Docling layout block audit

original.pdf docling.json layout_blocks.json layout_blocks.tsv layout_blocks.jsonl excluded_blocks.html excluded_blocks.tsv final_body_blocks.tsv visual_assets.tsv visual_assets.json

Summary

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Diff Summary

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Truncation

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Page Overlays

Green = final body chunks. Orange/purple asset boxes = actual figure/table assets used by ingestion. Cyan dashed text boxes = text blocks consumed by those assets as caption continuations. Red STOP = truncation trigger. Red boxes = blocks after truncation.

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Visual Assets

这里对齐真实图表资产提取链路。caption_source=embedded_table_cell 表示表注来自 Docling table cell，不会出现在 text block 审计差集里；caption_continuation_used_by_asset 表示某个 text block 已被图表 caption 吸收，不应按普通 metadata 解读。

#typelabelpagecaption sourcesuppressedduplicate reasonrescue reasongroupconfidencebboxcaption
1figureFig. 12sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[38.05, 44.56, 518.57, 356.44]Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes. a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM image showing the atomic arrangement of the LMR cathode. d , Enlarged image of c . Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the bright spot columns. e , Schematic structure of LiTMO 2 domains and Li2MnO3 domains.
2figureFig. 23sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[32.39, 45.99, 492.51, 586.96]Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.90 V ( d ), 3.99 V ( e ), 4.09 V ( f ), 4.25 V ( g ), 4.38 V ( h ), 4.43 V ( i ), 4.46 V ( j ), 4.49 V ( k ) and 4.51 V ( l ). The compressive and tensile strains are expressed by blue and red colours, respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. n , Formation energy of O vacancies in Li 2 MnO3 and Li1.5 MnO3 when tensile strains are applied. o , Schematic illustration of the influence of lattice strain on O release.
3figureFig. 34sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[35.21, 48.06, 525.48, 263.51]Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the DebyeScherrer ring of the (003) peak along with charge and discharge (Dis) curves of the LMR cathode. With just tens of particles giving diffraction signals, CMCD can record semi-statistical information on the structure transmissions of LMR particles and the response of individual crystals, which are typically not visible in conventional X-ray diffraction. Bright spots in the left column show initial multicrystal diffraction corresponding to tens of particles. D 1 , D 2 and D 3 correspond to three lattice distances. c , Ex situ HEXRD of the LMR cathode measured at different potentials. The peak marked by * comes from the polytetrafluoroethylene binder.
4figureFig. 45sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[35.44, 47.62, 521.0, 522.71]Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR particle's bulk area. c , High-resolution TEM image of the LMR surface. d , Schematic of the data collection process of 3D-rED. e , Reciprocal lattice along the a * axis of the LMR cathode. f , Enlarged image of the selected area in e . g , SAED image of delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. k , 2D EELS mapping of Mn-L3/L2. The high value and low value coloured by red and navy blue correspond to lower and higher valance states of Mn, respectively.
5figureFig. 56sequence_or_inferred_caption0.82[60.57, 49.52, 475.34, 168.21]Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electrochemical activities due to different redox chemistries. The initial Li extraction predominately occurs in the LiTMO2 domains and results in local lattice expansion. The lattice expansion is partly confined by the inactive Li2MnO3, which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen release and transition metal (TM) migration. The activation of Li 2MnO3 and oxygen release in turn release the lattice strain at high voltages.
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9figureDocling Figure 914missing_caption0.55[40.5, 45.99, 515.42, 295.04]
10figureDocling Figure 1015missing_caption0.55[43.18, 47.17, 513.43, 513.26]
11figureDocling Figure 1116missing_caption0.55[39.67, 45.25, 508.9, 609.01]
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13figureDocling Figure 1318missing_caption0.55[35.02, 44.53, 522.87, 641.66]
14figureDocling Figure 1419missing_caption0.55[34.57, 46.7, 481.39, 608.8]
15figureDocling Figure 1520missing_caption0.55[38.24, 45.73, 516.91, 380.19]
16tableDocling Table 1621missing_caption0.55[36.94, 70.8, 513.1, 250.67]
17tableDocling Table 1722missing_caption0.55[38.1, 71.09, 511.29, 148.73]

