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这里是差集：Docling 全量解析 text block 减去最终会进入正文的 block。优先人工检查 risk=high / medium。

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Diff Summary

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这些框显示被排除块，同时叠加真实图表资产框。青色虚线表示该 text block 被图表资产 caption 吸收；红色 STOP 是截断触发点，红色框是截断后被排除的块。

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Visual Assets

这是实际图表资产输出，不是审计层重新推断。

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1figureFig. 12sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[38.05, 44.56, 518.57, 356.44]Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c . Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains.
2figureFig. 23sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[32.39, 45.99, 492.51, 586.96]Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours, respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release.
3figureFig. 34sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[35.21, 48.06, 525.48, 263.51]Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMR particles and the response of individual crystals, which are typically not visible in conventional X-ray diffraction. Bright spots in the left column show initial multicrystal diffraction corresponding to tens of particles. D 1 , D 2 and D 3 correspond to three lattice distances. c , Ex situ HEXRD of the LMR cathode measured at different potentials. The peak marked by * comes from the polytetrafluoroethylene binder.
4figureFig. 45sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[35.44, 47.62, 521.0, 522.71]Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image of delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively.
5figureFig. 56sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[60.57, 49.52, 475.34, 168.21]Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3, which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages.
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white		[39.69, 50.78, 487.81, 52.07]Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathodeOrigin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode
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white		[39.69, 178.75, 96.29, 7.0]Accepted: 23 March 2022Accepted: 23 March 2022
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white		[217.32, 210.27, 344.32, 229.3]Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and impede commercialization, the prerequisite driving force for this phenomenon remains a mystery 3-6 Here, with in situ nanoscale sensitive coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, we reveal that nanostrain and lattice displacement accumulate continuously during operation of the cell. Evidence shows that this effect is the driving force for both structure degradation and oxygen loss, which trigger the well-known rapid voltage decay in LMR cathodes. By carrying out micro- to macro-length characterizations that span atomic structure, the primary particle, multiparticle and electrode levels, we demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of LMR cathodes inevitably causes pernicious phase displacement/strain, which cannot be eliminated by conventional doping or coating methods. We therefore propose mesostructural design as a strategy to mitigate lattice displacement and inhomogeneous electrochemical/ structural evolutions, thereby achieving stable voltage and capacity profiles. These findings highlight the significance of lattice strain/displacement in causing voltage decay and will inspire a wave of efforts to unlock the potential of the broad-scale commercialization of LMR cathode materials.Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and impede commercialization, the prerequisite driving force for this phenomenon remains a mystery 3-6 Here, with in situ nanoscale sensitive coherent X-ray diffraction imaging techniques, we reveal that nanostrain and lattice displacement accumulate continuously during operation of the cell. Evidence shows that this effect is the driving force for both structure degradation and oxygen loss, which trigger the well-known rapid voltage decay in LMR cathodes. By carrying out micro- to macro-length characterizations that span atomic structure, the primary particle, multiparticle and electrode levels, we demonstrate that the heterogeneous nature of LMR cathodes inevitably causes pernicious phase displacement/strain, which cannot be eliminated by conventional doping or coating methods. We therefore propose mesostructural design as a strategy to mitigate lattice displacement and inhomogeneous electrochemical/ structural evolutions, thereby achieving stable voltage and capacity profiles. These findings highlight the significance of lattice strain/displacement in causing voltage decay and will inspire a wave of efforts to unlock the potential of the broad-scale commercialization of LMR cathode materials.
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white		[39.68, 693.39, 516.3, 51.1]1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 4 Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 5 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK. 6 Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. 7 Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco. 8 Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 9 Present address: Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 10 These authors contributed equally: Tongchao Liu, Jiajie Liu, Luxi Li. ✉ e-mail: junlu@anl.gov; panfeng@pkusz.edu.cn; amine@anl.gov1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 4 Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 5 London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK. 6 Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. 7 Materials Science, Energy and Nano-engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco. 8 Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 9 Present address: Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 10 These authors contributed equally: Tongchao Liu, Jiajie Liu, Luxi Li. ✉ e-mail: junlu@anl.gov; panfeng@pkusz.edu.cn; amine@anl.gov
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white		[306.14, 189.31, 256.61, 50.66]Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y.Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at
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white		[39.69, 334.02, 491.08, 6.63]The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes.The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes.
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white		[39.69, 231.17, 423.01, 6.1]There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting.There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting.
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white		[39.69, 146.55, 164.42, 7.0]https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y
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white		[39.69, 162.65, 82.34, 7.0]Received: 8 June 2021Received: 8 June 2021
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white		[39.69, 194.86, 111.62, 7.0]Published online: 8 June 2022Published online: 8 June 2022
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white		[420.84, 763.83, 140.42, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305
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white		[39.69, 409.22, 245.59, 6.48]Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes.Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes.
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white		[39.69, 419.22, 247.95, 36.51]a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c .a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c .
