. However, CF-2.0 delivers the much lower energy density of1.0. However, CF-2.0 delivers the much lower energy density of
low5174textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[349.0, 650.26, 4.79, 10.33]
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[353.76, 650.47, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[301.83, 652.57, 47.16, 7.42]694.6 Wh kg694.6 Wh kg
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[359.15, 652.57, 193.75, 7.42]than CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 owing to its low capacity andthan CF-0.5 and CF-1.0 owing to its low capacity and
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[301.83, 663.01, 251.03, 7.42]voltage. Thus, CF-1.0 reaches the optimal integrated performancevoltage. Thus, CF-1.0 reaches the optimal integrated performance
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[213.68, 47.78, 177.75, 6.46]S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
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[551.79, 48.21, 10.79, 5.94]237237
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[42.52, 359.17, 17.94, 5.94]Fig. 6.Fig. 6.
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[42.52, 367.73, 21.75, 5.94]cycling.cycling.
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[42.52, 725.76, 251.05, 7.42]surements of all fi ve samples were performed respectively, whosesurements of all fi ve samples were performed respectively, whose
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[32.82, 48.21, 10.94, 5.94]238238
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[203.98, 47.78, 177.75, 6.46]S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
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[32.83, 540.02, 17.66, 5.94]Fig. 8.Fig. 8.
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[32.82, 548.58, 8.69, 6.64](b3(b3
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[43.88, 548.58, 312.39, 6.64]and b4) dark fi eld images of LNMO after 50 cycles; TEM images and corresponding SAED patterns of: (c1and b4) dark fi eld images of LNMO after 50 cycles; TEM images and corresponding SAED patterns of: (c1
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[358.64, 548.58, 100.87, 6.64]and c2) LNMO after 100cycles, (d1and c2) LNMO after 100cycles, (d1
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[461.88, 548.58, 90.94, 5.94]and d2) CF-1.0 after 100 cyclesand d2) CF-1.0 after 100 cycles
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[42.52, 66.77, 251.12, 7.42]particle in Fig. 8(c2), indicating complete structure transition afterparticle in Fig. 8(c2), indicating complete structure transition after
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[42.52, 77.2, 251.06, 7.42]100 cycles. However, the thin SEI fi lm mixed with CoF2 coating layer100 cycles. However, the thin SEI fi lm mixed with CoF2 coating layer
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[42.52, 87.69, 251.06, 7.42]can be observed in Fig. 8(d1) for CF-1.0 after 100 cycles owing to thecan be observed in Fig. 8(d1) for CF-1.0 after 100 cycles owing to the
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[42.52, 98.12, 37.08, 7.42]inhibitioninhibition
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[83.56, 98.12, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
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[94.9, 98.12, 42.72, 7.42]the releasethe release
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[141.56, 98.12, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
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[152.84, 98.12, 112.48, 7.42]oxygen during initial severaloxygen during initial several
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[42.52, 108.6, 42.08, 7.42]meanwhilemeanwhile
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[89.29, 108.6, 5.43, 7.42]itit
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[99.38, 108.6, 13.88, 7.42]stillstill
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[117.92, 108.6, 26.81, 7.42]remainremain
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[149.44, 108.6, 7.42, 7.42]inin
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[161.51, 108.6, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
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[42.52, 119.04, 251.06, 7.42]which is in good agreement with the best stability of capacity andwhich is in good agreement with the best stability of capacity and
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[42.52, 129.52, 251.04, 7.42]operating voltage. Therefore, the phase transition from layered tooperating voltage. Therefore, the phase transition from layered to
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[42.52, 139.96, 251.08, 7.43]spinel can be delayed effectively by CoF2 nano-coating layer uponspinel can be delayed effectively by CoF2 nano-coating layer upon
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[42.52, 150.44, 28.26, 7.42]cycling.cycling.
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[42.52, 171.36, 6.81, 7.42]4.4.