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white		False[39.69, 50.78, 487.81, 52.07]Origin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathodeOrigin of structural degradation in Li-rich layered oxide cathode
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white		False[39.69, 146.55, 164.42, 7.0]https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04689-y
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white		True[39.69, 162.65, 82.34, 7.0]Received: 8 June 2021Received: 8 June 2021
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white		False[39.69, 178.75, 96.29, 7.0]Accepted: 23 March 2022Accepted: 23 March 2022
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white		False[217.32, 145.43, 345.53, 40.36]Tongchao Liu 1,10 , Jiajie Liu 2,10 , Luxi Li 3,10 , Lei Yu 4 , Jiecheng Diao 5 , Tao Zhou 4 , Shunning Li 2 , Alvin Dai 1 , Wenguang Zhao 2 , Shenyang Xu 2 , Yang Ren 3,9 , Liguang Wang 3 , Tianpin Wu 3 , Rui Qi 2 , Yi…Tongchao Liu 1,10 , Jiajie Liu 2,10 , Luxi Li 3,10 , Lei Yu 4 , Jiecheng Diao 5 , Tao Zhou 4 , Shunning Li 2 , Alvin Dai 1 , Wenguang Zhao 2 , Shenyang Xu 2 , Yang Ren 3,9 , Liguang Wang 3 , Tianpin Wu 3 , Rui Qi 2 , Yi…
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white		True[39.69, 194.86, 111.62, 7.0]Published online: 8 June 2022Published online: 8 June 2022
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white		False[50.5, 210.98, 70.02, 7.0]Check for updatesCheck for updates
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white		False[217.32, 210.27, 344.32, 229.3]Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and im…Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) cathode materials that utilize both cation and anion redox can yield substantial increases in battery energy density 1-3 . However, although voltage decay issues cause continuous energy loss and im…
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white		False[39.69, 468.81, 256.69, 104.41]Although several prevailing theories have been established for voltage fade, including transition metal (TM) migration, TM valence state reduction and irreversible phase transitions, fade has eventually been attributed …Although several prevailing theories have been established for voltage fade, including transition metal (TM) migration, TM valence state reduction and irreversible phase transitions, fade has eventually been attributed …
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white		False[39.69, 575.19, 256.75, 105.53]In conventional intercalation cathodes, Li-ion (Li + ) movement in/out of the host framework will drive dynamic structural evolution, which directly affects structure stability and the electrochemical profile 16-18 . Un…In conventional intercalation cathodes, Li-ion (Li + ) movement in/out of the host framework will drive dynamic structural evolution, which directly affects structure stability and the electrochemical profile 16-18 . Un…
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white		False[306.14, 467.69, 256.62, 84.03]displacement 24 , in which the destructive effects on topical structure stability remain unclear. This is particularly important for the LMR cathode because its heterogeneous structure is composed of two structurally co…displacement 24 , in which the destructive effects on topical structure stability remain unclear. This is particularly important for the LMR cathode because its heterogeneous structure is composed of two structurally co…
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white		False[306.14, 554.81, 256.71, 125.91]Despite its fundamental importance, lattice displacement and nanoscale strain are probably the least understood structural properties in battery materials. Owing to technical limits faced in the past, characterization t…Despite its fundamental importance, lattice displacement and nanoscale strain are probably the least understood structural properties in battery materials. Owing to technical limits faced in the past, characterization t…
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white		False[39.68, 693.39, 516.3, 51.1]1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonn…1 Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA. 2 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 3 X -ray Science Division, Argonn…
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white		True[420.84, 763.83, 140.42, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 305
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white		True[39.69, 409.22, 245.59, 6.48]Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes.Fig. 1 | Electrochemical profile and initial structure of the LMR cathodes.
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white		False[39.69, 419.22, 247.95, 36.51]a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM imag…a , The X-ray diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement results of the LMR cathode. b , Charge-discharge curves of the LMR cathode within a voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1C rate current. c , High-resolution TEM imag…
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white		False[39.69, 501.06, 256.7, 158.16]A representative LMR cathode with Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 was synthesized by a classical sol-gel method 27 . Its morphology and composition details are described in the Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1a-f. The X-…A representative LMR cathode with Li 1.2 Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 was synthesized by a classical sol-gel method 27 . Its morphology and composition details are described in the Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1a-f. The X-…
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white		False[39.69, 662.31, 256.66, 82.91]The electrochemical profile of the LMR cathode shows a high discharge capacity of 273 mAh g -1 but also rapid voltage fade and capacity loss concurrently during cycles (Fig. 1b) 31,32 . Notably, two distinct electrochem…The electrochemical profile of the LMR cathode shows a high discharge capacity of 273 mAh g -1 but also rapid voltage fade and capacity loss concurrently during cycles (Fig. 1b) 31,32 . Notably, two distinct electrochem…
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white		False[39.69, 763.83, 140.81, 7.02]306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022306 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
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white		False[237.33, 53.38, 52.77, 6.0]Experimetal dataExperimetal data
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p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[349.92, 122.4, 9.73, 6.0]3.53.5
247textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[219.05, 127.43, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
248textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[209, 234, 183]
colored		True[231.45, 127.43, 6.61, 6.0]NiNi
249textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[247.79, 127.43, 19.72, 8.02]Mn 0.54Mn 0.54
250textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[267.51, 127.43, 18.8, 8.02]Co 0.13Co 0.13
251textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		False[286.31, 127.43, 8.1, 8.02]O 2O 2
252textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[533.82, 131.0, 11.94, 6.0]2nd2nd
253textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[224.5, 131.17, 6.95, 4.29]1.21.2
254textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[209, 234, 183]
colored		True[238.06, 131.17, 9.73, 4.29]0.130.13
255textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[200, 223, 175]
colored		True[219.05, 137.22, 4.79, 6.0]RR
256textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		False[232.55, 137.22, 26.77, 6.0]= 5.73%= 5.73%
257textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		False[533.82, 139.51, 10.37, 6.0]3rd3rd
258textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[195, 218, 171]
colored		True[223.85, 140.95, 6.76, 4.29]wpwp
259textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[349.92, 144.05, 9.73, 6.0]3.03.0
260textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		False[228.76, 145.94, 26.77, 6.0]= 5.86%= 5.86%
261textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[219.05, 145.94, 4.79, 6.0]RR
262textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[533.63, 148.02, 13.88, 6.0]20th20th
263textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 235, 184]
colored		True[223.85, 149.67, 2.97, 4.29]pp
264textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[377.62, 153.81, 44.98, 6.0]Voltage fadingVoltage fading
265textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[533.63, 157.17, 13.88, 6.0]40th40th
266textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[349.92, 165.7, 9.73, 6.0]2.52.5
267textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		False[533.63, 166.32, 13.88, 6.0]60th60th
268textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		False[533.63, 176.11, 13.88, 6.0]80th80th
269textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[533.63, 184.62, 17.77, 6.0]100th100th
270textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[349.92, 187.36, 9.73, 6.0]2.02.0
271textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[533.52, 192.71, 17.77, 6.0]120th120th
272textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		False[364.33, 205.74, 3.89, 6.0]00
273textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		True[386.82, 205.74, 7.78, 6.0]5050
274textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[409.31, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]100100
275textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[433.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]150150
276textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		False[458.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]200200
277textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		False[483.3, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]250250
278textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		False[507.97, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]300300
279textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
gray		False[532.64, 205.74, 11.68, 6.0]350350
280textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[187.31, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]55
281textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		True[219.76, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]66
282textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[252.22, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]77
283textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[284.68, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]88
284textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[317.14, 206.71, 3.89, 6.0]99
285textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[185.05, 215.75, 3.45, 7.93]TT
286textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[181.16, 216.66, 3.89, 6.0]22
287textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[188.5, 216.66, 8.37, 6.0](°)
288textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[426.88, 218.68, 58.96, 6.0]Capacity (mAh g -1 )Capacity (mAh g -1 )
289textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[227.79, 237.94, 5.18, 6.96]dd
290textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[404.12, 237.94, 5.04, 6.96]ee
291textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		False[527.9, 305.41, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
292textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:0p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[148, 148, 254]
colored		True[241.46, 380.0, 15.7, 6.0]1 nm1 nm
293textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		False[534.8, 390.23, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
294textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 202, 172]
colored		True[526.57, 390.23, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
295textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:colored[203, 165, 141]
colored		True[532.02, 393.96, 2.78, 4.29]22
296captioncaptionFalselowdocling_captiondocling_caption
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 409.22, 254.69, 46.5]Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the brig…Regular 'bright-bright-dark' arrangements are identified as Li2MnO3 domains, which are characterized by the well-known honeycomb Li-Mn ordering. LiTMO2 domains are identified with no distinguished dark spots in the brig…
297textbodyTruebodybody
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 478.44, 256.68, 30.28]oxygen release 34,35 . The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT, Extended Data Fig. 2c, d) further confirms the differential electrochemical activities of these two structurally coherent domains.oxygen release 34,35 . The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT, Extended Data Fig. 2c, d) further confirms the differential electrochemical activities of these two structurally coherent domains.
298textbodyTruebodybody
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 511.81, 256.78, 179.66]It is argued that oxygen-related gas stems from the activation of thermodynamically unstable Li 2 MnO3 domains 33,36 . Paradoxically, recent results from density functional theory (DFT) calculation demonstrate that oxyg…It is argued that oxygen-related gas stems from the activation of thermodynamically unstable Li 2 MnO3 domains 33,36 . Paradoxically, recent results from density functional theory (DFT) calculation demonstrate that oxyg…
299section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
p2:body_region:1p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 712.98, 187.01, 9.02]Strain evolution observed through BCDIStrain evolution observed through BCDI
2100textbodyTruebodybody
p2:body_region:1p2:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 726.81, 256.67, 18.41]Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) is an indispensable tool to visualize structural, morphological and lattice strain information inBragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) is an indispensable tool to visualize structural, morphological and lattice strain information in
3101textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[76.83, 51.31, 4.89, 6.96]aa
3102textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 206, 206]
colored		False[88.0, 83.97, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
3103textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[209, 209, 209]
gray		True[83.08, 144.85, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3104textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		True[95.3, 144.85, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
3105textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		True[108.99, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]11
3106textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		True[121.93, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]22
3107textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[206, 206, 206]
gray		True[133.45, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]33
3108textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		True[142.48, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]44
3109textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		True[151.65, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]55
3110textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		True[159.73, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]66