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colored		[224.5, 131.17, 6.95, 4.29]1.21.2
low254textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[209, 234, 183]
colored		[238.06, 131.17, 9.73, 4.29]0.130.13
low255textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[200, 223, 175]
colored		[219.05, 137.22, 4.79, 6.0]RR
low256textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		[232.55, 137.22, 26.77, 6.0]= 5.73%= 5.73%
low257textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[533.82, 139.51, 10.37, 6.0]3rd3rd
low258textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[195, 218, 171]
colored		[223.85, 140.95, 6.76, 4.29]wpwp
low259textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[349.92, 144.05, 9.73, 6.0]3.03.0
low260textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		[228.76, 145.94, 26.77, 6.0]= 5.86%= 5.86%
low261textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		[219.05, 145.94, 4.79, 6.0]RR
low262textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[533.63, 148.02, 13.88, 6.0]20th20th
low263textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		[223.85, 149.67, 2.97, 4.29]pp
low264textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[377.62, 153.81, 44.98, 6.0]Voltage fadingVoltage fading
low265textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[533.63, 157.17, 13.88, 6.0]40th40th
low266textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[349.92, 165.7, 9.73, 6.0]2.52.5
low267textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		[533.63, 166.32, 13.88, 6.0]60th60th
low268textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[533.63, 176.11, 13.88, 6.0]80th80th
low269textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[533.63, 184.62, 17.77, 6.0]100th100th
low270textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[349.92, 187.36, 9.73, 6.0]2.02.0
low271textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[533.52, 192.71, 17.77, 6.0]120th120th
low272textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		[364.33, 205.74, 3.89, 6.0]00
low273textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[386.82, 205.74, 7.78, 6.0]5050
low274textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[409.31, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]100100
low275textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[433.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]150150
low276textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[458.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]200200
low277textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		[483.3, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]250250
low278textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		[507.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]300300
low279textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[532.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]350350
low280textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[187.31, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]55
low281textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[219.76, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]66
low282textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[252.22, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]77
low283textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[284.68, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]88
low284textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[317.14, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]99
low285textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[185.05, 215.75, 3.45, 7.93]TT
low286textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[181.16, 216.66, 3.89, 6.0]22
low287textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[188.5, 216.66, 8.37, 6.0](°)
low288textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[426.88, 218.68, 58.96, 6.0]Capacity (mAh g -1 )Capacity (mAh g -1 )
low289textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[227.79, 237.94, 5.18, 6.96]dd
low290textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[404.12, 237.94, 5.04, 6.96]ee
low291textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		[527.9, 305.41, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
low292textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[148, 148, 254]
colored		[241.46, 380.0, 15.7, 6.0]1 nm1 nm
low293textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		[534.8, 390.23, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
low294textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		[526.57, 390.23, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
low295textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[203, 165, 141]
colored		[532.02, 393.96, 2.78, 4.29]22
low296captioncaptiondocling_captiondocling_caption
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 409.22, 254.69, 46.5]Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains.Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains.
low299section_headerbody_headingbody_headingbody_heading
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 712.98, 187.01, 9.02]Strain evolution observed through BCDIStrain evolution observed through BCDI
low3101textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[76.83, 51.31, 4.89, 6.96]aa
low3102textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 206, 206]
colored		[88.0, 83.97, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3103textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[209, 209, 209]
gray		[83.08, 144.85, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3104textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		[95.3, 144.85, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3105textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[108.99, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3106textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[121.93, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3107textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[206, 206, 206]
gray		[133.45, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3108textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		[142.48, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3109textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[151.65, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3110textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[159.73, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3111textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[165.8, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3112textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
gray		[131.82, 159.42, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3113textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		[144.04, 159.42, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3114textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 202, 202]
colored		[88.0, 161.17, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3115textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[199, 199, 199]
gray		[107.29, 173.36, 37.78, 4.29]Displacement (Å)Displacement (Å)
low3116textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 254, 254]
white		[149.43, 177.87, 12.51, 4.29]1.1241.124
low3117textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[252, 253, 252]
white		[86.06, 178.33, 15.01, 4.29]-1.124-1.124
low3118textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[154.63, 198.22, 17.01, 5.14]3.99 V3.99 V
low3119textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[76.31, 200.48, 5.04, 6.96]ee
low3120textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
gray		[135.5, 204.26, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3121textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[147.72, 204.26, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3122textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[255, 242, 242]
gray		[101.72, 205.71, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3123textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[227, 227, 227]
gray		[130.43, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3124textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[225, 225, 225]
gray		[130.43, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3125textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 205, 205]
colored		[101.72, 250.78, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3126textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[232, 232, 232]
gray		[130.43, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3127textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		[130.43, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3128textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[130.43, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3129textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		[101.72, 296.53, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3130textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[113.94, 296.53, 3.05, 4.28]ZZ
low3131textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		[130.43, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3132textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[130.43, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3133textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[154.69, 348.6, 17.01, 5.14]4.43 V4.43 V
low3134textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[76.77, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96]ii
low3135textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 207, 207]
colored		[97.16, 355.18, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3136textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[225, 225, 225]
gray		[138.54, 355.18, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3137textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[150.76, 355.18, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3138textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[238, 238, 238]
gray		[130.43, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3139textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[130.43, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3140textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 209, 209]
colored		[97.16, 400.32, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3141textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[130.43, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3142textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		[130.43, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3143textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[130.43, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3144textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
gray		[97.16, 446.08, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3145textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[205, 205, 205]
gray		[109.38, 446.08, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3146textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[196, 196, 196]
gray		[130.43, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3147textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[130.43, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3148textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[90.53, 496.84, 7.7, 6.96]mm
low3149textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		[105.5, 499.24, 3.34, 5.14]55
low3150textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[236, 240, 226]
gray		[126.13, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14]Stage 1Stage 1