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[54.31, 171.36, 47.69, 7.42]ConclusionsConclusions
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[54.48, 192.28, 239.1, 7.43]In this paper, a nano protective layer of CoF2, in situ synthesizedIn this paper, a nano protective layer of CoF2, in situ synthesized
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[42.52, 202.72, 251.06, 7.42]by means of a common wet chemistry technology, was coated onby means of a common wet chemistry technology, was coated on
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[42.52, 213.2, 251.05, 7.42]LNMO. The results of SEM, TEM, EDS and XPS demonstrate thatLNMO. The results of SEM, TEM, EDS and XPS demonstrate that
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[42.52, 223.63, 251.03, 7.43]CoF2 coating, belong to cubic structure, distributes homogeneouslyCoF2 coating, belong to cubic structure, distributes homogeneously
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[42.52, 234.12, 171.44, 7.42]on the surface of LNMO, and the cell testson the surface of LNMO, and the cell tests
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[42.52, 244.55, 251.08, 7.43]chemical performances are enhanced obviously for CoF2-coatedchemical performances are enhanced obviously for CoF2-coated
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[42.52, 255.04, 251.04, 7.42]samples. CF-0.5 delivers the highest initial discharge capacity ofsamples. CF-0.5 delivers the highest initial discharge capacity of
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[91.11, 263.21, 4.79, 10.33]
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[95.87, 263.42, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[42.52, 265.47, 48.59, 7.42]264.4 mAh g264.4 mAh g
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[101.99, 265.47, 191.65, 7.42]and coulombic ef fi ciency of 86.2%, bene fi ting fromand coulombic ef fi ciency of 86.2%, bene fi ting from
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[42.52, 275.96, 251.04, 7.42]the electrochemical conversion reaction based on CoF2/LiF, as wellthe electrochemical conversion reaction based on CoF2/LiF, as well
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[42.52, 286.45, 246.27, 7.42]as the reduction in the amount of irreversible O2 release and the Lias the reduction in the amount of irreversible O2 release and the Li
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[42.52, 296.88, 251.07, 7.42]vacancies proved by the CV measurements. In addition, the highervacancies proved by the CV measurements. In addition, the higher
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[42.52, 307.0, 147.23, 7.79]fi rst discharge capacity of 259.1 mAh gfi rst discharge capacity of 259.1 mAh g
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[101.37, 315.54, 4.79, 10.33]
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[106.19, 315.75, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[42.52, 317.8, 58.85, 7.42]of 244.0 mAh gof 244.0 mAh g
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[109.02, 317.8, 184.56, 7.42], the excellent cycling stability with the capacity, the excellent cycling stability with the capacity
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[42.52, 328.29, 251.03, 7.42]retention rate of 93.0% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, the improved rateretention rate of 93.0% after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, the improved rate
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[42.52, 338.72, 177.84, 7.42]performance with the capacity of 167.5 mAh gperformance with the capacity of 167.5 mAh g
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[42.52, 349.21, 251.08, 7.42]the restraining operating voltage decay with the drop of 0.312 Vthe restraining operating voltage decay with the drop of 0.312 V
low8243page_headerpage_headerafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[213.68, 47.78, 177.75, 6.46]S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239S. Chong et al. / Journal of Power Sources 332 (2016) 230 e 239
low8244page_headerpage_headerafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[551.62, 48.21, 10.94, 5.94]239239
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[423.33, 66.32, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.4, 66.74, 95.96, 5.94]J. Mater. Chem. 17 (2007) 3112J. Mater. Chem. 17 (2007) 3112
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[428.32, 66.74, 16.71, 5.94]3125.3125.
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[314.93, 74.74, 8.49, 5.94][4][4]
low8249textaffiliationafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.4, 74.74, 235.14, 5.94]X. Bian, Q. Fu, Q. Pang, Y. Gao, Y. Wei, B. Zou, F. Du, G. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater.X. Bian, Q. Fu, Q. Pang, Y. Gao, Y. Wei, B. Zou, F. Du, G. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater.
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[402.58, 82.25, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.4, 82.67, 75.15, 5.94]Interfaces 8 (2016) 3308Interfaces 8 (2016) 3308
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[407.57, 82.67, 16.66, 5.94]3318.3318.
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[314.93, 90.67, 8.49, 5.94][5][5]
low8254textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.4, 90.67, 235.14, 5.94]Q.Y. Wang, J. Liu, A.V. Murugan, A. Manthiram, J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009)Q.Y. Wang, J. Liu, A.V. Murugan, A. Manthiram, J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009)
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colored
[269.23, 98.12, 24.34, 7.42]cycles,cycles,
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[342.6, 98.18, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.4, 98.6, 15.17, 5.94]49654965
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[347.53, 98.6, 16.71, 5.94]4972.4972.