3111textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		True[165.8, 152.97, 2.78, 4.29]77
3112textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
gray		True[131.82, 159.42, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3113textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		True[144.04, 159.42, 3.06, 4.28]YY
3114textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 202, 202]
colored		False[88.0, 161.17, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
3115textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[199, 199, 199]
gray		True[107.29, 173.36, 37.78, 4.29]Displacement (Å)Displacement (Å)
3116textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 254, 254]
white		False[149.43, 177.87, 12.51, 4.29]1.1241.124
3117textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[252, 253, 252]
white		False[86.06, 178.33, 15.01, 4.29]-1.124-1.124
3118textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		False[154.63, 198.22, 17.01, 5.14]3.99 V3.99 V
3119textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[76.31, 200.48, 5.04, 6.96]ee
3120textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
gray		False[135.5, 204.26, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3121textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		True[147.72, 204.26, 3.06, 4.28]YY
3122textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[255, 242, 242]
gray		False[101.72, 205.71, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
3123textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[227, 227, 227]
gray		True[130.43, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
3124textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[225, 225, 225]
gray		True[130.43, 233.3, 2.78, 4.29]22
3125textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 205, 205]
colored		False[101.72, 250.78, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
3126textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[232, 232, 232]
gray		True[130.43, 251.18, 2.78, 4.29]33
3127textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
white		True[130.43, 272.21, 2.78, 4.29]44
3128textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		True[130.43, 291.77, 2.78, 4.29]55
3129textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		False[101.72, 296.53, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3130textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[113.94, 296.53, 3.05, 4.28]ZZ
3131textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		True[130.43, 309.59, 2.78, 4.29]66
3132textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[130.43, 325.79, 2.78, 4.29]77
3133textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[154.69, 348.6, 17.01, 5.14]4.43 V4.43 V
3134textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[76.77, 352.16, 2.52, 6.96]ii
3135textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 207, 207]
colored		False[97.16, 355.18, 14.63, 4.29]Side ASide A
3136textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[225, 225, 225]
gray		False[138.54, 355.18, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3137textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[150.76, 355.18, 3.06, 4.28]YY
3138textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[238, 238, 238]
gray		True[130.43, 367.67, 2.78, 4.29]11
3139textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		True[130.43, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
3140textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 209, 209]
colored		False[97.16, 400.32, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
3141textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		True[130.43, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
3142textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		True[130.43, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
3143textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		True[130.43, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
3144textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
gray		False[97.16, 446.08, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3145textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[205, 205, 205]
gray		True[109.38, 446.08, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
3146textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[196, 196, 196]
gray		True[130.43, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
3147textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[130.43, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
3148textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[90.53, 496.84, 7.7, 6.96]mm
3149textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		True[105.5, 499.24, 3.34, 5.14]55
3150textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[236, 240, 226]
gray		False[126.13, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14]Stage 1Stage 1
3151textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[93.27, 526.27, 5.14, 65.13]Voltage (V versus Li/Li + )Voltage (V versus Li/Li + )
3152textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[105.5, 531.17, 3.34, 5.14]44
3153textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
gray		True[105.5, 563.07, 3.34, 5.14]33
3154textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
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white		False[39.66, 644.58, 249.06, 46.51]Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.…Fig. 2 | Strain evolution of the LMR primary particle and its relationship with oxygen release. a-l , In situ ( a ) BCDI images of the 3D LMR particle in the strain field, measured at 3.2 V (OCV) ( b ), 3.75 V ( c ), 3.…
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white		False[39.69, 714.94, 256.67, 30.28]electrode materials 24,39,40 . In situ BCDI measurements were performed to monitor lattice displacement and analyse strain evolution of the LMR primary particle during electrochemical reactions. The experimentalelectrode materials 24,39,40 . In situ BCDI measurements were performed to monitor lattice displacement and analyse strain evolution of the LMR primary particle during electrochemical reactions. The experimental
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 211, 211]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[248, 248, 248]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
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3190textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
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3192textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[190, 190, 190]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[208, 208, 208]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[205, 205, 205]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[210, 210, 210]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[182, 182, 182]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[218, 218, 218]
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3201textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[190, 190, 190]
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3202textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[213, 213, 213]
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3203textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
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3205textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
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3206textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3207textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3208textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3209textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3210textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