low3151textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[93.27, 526.27, 5.14, 65.13]Voltage (V versus Li/Li + )Voltage (V versus Li/Li + )
low3152textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[105.5, 531.17, 3.34, 5.14]44
low3153textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		[105.5, 563.07, 3.34, 5.14]33
low3154textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		[105.5, 595.01, 3.34, 5.14]22
low3155textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[107.06, 616.69, 3.34, 5.14]00
low3156textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[135.52, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14]2.52.5
low3157textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[165.6, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14]5.05.0
low3158textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[172.17, 625.68, 21.23, 5.14]Time (h)Time (h)
low3159captioncaptionoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.66, 644.58, 249.06, 46.51]Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours,Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours,
low3161textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[388.9, 49.74, 17.01, 5.14]3.75 V3.75 V
low3162textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[503.43, 49.89, 17.01, 5.14]3.90 V3.90 V
low3163textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[276.42, 49.97, 12.56, 5.14]OCVOCV
low3164textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[192.54, 51.31, 5.18, 6.96]bb
low3165textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[308.2, 51.31, 4.89, 6.96]cc
low3166textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[424.36, 51.31, 5.18, 6.96]dd
low3167textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
gray		[368.23, 55.39, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3168textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[380.45, 55.39, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3169textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 231, 231]
colored		[331.14, 55.85, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3170textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[215, 215, 215]
gray		[482.39, 56.15, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3171textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[494.61, 56.15, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3172textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[225, 225, 225]
gray		[250.93, 56.46, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3173textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[263.15, 56.46, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3174textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 218, 218]
colored		[448.24, 56.54, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3175textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 202, 202]
colored		[218.15, 57.38, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3176textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[245.65, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3177textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[362.75, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3178textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[476.48, 67.72, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3179textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[221, 221, 221]
gray		[245.65, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3180textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[186, 186, 186]
gray		[362.75, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3181textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[476.48, 84.95, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3182textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 209, 209]
colored		[331.14, 101.0, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3183textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 216, 216]
colored		[448.24, 101.68, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3184textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 211, 211]
colored		[218.15, 102.53, 14.82, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3185textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		[245.65, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3186textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		[362.75, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3187textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[476.48, 102.82, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3188textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		[245.65, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3189textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[362.75, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3190textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		[476.48, 123.86, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3191textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[245.65, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3192textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[190, 190, 190]
gray		[362.75, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3193textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[476.48, 143.41, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3194textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
gray		[331.14, 146.75, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3195textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[205, 205, 205]
gray		[343.36, 146.75, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3196textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
gray		[448.24, 147.44, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3197textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[460.46, 147.44, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3198textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[210, 210, 210]
gray		[218.15, 148.28, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3199textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[182, 182, 182]
gray		[230.37, 148.28, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3200textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[218, 218, 218]
gray		[245.65, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3201textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[190, 190, 190]
gray		[362.75, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3202textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[213, 213, 213]
gray		[476.48, 161.24, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3203textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		[245.65, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3204textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		[362.75, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3205textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[476.48, 177.43, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3206textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[271.97, 198.68, 17.01, 5.14]4.09 V4.09 V
low3207textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[386.1, 199.21, 17.01, 5.14]4.25 V4.25 V
low3208textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[503.34, 199.21, 17.01, 5.14]4.38 V4.38 V
low3209textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[192.96, 200.48, 3.11, 6.96]ff
low3210textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[308.64, 200.48, 5.04, 6.96]gg
low3211textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[425.73, 200.48, 5.18, 6.96]hh
low3212textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[216, 216, 216]
gray		[371.08, 205.55, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3213textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		[383.3, 205.55, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3214textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
gray		[254.34, 205.7, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3215textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[266.56, 205.7, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3216textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 218, 218]
colored		[218.22, 205.78, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3217textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
gray		[483.54, 206.62, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3218textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[495.76, 206.62, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3219textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 229, 229]
colored		[329.25, 207.0, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3220textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
colored		[450.75, 207.61, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3221textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
gray		[245.65, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3222textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[362.75, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3223textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[227, 227, 227]
gray		[476.48, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3224textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
gray		[245.65, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3225textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
gray		[362.75, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3226textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[476.48, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3227textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 211, 211]
colored		[218.22, 250.93, 14.82, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3228textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[245.65, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3229textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[362.75, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3230textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[232, 232, 232]
gray		[476.48, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3231textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 186, 186]
colored		[329.25, 252.15, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3232textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 180, 180]
colored		[450.75, 252.68, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3233textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[215, 215, 215]
gray		[245.65, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3234textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[182, 182, 182]
gray		[362.75, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3235textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		[476.48, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3236textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[199, 199, 199]
gray		[245.65, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3237textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[209, 209, 209]
gray		[362.75, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3238textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[476.48, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3239textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
gray		[218.22, 296.68, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3240textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[230.44, 296.68, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3241textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		[329.25, 297.9, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3242textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[341.47, 297.9, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3243textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