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[314.93, 106.6, 8.49, 5.94][6][6]
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[327.4, 106.6, 235.14, 5.94]Z. Wang, E. Liu, L. Guo, C. Shi, C. He, J. Li, N. Zhao, Surf. Coat. Technol. 235Z. Wang, E. Liu, L. Guo, C. Shi, C. He, J. Li, N. Zhao, Surf. Coat. Technol. 235
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[178.52, 108.6, 54.03, 7.42]rhombohedralrhombohedral
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[237.25, 108.6, 27.65, 7.42]layeredlayered
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[269.63, 108.6, 23.98, 7.42]phase,phase,
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[361.02, 114.16, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8265textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.4, 114.59, 33.6, 5.94](2013) 570(2013) 570
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[365.95, 114.59, 12.91, 5.94]576.576.
low8267textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[460.74, 121.75, 3.32, 6.38]
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[314.93, 122.53, 8.49, 5.94][7][7]
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[327.4, 122.53, 11.46, 5.94]A.R.A.R.
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[345.37, 122.53, 33.96, 5.94]Armstrong,Armstrong,
low8271textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[385.85, 122.53, 7.67, 5.94]M.M.
low8272textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[400.08, 122.53, 30.14, 5.94]Holzapfel,Holzapfel,
low8273textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[436.76, 122.53, 5.24, 5.94]P.P.
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[448.55, 122.53, 12.15, 5.94]NovNov
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[460.69, 122.53, 8.56, 5.94]ak,ak,
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[475.81, 122.53, 10.42, 5.94]C.S.C.S.
low8277textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[492.76, 122.53, 25.89, 5.94]Johnson,Johnson,
low8278textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[525.19, 122.53, 14.08, 5.94]S.-H.S.-H.
low8279textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[545.77, 122.53, 16.77, 5.94]Kang,Kang,
low8280textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[520.16, 130.09, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.4, 130.52, 192.72, 5.94]M.M. Thackeray, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 8694M.M. Thackeray, P.G. Bruce, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 8694
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[525.09, 130.52, 16.71, 5.94]8698.8698.
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[462.33, 138.03, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[314.93, 138.46, 8.49, 5.94][8][8]
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low8286textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white
[467.32, 138.46, 20.51, 5.94]63284.63284.
low8287textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 250]
white
[314.93, 146.45, 8.49, 5.94][9][9]
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low8289textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[357.22, 153.96, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.4, 154.39, 29.81, 5.94](2014) 83(2014) 83
low8291textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
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[362.15, 154.39, 9.12, 5.94]87.87.
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[452.24, 161.96, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 242, 239]
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[311.53, 162.38, 12.28, 5.94][10][10]
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low8295textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[457.23, 162.38, 20.51, 5.94]13945.13945.
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[446.85, 169.95, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[311.53, 170.38, 12.28, 5.94][11][11]
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[451.84, 170.38, 20.51, 5.94]21297.21297.
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[311.53, 178.31, 12.28, 5.94][12][12]
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[357.62, 185.88, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 186.31, 29.81, 5.94](2015) 45(2015) 45
low8304textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[362.55, 186.31, 9.12, 5.94]51.51.
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[311.53, 194.24, 12.28, 5.94][13][13]
low8306textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[335.4, 201.81, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[340.33, 202.24, 9.12, 5.94]25.25.
low8310textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[311.53, 210.23, 12.28, 5.94][14][14]
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after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
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[361.42, 217.74, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 218.17, 33.6, 5.94](2013) 671(2013) 671
low8314textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[366.35, 218.17, 12.91, 5.94]679.679.
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[544.7, 225.73, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[311.53, 226.16, 12.28, 5.94][15][15]
low8317textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[549.64, 226.16, 12.91, 5.94]460.460.
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[311.53, 234.1, 12.28, 5.94][16][16]
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[218.09, 234.12, 22.98, 7.42]revealreveal
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[245.08, 234.12, 15.27, 7.42]thatthat
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[264.35, 234.12, 29.23, 7.42]electro-electro-
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[361.42, 241.66, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 242.09, 33.6, 5.94](2013) 441(2013) 441
low8326textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[366.35, 242.09, 12.91, 5.94]448.448.
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[540.9, 249.66, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[311.53, 250.09, 12.28, 5.94][17][17]
low8329textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[545.84, 250.09, 16.71, 5.94]1799.1799.