gray		[450.75, 298.44, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3244textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[224, 224, 224]
gray		[462.97, 298.44, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3245textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[245.65, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3246textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[167, 167, 167]
gray		[362.75, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3247textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		[476.48, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3248textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[245.65, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3249textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
gray		[362.75, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3250textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[476.48, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3251textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[387.76, 348.07, 17.01, 5.14]4.49 V4.49 V
low3252textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[271.97, 348.53, 17.01, 5.14]4.46 V4.46 V
low3253textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[504.31, 348.53, 17.01, 5.14]4.51 V4.51 V
low3254textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[179, 179, 179]
gray		[193.39, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96]jj
low3255textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[309.56, 352.16, 4.89, 6.96]kk
low3256textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[425.2, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96]ll
low3257textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
gray		[250.9, 354.19, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3258textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[263.12, 354.19, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3259textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 224, 224]
colored		[215.23, 354.19, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3260textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[486.6, 354.87, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3261textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[498.82, 354.87, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3262textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
colored		[447.13, 354.87, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3263textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		[366.98, 355.02, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3264textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[379.2, 355.02, 3.06, 4.28]YY
low3265textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
colored		[331.31, 355.02, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
low3266textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[245.65, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3267textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		[360.25, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3268textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[234, 234, 234]
gray		[476.48, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29]11
low3269textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[245.65, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3270textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[360.25, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3271textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		[476.48, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
low3272textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 190, 190]
colored		[215.23, 399.26, 14.82, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3273textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 195, 195]
colored		[447.13, 400.02, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3274textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 174, 174]
colored		[331.31, 400.09, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
low3275textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		[245.65, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3276textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		[360.25, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3277textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[476.48, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
low3278textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[210, 210, 210]
gray		[245.65, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3279textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
gray		[360.25, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3280textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		[476.48, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
low3281textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[245.65, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3282textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		[360.25, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3283textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		[476.48, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
low3284textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[215.23, 445.01, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3285textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[215, 215, 215]
gray		[227.45, 445.01, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3286textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[240, 240, 240]
gray		[447.13, 445.7, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3287textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[191, 191, 191]
gray		[459.35, 445.7, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3288textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		[330.36, 445.85, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
low3289textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[342.58, 445.85, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
low3290textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
gray		[245.65, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3291textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
gray		[360.25, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3292textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[193, 193, 193]
gray		[476.48, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
low3293textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[245.65, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3294textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		[360.25, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3295textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[476.48, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
low3296textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[293.52, 496.84, 5.18, 6.96]nn
low3297textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[437.78, 496.84, 5.04, 6.96]oo
low3298textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[263.04, 500.35, 11.68, 5.14]0.200.20
low3299textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		[305.69, 500.44, 3.34, 5.14]44
low3300textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[394.33, 507.62, 4.67, 5.14]LiLi
low3301textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[401.39, 507.62, 15.5, 6.87]MnO 3MnO 3
low3302textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 217, 219]
colored		[189.12, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14]Stage 2Stage 2
low3303textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[293.74, 510.29, 5.14, 95.79]Formation energy of O vacancy (eV)Formation energy of O vacancy (eV)
low3304textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[399.0, 510.81, 2.38, 3.67]22
low3305textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[445.96, 514.36, 5.14, 84.13]Formation energy of O vacancyFormation energy of O vacancy
low3306textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[394.15, 516.84, 4.67, 5.14]LiLi
low3307textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[404.77, 516.84, 15.5, 6.87]MnO 3MnO 3
low3308textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		[398.82, 520.04, 5.96, 3.67]1.51.5
low3309textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		[305.69, 528.36, 3.34, 5.14]33
low3310textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[263.04, 531.4, 11.68, 5.14]0.150.15
low3311textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		[278.92, 532.55, 5.14, 54.79]Gas evolution (nmol)Gas evolution (nmol)
low3312textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 219, 232]
colored		[216.31, 533.84, 41.11, 5.14]Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
low3313textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[493.78, 534.0, 18.11, 5.14]LatticeLattice
low3314textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[247, 247, 247]
off_white		[493.78, 541.2, 16.45, 5.14]strainstrain
low3315textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 239, 245]
gray		[216.31, 541.39, 20.67, 5.14]OxygenOxygen
low3316textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[305.69, 556.29, 3.34, 5.14]22
low3317textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[263.04, 562.42, 11.68, 5.14]0.100.10
low3318textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[243, 248, 252]
off_white		[482.7, 563.28, 41.56, 5.14]Oxygen releaseOxygen release
low3319textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[305.69, 584.21, 3.34, 5.14]11
low3320textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[231, 241, 248]
gray		[478.48, 589.13, 44.56, 5.14]Oxygen vacancyOxygen vacancy
low3321textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[263.04, 593.47, 11.68, 5.14]0.050.05
low3322textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[305.69, 612.13, 3.34, 5.14]00
low3323textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[195.66, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14]7.57.5
low3324textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[224.3, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14]10.010.0
low3325textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[254.38, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14]12.512.5
low3326textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[323.04, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]00
low3327textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[341.15, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]22
low3328textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[359.27, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]44
low3329textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		[377.38, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]66
low3330textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[234, 234, 234]
gray		[395.51, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]88
low3331textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[412.07, 617.16, 6.67, 5.14]1010
low3332textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		[356.2, 625.68, 26.44, 5.14]Strain (%)Strain (%)
low3333captioncaptiondocling_captiondocling_caption
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.11, 644.6, 255.59, 46.49]respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release.respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release.
low3335page_footerpage_footerdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[421.44, 763.83, 139.82, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307
low4336section_headermetadatadocument_uidocument_ui
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23]ArticleArticle
low4337textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[46.75, 52.19, 4.89, 6.96]aa
low4338textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:gray[241, 244, 248]
gray		[89.3, 53.59, 34.79, 5.14]MacroscopicMacroscopic
low4339textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 250, 250]
white		[119.75, 167.11, 12.0, 5.14]XRDXRD
low4340textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[46.75, 170.35, 4.89, 6.96]cc
low4341textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		[72.28, 179.16, 10.47, 4.29]2.0D2.0D
low4342textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
gray		[136.27, 182.86, 13.12, 5.14](003)(003)
low4343textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[63.97, 186.56, 10.47, 4.29]3.0D3.0D
low4344textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[161.21, 187.15, 13.12, 5.14](101)(101)
low4345textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[107.13, 191.02, 3.17, 7.72]*
low4346textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[57.33, 195.27, 10.47, 4.29]3.2D3.2D
low4347textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[52.08, 208.26, 10.47, 4.29]3.6D3.6D
low4348textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		[65.68, 216.96, 10.47, 4.29]4.0D4.0D
low4349textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[62.8, 221.9, 10.47, 4.29]4.2D4.2D
low4350textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		[60.44, 226.83, 10.47, 4.29]4.4D4.4D
low4351textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[55.73, 230.99, 6.95, 4.29]4.74.7
low4352textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[57.72, 237.74, 6.95, 4.29]4.64.6
low4353textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		[57.76, 248.66, 9.73, 4.29]4.534.53
low4354textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		[58.35, 260.02, 6.95, 4.29]4.54.5
low4355textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		[60.44, 265.6, 9.73, 4.29]4.454.45
low4356textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[62.1, 271.19, 6.95, 4.29]4.44.4
low4357textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		[66.75, 283.14, 6.95, 4.29]4.04.0
low4358textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
gray		[72.78, 290.11, 8.52, 4.29]PrisPris
low4359textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white[247, 247, 247]
off_white		[48.27, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]55
low4360textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		[60.34, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]44
low4361textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[72.43, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]33
low4362textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[84.49, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]22
low4363textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[91.08, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.341.34
low4364textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[112.8, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.381.38
low4365textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[135.96, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.421.42
low4366textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[156.55, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.72.7
low4367textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		[51.69, 306.58, 32.0, 5.14]Potential (V)Potential (V)
low4368captioncaptionoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 326.56, 252.65, 56.51]Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMRFig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMR
low4371page_footerpage_footerdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p4:body_region:0p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 763.83, 140.63, 7.02]308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
low4372textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[230, 230, 230]
gray		[310.9, 52.19, 5.18, 6.96]bb
low4373textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[211, 230, 244]
colored		[173.31, 53.98, 50.54, 5.14]Quasi-microscopicQuasi-microscopic
low4374textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[212, 241, 252]
colored		[266.96, 53.98, 32.91, 5.14]MicroscopicMicroscopic
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p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[169, 137, 214]
colored		[358.93, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4376textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[154, 136, 210]
colored		[471.87, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4377textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[167, 149, 213]
colored		[525.41, 97.37, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 2.000 VDis 2.000 V
low4378textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 122, 215]
colored		[416.59, 97.37, 20.0, 5.14]PristinePristine
low4379textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 137, 217]
colored		[492.31, 112.45, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4380textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[165, 136, 217]
colored		[358.93, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4381textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[137, 107, 214]
colored		[474.37, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4382textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[178, 151, 228]
colored		[525.41, 148.04, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 3.973 VDis 3.973 V
low4383textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[175, 153, 221]
colored		[414.57, 148.04, 22.01, 5.14]4.385 V4.385 V
low4384textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[159, 133, 210]
colored		[382.3, 164.41, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4385textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[170, 151, 224]
colored		[493.42, 166.23, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4386textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		[275.24, 166.84, 14.22, 5.14]BCDIBCDI
low4387textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		[195.53, 167.11, 18.11, 5.14]CMCDCMCD
low4388textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[189, 176, 226]
colored		[359.45, 184.81, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4389textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[230.94, 185.07, 28.23, 5.14](018)/(110)(018)/(110)
low4390textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[161, 144, 222]
colored		[478.7, 186.5, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4391textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		[275.48, 194.55, 13.12, 5.14](113)(113)
low4392textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[190.35, 195.86, 13.12, 5.14](102)(102)
low4393textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[158, 137, 219]
colored		[525.41, 198.86, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.258 VDis 4.258 V
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p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[168, 136, 221]
colored		[416.23, 198.87, 20.35, 5.14]4.472 V4.472 V
low4395textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[144, 115, 214]
colored		[501.26, 211.18, 6.61, 6.87]D 3D 3
low4396textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[162, 140, 211]
colored		[374.5, 215.21, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4397textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[163, 143, 217]
colored		[479.89, 219.37, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4398textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[170, 143, 226]
colored		[501.66, 234.96, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4399textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[192, 176, 228]
colored		[359.45, 236.51, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4400textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[160, 140, 218]
colored		[525.41, 250.16, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.476 VDis 4.476 V
low4401textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[184, 166, 224]
colored		[416.23, 250.16, 20.35, 5.14]4.562 V4.562 V
low4402textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[178, 155, 224]
colored		[502.89, 263.02, 6.61, 6.87]D 3D 3
low4403textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[159, 129, 208]
colored		[374.56, 266.92, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
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p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[164, 126, 213]
colored		[479.89, 270.85, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
low4405textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[202, 181, 230]
colored		[359.45, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4406textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[179, 157, 225]
colored		[501.66, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
low4407textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[178.8, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.82.8
low4408textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		[201.04, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.92.9
low4409textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[232.77, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]4.64.6
low4410textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[260.14, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]4.84.8
low4411textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		[287.85, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]5.05.0
low4412textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[181, 155, 224]
colored		[416.23, 301.0, 20.35, 5.15]4.800 V4.800 V
low4413textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[162, 130, 217]