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[516.87, 257.6, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[311.53, 258.02, 12.28, 5.94][18][18]
low8333textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[521.86, 258.02, 9.12, 5.95]58.58.
low8335textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[498.33, 265.6, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8336textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[248, 249, 247]
off_white
[311.53, 266.02, 12.28, 5.94][19][19]
low8337textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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low8338textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[503.26, 266.02, 9.12, 5.94]92.92.
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[311.53, 273.96, 12.28, 5.94][20][20]
low8340textaffiliationafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[371.22, 281.53, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 281.95, 43.41, 5.94]517 (2012) 20517 (2012) 20
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[376.16, 281.95, 9.12, 5.94]25.25.
low8344textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[288.79, 284.13, 4.79, 10.33]þ
low8345textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[311.53, 289.89, 12.28, 5.94][21][21]
low8346textaffiliationafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[412.61, 297.46, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 297.88, 84.79, 5.94]Nano Energy 15 (2015) 164Nano Energy 15 (2015) 164
low8349textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[417.6, 297.88, 12.91, 5.94]176.176.
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[189.75, 305.05, 4.79, 10.33]
low8351textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[194.51, 305.26, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[311.53, 305.88, 12.28, 5.94][22][22]
low8353textreferenceafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[200.58, 307.37, 93.04, 7.42]compared to bare LNMOcompared to bare LNMO
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[339.19, 313.39, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 313.81, 11.38, 5.94]393393
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[344.12, 313.81, 12.91, 5.94]402.402.
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[311.53, 321.81, 12.28, 5.94][23][23]
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[327.8, 321.81, 12.56, 5.94]H.G.H.G.
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[345.09, 321.81, 16.29, 5.94]Song,Song,
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[366.06, 321.81, 9.11, 5.94]J.Y.J.Y.
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[379.89, 321.81, 13.8, 5.94]Kim,Kim,
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[398.43, 321.81, 10.97, 5.94]K.T.K.T.
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[414.14, 321.81, 13.8, 5.94]Kim,Kim,
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[432.67, 321.81, 9.11, 5.94]Y.J.Y.J.
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[446.51, 321.81, 14.98, 5.94]Park,Park,
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[466.23, 321.81, 3.52, 5.94]J.J.
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[498.43, 321.81, 23.25, 5.94]SourcesSources
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[526.44, 321.81, 11.38, 5.94]196196
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[542.54, 321.81, 20.0, 5.94](2011)(2011)
low8372textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[342.99, 329.32, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 329.74, 15.17, 5.94]68476847
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[347.92, 329.74, 16.71, 5.94]6855.6855.
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[220.37, 336.46, 4.79, 10.33]
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[225.18, 336.67, 3.56, 5.57]11
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[311.53, 337.74, 12.28, 5.94][24][24]
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[327.8, 337.74, 234.74, 5.94]J. Lu, Q. Peng, W. Wang, C. Nan, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013)J. Lu, Q. Peng, W. Wang, C. Nan, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013)
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[231.48, 338.72, 62.11, 7.42]even at 5 C, andeven at 5 C, and
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[342.99, 345.3, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.8, 345.73, 15.17, 5.94]16491649
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[347.92, 345.73, 16.71, 5.94]1652.1652.
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[42.52, 353.67, 520.04, 24.8]after 100 cycles at 0.1 C are obtained for CF-1.0 sample. The outstanding electrochemical performances are ascribed to the CoF2 [25] L.-N. Cong, X.-G. Gao, S.-C. Ma, X. Guo, Y.-P. Zeng, L.-H. Tai, R.-S. Wang, H.M. Xie, L.-Q. Sun, Electrochim. Acta 115 (2014) 399 e 406. [26] Q. Fu, F. Du, X. Bian, Y. Wang, X. Yan, Y. Zhang, K. Zhu, G. Chen, C. Wang,after 100 cycles at 0.1 C are obtained for CF-1.0 sample. The outstanding electrochemical performances are ascribed to the CoF2 [25] L.-N. Cong, X.-G. Gao, S.-C. Ma, X. Guo, Y.-P. Zeng, L.-H. Tai, R.-S. Wang, H.M. Xie, L.-Q. Sun, Electrochim. Acta 115 (2014) 399 e 406. [26] Q. Fu, F. Du, X. Bian, Y. Wang, X. Yan, Y. Zhang, K. Zhu, G. Chen, C. Wang,
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[42.52, 380.56, 251.08, 7.42]nano-coating in protection electrode material from deterioration innano-coating in protection electrode material from deterioration in
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[42.52, 391.05, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
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[61.0, 391.05, 41.88, 7.42]electrolyte,electrolyte,
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[108.96, 391.05, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
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[127.44, 391.05, 51.67, 7.42]enhancementenhancement
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[42.52, 401.48, 154.03, 7.42]involving better electron transfer and Liinvolving better electron transfer and Li
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[42.52, 411.97, 22.25, 7.42]bitionbition
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[69.16, 411.97, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
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[80.84, 411.97, 53.71, 7.42]layered-spinellayered-spinel
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[138.95, 411.97, 63.1, 7.42]phase transitionphase transition
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[42.52, 422.4, 17.92, 7.42]edgeedge
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[64.97, 422.4, 43.9, 7.42]and spreadand spread
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[113.38, 422.4, 14.98, 7.42]intointo
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[132.89, 422.4, 20.1, 7.42]innerinner
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[157.49, 422.4, 16.64, 7.42]bulkbulk
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[42.52, 432.89, 251.04, 7.42]migration of TM ions into Li layers. Therefore, the novel design ofmigration of TM ions into Li layers. Therefore, the novel design of
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[42.52, 443.32, 251.03, 7.43]CoF2 nano-coating not only provides a tactic to surmount the de-CoF2 nano-coating not only provides a tactic to surmount the de-
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[42.52, 453.81, 251.06, 7.42]fects of LNMO and displays the superior comprehensive effect onfects of LNMO and displays the superior comprehensive effect on
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[42.52, 464.24, 39.18, 7.42]improvingimproving
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[86.12, 464.24, 59.58, 7.42]electrochemicalelectrochemical
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[150.18, 464.24, 48.3, 7.42]performanceperformance
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[42.52, 474.73, 251.04, 7.42]published data, but also illuminates in depth the mechanism ofpublished data, but also illuminates in depth the mechanism of
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[42.52, 485.16, 180.7, 7.42]capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling.capacity fading and voltage decay upon cycling.
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[42.52, 506.08, 73.96, 7.42]AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
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[54.48, 527.0, 239.17, 7.42]This work was supported by National Natural Science Founda-This work was supported by National Natural Science Founda-
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[42.52, 537.49, 251.07, 7.42]tion of China (Grant no. E51504196), the China Postdoctoral Sciencetion of China (Grant no. E51504196), the China Postdoctoral Science
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[90.03, 544.52, 413.34, 14.36](no. 2012M521760) and the Fundamental Research X.-Q. Yang, J.-G. Zhang, Nano Energy 16 (2015) 143 e 151. [39] M.E. Spahr, P. Nov (no. 2012M521760) and the Fundamental Research X.-Q. Yang, J.-G. Zhang, Nano Energy 16 (2015) 143 e 151. [39] M.E. Spahr, P. Nov 
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[42.52, 547.92, 42.84, 7.42]FoundationFoundation
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[42.52, 558.41, 193.56, 7.42]Funds for the Central Universities (no. xjj2014052).Funds for the Central Universities (no. xjj2014052).
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[42.52, 579.32, 251.03, 93.4]Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.028. References [1] M.S. Whittingham, Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4271 e 4302. [2] J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Chem. Mater. 22 (2009) 587 e 603. [3] M.M. Thackeray, S.-H. Kang, C.S. Johnson, J.T. Vaughey, R. Benedek, S. Hackney,Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.028. References [1] M.S. Whittingham, Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 4271 e 4302. [2] J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Chem. Mater. 22 (2009) 587 e 603. [3] M.M. Thackeray, S.-H. Kang, C.S. Johnson, J.T. Vaughey, R. Benedek, S. Hackney,
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[450.31, 377.17, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8415textaffiliationafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.8, 377.59, 122.49, 5.94]Y. Wei, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 7555Y. Wei, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 7555
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[455.3, 377.59, 16.66, 5.94]7562.7562.
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[443.05, 385.1, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8418textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[311.52, 385.53, 12.28, 5.94][27][27]
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[327.79, 385.53, 115.23, 5.94]X. Pu, C. Yu, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 6743X. Pu, C. Yu, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 6743
low8420textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[448.04, 385.53, 16.71, 5.94]6747.6747.