colored		[525.4, 301.0, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.556 VDis 4.556 V
low4414textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		[186.95, 305.8, 2.96, 6.8]TT
low4415textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		[183.61, 306.58, 3.34, 5.14]22
low4416textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[189.9, 306.58, 7.18, 5.14](°)
low4419section_headerbody_headingbody_headingbody_heading
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 551.73, 173.83, 9.02]Origin and relaxation of tensile strainOrigin and relaxation of tensile strain
low5421textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[54.63, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96]aa
low5422textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[120, 120, 120]
gray		[56.19, 199.74, 19.59, 6.0]10 nm10 nm
low5423textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[55.14, 224.0, 5.18, 6.96]dd
low5424textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[140.89, 230.12, 69.36, 6.0]3D electron diffraction3D electron diffraction
low5425textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 229, 229]
colored		[138.94, 253.83, 45.38, 6.0]Electron beamElectron beam
low5426textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[49.85, 407.3, 5.18, 6.96]hh
low5427textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[132, 132, 132]
gray		[56.19, 549.26, 19.59, 6.0]5 nm5 nm
low5428captioncaptionoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 579.87, 255.78, 56.51]Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image ofFig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image of
low5430textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[222.35, 55.93, 5.18, 6.96]bb
low5431textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[391.61, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96]cc
low5432textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[118, 118, 118]
gray		[449.82, 135.17, 29.34, 32.52]Lattice twistLattice twist
low5433textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[160, 160, 160]
gray		[227.69, 180.47, 65.09, 6.0]Lattice displacementLattice displacement
low5434textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[134, 134, 134]
gray		[227.69, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0]2 nm2 nm
low5435textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[135, 135, 135]
gray		[397.35, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0]1 nm1 nm
low5436textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[221.21, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96]ee
low5437textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[389.73, 224.0, 3.11, 6.96]ff
low5438textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		[473.24, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96]gg
low5439textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[168, 162, 29]
colored		[509.46, 250.28, 19.45, 6.0]SpinelSpinel
low5440textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[55, 89, 139]
colored		[409.91, 309.05, 30.6, 6.0]Lattice tiltLattice tilt
low5441textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[112, 165, 33]
colored		[391.9, 352.92, 7.52, 6.0]C*C*
low5442textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[186, 180, 22]
colored		[481.65, 359.73, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
low5443textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 147, 28]
colored		[489.87, 359.74, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
low5444textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[117, 184, 23]
colored		[230.36, 360.73, 7.52, 6.0]C*C*
low5445textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[152, 145, 28]
colored		[487.09, 363.47, 2.78, 4.29]22
low5446textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[166, 133, 40]
colored		[267.17, 376.77, 21.27, 6.0](-120)*(-120)*
low5447textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[184, 160, 32]
colored		[306.18, 384.15, 6.1, 6.0]a*a*
low5448textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[193, 193, 193]
gray		[274.21, 404.75, 2.52, 6.96]jj
low5449textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[198.17, 405.03, 2.52, 6.96]ii
low5450textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		[375.42, 405.03, 4.89, 6.96]kk
low5451textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[144, 144, 73]
colored		[509.94, 406.72, 18.6, 8.02]Mn L 3Mn L 3
low5452textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 216, 19]
colored		[528.53, 406.73, 6.22, 6.0]/L/L
low5453textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[146, 145, 72]
colored		[534.76, 410.46, 2.78, 4.29]22
low5454textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[5, 114, 76]
colored		[197.2, 539.22, 32.81, 6.0]O prepeakO prepeak
low5455captioncaptiondocling_captiondocling_caption
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 579.88, 254.14, 46.49]delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively.delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively.
low5458page_footerpage_footerdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p5:body_region:0p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[420.49, 763.83, 140.78, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309
low6459section_headermetadatadocument_uidocument_ui
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23]ArticleArticle
low6460textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[73.35, 56.14, 4.2, 6.0]+
low6461textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		[109.78, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
low6462textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		[63.68, 87.17, 6.0, 30.46]Strain barStrain bar
low6463textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		[80.59, 100.18, 6.0, 3.89]00
low6464textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[73.7, 141.74, 3.5, 6.0]-
low6465textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		[133.05, 154.48, 40.71, 6.0]Pristine statePristine state
low6466textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[189, 215, 238]
colored		[139.25, 175.65, 14.65, 6.0]OCVOCV
low6467textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		[112.16, 198.34, 80.53, 14.4]LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixingLiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing
low6468captioncaptionoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.68, 227.91, 253.08, 56.5]Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3,Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3,
low6471page_footerpage_footerdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p6:body_region:0p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 763.83, 14.43, 6.99]310310
low6472page_footerpage_footerdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p6:body_region:0p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[54.04, 763.83, 124.62, 7.02]| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
low6473textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[252, 230, 230]
colored		[412.33, 53.98, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
low6474textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[252, 243, 240]
gray		[502.57, 53.98, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
low6475textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:off_white[252, 246, 243]
off_white		[510.79, 53.98, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
low6476textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		[181.47, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
low6477textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		[189.7, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
low6478textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[238, 243, 249]
gray		[338.52, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
low6479textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 245, 251]
gray		[346.74, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
low6480textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[240, 151, 151]
colored		[266.82, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
low6481textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 205, 203]
gray		[508.02, 57.71, 2.78, 4.29]22
low6482textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[190, 198, 214]
colored		[186.92, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29]22
low6483textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[213, 218, 223]
gray		[343.96, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29]22
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[252, 240, 239]
gray		[444.7, 85.48, 27.11, 5.14]O releaseO release
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 229, 226]
gray		[495.77, 112.07, 35.45, 5.14]TM migrationTM migration
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p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[263.6, 154.01, 74.04, 6.0]Delithiation from LiTMODelithiation from LiTMO
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[422.76, 154.01, 58.6, 6.0]Delithiation from LiDelithiation from Li
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[484.14, 154.01, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		[337.64, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29]22
low6490textvisual_textvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
gray		[481.36, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29]22
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[222, 109, 106]
colored		[299.06, 175.64, 19.84, 6.0]4.47 V4.47 V
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 210, 184]
colored		[466.97, 175.64, 15.95, 6.0]4.8 V4.8 V
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		[264.64, 198.34, 89.36, 14.4]Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 VStrain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		[430.5, 198.34, 81.54, 14.4]Strain triggering O release and TM migrationStrain triggering O release and TM migration
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 227.9, 253.58, 46.5]which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages.which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages.
low6496section_headerbody_headingbody_headingbody_heading
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 315.23, 201.78, 9.02]Atomic observation of lattice displacementAtomic observation of lattice displacement
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p7:body_region:0p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[39.69, 196.98, 193.3, 9.02]A prospect for LMR cathode developmentA prospect for LMR cathode development
low7506section_headerbody_headingbody_headingbody_heading
p7:body_region:1p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		[306.14, 175.48, 70.24, 9.02]Online contentOnline content
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white		[39.69, 28.45, 42.78, 12.99]ArticleArticle
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white		[39.69, 80.63, 63.44, 7.88]DFT calculationDFT calculation
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white		[39.69, 295.63, 88.37, 7.88]Gas evolution analysisGas evolution analysis
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white		[39.69, 467.63, 75.4, 7.88]TEM measurementTEM measurement
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white		[306.14, 143.23, 77.19, 9.02]Data availabilityData availability
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white		[306.14, 157.06, 256.57, 18.41]The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.
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white		[306.14, 191.24, 243.29, 21.29]Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013).Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013).
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white		[306.14, 230.29, 256.68, 125.5]Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicles, US-China Clean Energy Research Centre (CERC-CVC2) under US DOE EERE Vehicle Technologies Office. Argonne National Laboratory is operated for DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research was also supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0700600), Soft Science Research Project of Guangdong Province (no. 2017B030301013) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grants (no. ZDSYS201707281026184). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (11-ID-C, 9BM and 34-ID-C), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-SC0012704. Electron microscopy was carried out at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility, supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357.Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicles, US-China Clean Energy Research Centre (CERC-CVC2) under US DOE EERE Vehicle Technologies Office. Argonne National Laboratory is operated for DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357. This research was also supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFB0700600), Soft Science Research Project of Guangdong Province (no. 2017B030301013) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Research Grants (no. ZDSYS201707281026184). This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source (11-ID-C, 9BM and 34-ID-C), a US DOE Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357. Work at Brookhaven National Laboratory was supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-SC0012704. Electron microscopy was carried out at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility, supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract no. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
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white		[306.14, 368.55, 254.86, 53.36]Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Liu, L.Y., T.Z., Y.X., W.Z. and J.W. carried out the TEM, EELS and 3D-rED measurements. T.L., A.D., T.W., L.W. and Y.R. performed ex situ synchrotron HEXRD and XAS. T.L., L.L, J.D., W.C., R.H. and I.R. performed in situ BCDI, CMCD and data analysis. S.L., J.Z. and F.P. conducted DFT calculation. T.L., J. Liu, J. Lu, F.P. and K.A. wrote the manuscript and all authors edited the manuscript.Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Liu, L.Y., T.Z., Y.X., W.Z. and J.W. carried out the TEM, EELS and 3D-rED measurements. T.L., A.D., T.W., L.W. and Y.R. performed ex situ synchrotron HEXRD and XAS. T.L., L.L, J.D., W.C., R.H. and I.R. performed in situ BCDI, CMCD and data analysis. S.L., J.Z. and F.P. conducted DFT calculation. T.L., J. Liu, J. Lu, F.P. and K.A. wrote the manuscript and all authors edited the manuscript.
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white		[306.14, 433.66, 177.89, 5.26]Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
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white		[306.14, 451.68, 63.4, 5.25]Additional informationAdditional information
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white		[306.14, 459.69, 254.68, 13.28]Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine.
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white		[306.14, 475.73, 253.66, 13.28]Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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white		[39.69, 554.15, 254.95, 46.51]Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distribution of the as-prepared LMR cathode. The mean particle size of LMR cathode is around 583 nm. d The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of LMR. e TheExtended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distribution of the as-prepared LMR cathode. The mean particle size of LMR cathode is around 583 nm. d The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of LMR. e The
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white		[306.14, 554.17, 256.06, 46.49]corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM-EDS results of the pristine LMR cathode. The actual chemical composition complies well with the design (Mn : Co : Ni = 4 : 1 : 1).corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM-EDS results of the pristine LMR cathode. The actual chemical composition complies well with the design (Mn : Co : Ni = 4 : 1 : 1).
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white		[39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96]ArticleArticle
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white		[39.69, 473.63, 251.82, 57.32]Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemical stages at different voltage ranges. Stage 1 corresponds to the Li + extraction (de-lithiation) from LiTMO 2 domains with concomitant oxidation of Ni 2+ and Co 3+ . Stage 2 corresponds to the activation of Li 2 MnO3 domains, further Li+Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemical stages at different voltage ranges. Stage 1 corresponds to the Li + extraction (de-lithiation) from LiTMO 2 domains with concomitant oxidation of Ni 2+ and Co 3+ . Stage 2 corresponds to the activation of Li 2 MnO3 domains, further Li+
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white		[306.14, 473.63, 252.85, 46.5]extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffusion coefficient keeps stable in stage 1 but dramatically decreases after the activation of Li2MnO3 domains (stage 2).extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffusion coefficient keeps stable in stage 1 but dramatically decreases after the activation of Li2MnO3 domains (stage 2).