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[185.15, 391.05, 7.33, 7.42]ofof
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[198.59, 391.05, 29.23, 7.42]kineticskinetics
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[233.97, 391.05, 59.58, 7.42]electrochemicalelectrochemical
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[311.52, 393.52, 12.28, 5.94][28][28]
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[327.79, 393.52, 234.74, 5.94]Y. Liu, Q. Wang, X. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Gao, M. Su, A. Dou, Ionics 21 (2015)Y. Liu, Q. Wang, X. Wang, T. Wang, Y. Gao, M. Su, A. Dou, Ionics 21 (2015)
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[196.55, 399.22, 4.79, 10.33]þ
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[342.99, 401.09, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[204.43, 401.48, 89.12, 7.42]diffusion, and the inhi-diffusion, and the inhi-
low8429textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.79, 401.52, 15.17, 5.94]27252725
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[347.92, 401.52, 16.71, 5.94]2733.2733.
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[311.52, 409.45, 12.28, 5.94][29][29]
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[327.79, 409.45, 234.74, 5.94]X. Liu, Q. Su, C. Zhang, T. Huang, A. Yu, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4 (2015)X. Liu, Q. Su, C. Zhang, T. Huang, A. Yu, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 4 (2015)
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[206.41, 411.97, 31.73, 7.42]initiatedinitiated
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[242.47, 411.97, 51.1, 7.42]from particlefrom particle
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[339.19, 417.02, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.79, 417.45, 11.38, 5.94]255255
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[344.12, 417.45, 12.91, 5.94]263.263.
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[178.63, 422.4, 98.09, 7.42]by means of minimizingby means of minimizing
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[281.25, 422.4, 12.33, 7.42]thethe
low8440textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[311.52, 425.38, 12.28, 5.94][30][30]
low8441textaffiliationafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[327.79, 425.38, 234.74, 5.94]Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Y. Lu, B. Yang, M. Su, Y. Gao, A. Dou, J. Alloy. Compd. 638Y. Liu, Q. Wang, Y. Lu, B. Yang, M. Su, Y. Gao, A. Dou, J. Alloy. Compd. 638
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[353.82, 432.95, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.79, 433.38, 26.02, 5.94](2015) 1(2015) 1
low8444textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[358.75, 433.38, 5.32, 5.94]6.6.
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[311.52, 441.37, 12.28, 5.94][31][31]
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[327.79, 441.37, 3.52, 5.94]J.J.
low8447textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[334.71, 441.37, 23.39, 5.94]Cabana,Cabana,
low8448textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[361.52, 441.37, 4.76, 5.94]L.L.
low8449textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[369.69, 441.37, 75.56, 5.94]Monconduit, D. Larcher,Monconduit, D. Larcher,
low8450textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[448.66, 441.37, 13.25, 5.94]M.R.M.R.
low8451textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[465.32, 441.37, 22.98, 5.94]Palacin,Palacin,
low8452textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[491.74, 441.37, 13.39, 5.94]Adv.Adv.
low8453textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[508.52, 441.37, 54.01, 5.94]Mater. 22 (2010)Mater. 22 (2010)
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[342.87, 448.88, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.79, 449.31, 15.1, 5.94]E170E170
low8456textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[347.86, 449.31, 16.66, 5.94]E192.E192.
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[519.7, 456.87, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8458textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[311.52, 457.3, 12.28, 5.94][32][32]
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[327.79, 457.3, 191.86, 5.94]H. Li, P. Balaya, J. Maier, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004) A1878H. Li, P. Balaya, J. Maier, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004) A1878
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[524.69, 457.3, 21.02, 5.94]A1885.A1885.
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[203.01, 464.24, 78.64, 7.42]among the coatingsamong the coatings
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[286.18, 464.24, 7.42, 7.42]inin
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[311.52, 465.24, 12.28, 5.94][33][33]
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[342.99, 472.8, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[327.79, 473.23, 15.17, 5.94]55675567
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[347.92, 473.23, 16.71, 5.94]5577.5577.
low8468textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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[311.52, 481.17, 12.28, 5.94][34][34]
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[449.0, 488.73, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[426.5, 504.67, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[431.48, 505.09, 16.71, 5.94]3911.3911.
low8478textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
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[402.75, 520.6, 4.97, 6.37]ee
low8481textunknown_textafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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[407.74, 521.03, 20.51, 5.94]14297.14297.
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after_stopp8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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[548.5, 528.59, 4.97, 6.37]ee
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[311.53, 529.02, 12.28, 5.94][37][37]
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