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white		[39.68, 335.51, 254.49, 46.5]Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle morphology with average particle size of 100-200 nm. b The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. c TheExtended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle morphology with average particle size of 100-200 nm. b The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. c The
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white		[306.14, 335.51, 240.62, 46.5]corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS for the first charge of Li 2 MnO3. The signal of O 2 evolution is not detected until 20% delithiation of Li2MnO3.corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS for the first charge of Li 2 MnO3. The signal of O 2 evolution is not detected until 20% delithiation of Li2MnO3.
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white		[39.69, 350.99, 256.3, 66.51]Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be observed in the 2 theta range of 1.5-1.8°. The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from ex situ XRD pattern, particularly in the 2 theta range of 3.0-6.0°. b The in situ XRD patterns of the as-prepared LMR cathode during the first charge/discharge in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V using a current rate of C/10Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be observed in the 2 theta range of 1.5-1.8°. The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from ex situ XRD pattern, particularly in the 2 theta range of 3.0-6.0°. b The in situ XRD patterns of the as-prepared LMR cathode during the first charge/discharge in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V using a current rate of C/10
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white		[306.14, 350.04, 252.98, 57.46](1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is completely consistent with that in ex situ XRD (Figure 3c). c-e Ex situ Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra of the samples at pristine, 4.5V and 4.8V and the corresponding fitting results. Detailed fitting results are shown in Extended Data Table 2.(1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is completely consistent with that in ex situ XRD (Figure 3c). c-e Ex situ Mn K-edge EXAFS spectra of the samples at pristine, 4.5V and 4.8V and the corresponding fitting results. Detailed fitting results are shown in Extended Data Table 2.
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white		[39.69, 573.71, 517.55, 16.5]Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices in the marked areas are deformed significantly.Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices in the marked areas are deformed significantly.
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white		[39.69, 662.99, 249.08, 57.32]Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The corresponding Fourier pattern of the select area of Extended Data Fig. 6a. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for layer [210], spinel [112], and Li 2 MnO3 [100]/[110]. h , i and j TEM images of the LMRExtended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The corresponding Fourier pattern of the select area of Extended Data Fig. 6a. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for layer [210], spinel [112], and Li 2 MnO3 [100]/[110]. h , i and j TEM images of the LMR
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white		[306.15, 662.99, 255.75, 46.51]cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the different particles and the corresponding FFT images confirm the existence of spinel phase at 4.5 V, which is highly consistent with Fig. 4g results.cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the different particles and the corresponding FFT images confirm the existence of spinel phase at 4.5 V, which is highly consistent with Fig. 4g results.
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white		[39.69, 463.31, 517.29, 16.5]Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f.Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f.
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white		[39.69, 650.51, 252.02, 36.51]Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image of the sample charged to 4.5 V. In addition to the typical layeredExtended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image of the sample charged to 4.5 V. In addition to the typical layered
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white		[306.14, 650.51, 247.52, 36.5]structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112], and Li2MnO3 [100]/[110].structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112], and Li2MnO3 [100]/[110].
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white		[39.68, 662.99, 255.14, 56.51]Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer with the spinel phase can be visualized. c Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the direction from surface to bulk. The intensity of O-K edge pre-peaksExtended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer with the spinel phase can be visualized. c Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the direction from surface to bulk. The intensity of O-K edge pre-peaks
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white		[306.13, 663.01, 248.09, 56.51]substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the surface fringe. The O-K line-scan parallel to the surface confirms that the oxygen release uniformly occurs in the entire particle surface as the disappeared O pre-peak.substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge , Mn L-edge , Co & Ni L-edge for the LMR charged to 4.8 V along the surface fringe. The O-K line-scan parallel to the surface confirms that the oxygen release uniformly occurs in the entire particle surface as the disappeared O pre-peak.
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white		[39.68, 435.95, 254.34, 76.5]Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry are indexed by blue marks, while some tiny peaks belonging to O3 phase with R-3m symmetry are indexed by red marks. b High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangements of O2 phase LMR. The Li2 MnO3-like domain is rarely observed in the O2-type LMR, which suggests that the Li@Mn 6 structural motifs in the O2 type LMR cathode are dispersed in the TM layer instead ofExtended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry are indexed by blue marks, while some tiny peaks belonging to O3 phase with R-3m symmetry are indexed by red marks. b High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangements of O2 phase LMR. The Li2 MnO3-like domain is rarely observed in the O2-type LMR, which suggests that the Li@Mn 6 structural motifs in the O2 type LMR cathode are dispersed in the TM layer instead of
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white		[306.14, 435.95, 248.81, 66.51]being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviour with no apparently differentiated voltage plateaus indicates effectively suppressed differential electrochemical activities. d The voltage stability of the O2 type LMR cathode during cycles presents in the plot of average (mean) voltage profiles vs cycle number.being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviour with no apparently differentiated voltage plateaus indicates effectively suppressed differential electrochemical activities. d The voltage stability of the O2 type LMR cathode during cycles presents in the plot of average (mean) voltage profiles vs cycle number.
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white		[39.69, 49.89, 512.2, 7.87]Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathodeExtended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode
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white		[39.69, 49.89, 402.15, 7.87]Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS dataExtended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data