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3211textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3212textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[216, 216, 216]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[231, 231, 231]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3216textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 218, 218]
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3217textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 229, 229]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
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3222textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[362.75, 216.08, 2.78, 4.29]11
3223textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[227, 227, 227]
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3224textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[222, 222, 222]
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3225textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
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3226textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 211, 211]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
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3229textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
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3230textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[232, 232, 232]
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3231textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 186, 186]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 180, 180]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[215, 215, 215]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[224, 224, 224]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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3252textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 215, 215]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 242, 242]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[234, 234, 234]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
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3271textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[219, 219, 219]
gray		True[476.48, 384.9, 2.78, 4.29]22
3272textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 190, 190]
colored		False[215.23, 399.26, 14.82, 4.29]Side BSide B
3273textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 195, 195]
colored		False[447.13, 400.02, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
3274textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[255, 174, 174]
colored		True[331.31, 400.09, 14.81, 4.29]Side BSide B
3275textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		True[245.65, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
3276textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[194, 194, 194]
gray		True[360.25, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
3277textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		True[476.48, 402.77, 2.78, 4.29]33
3278textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[210, 210, 210]
gray		True[245.65, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
3279textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
gray		True[360.25, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[246, 246, 246]
off_white		True[476.48, 423.81, 2.78, 4.29]44
3281textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		True[245.65, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
3282textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[195, 195, 195]
gray		True[360.25, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
3283textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[220, 220, 220]
gray		True[476.48, 443.36, 2.78, 4.29]55
3284textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		False[215.23, 445.01, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3285textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[215, 215, 215]
gray		False[227.45, 445.01, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
3286textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[240, 240, 240]
gray		False[447.13, 445.7, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
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p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[191, 191, 191]
gray		True[459.35, 445.7, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
3288textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		False[330.36, 445.85, 12.22, 4.29]SliceSlice
3289textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[342.58, 445.85, 3.06, 4.28]ZZ
3290textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
gray		True[245.65, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
3291textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 212, 212]
gray		True[360.25, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
3292textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[193, 193, 193]
gray		True[476.48, 461.19, 2.78, 4.29]66
3293textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[245.65, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
3294textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		True[360.25, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
3295textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[476.48, 477.38, 2.78, 4.29]77
3296textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[293.52, 496.84, 5.18, 6.96]nn
3297textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[437.78, 496.84, 5.04, 6.96]oo
3298textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		False[263.04, 500.35, 11.68, 5.14]0.200.20
3299textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		False[305.69, 500.44, 3.34, 5.14]44
3300textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[394.33, 507.62, 4.67, 5.14]LiLi
3301textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[401.39, 507.62, 15.5, 6.87]MnO 3MnO 3
3302textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 217, 219]
colored		False[189.12, 509.97, 20.67, 5.14]Stage 2Stage 2
3303textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[293.74, 510.29, 5.14, 95.79]Formation energy of O vacancy (eV)Formation energy of O vacancy (eV)
3304textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		True[399.0, 510.81, 2.38, 3.67]22
3305textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[445.96, 514.36, 5.14, 84.13]Formation energy of O vacancyFormation energy of O vacancy
3306textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[394.15, 516.84, 4.67, 5.14]LiLi
3307textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[404.77, 516.84, 15.5, 6.87]MnO 3MnO 3
3308textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		False[398.82, 520.04, 5.96, 3.67]1.51.5
3309textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		True[305.69, 528.36, 3.34, 5.14]33
3310textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[263.04, 531.4, 11.68, 5.14]0.150.15
3311textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		False[278.92, 532.55, 5.14, 54.79]Gas evolution (nmol)Gas evolution (nmol)
3312textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[210, 219, 232]
colored		True[216.31, 533.84, 41.11, 5.14]Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
3313textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[493.78, 534.0, 18.11, 5.14]LatticeLattice
3314textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[247, 247, 247]
off_white		False[493.78, 541.2, 16.45, 5.14]strainstrain
3315textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 239, 245]
gray		False[216.31, 541.39, 20.67, 5.14]OxygenOxygen
3316textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[305.69, 556.29, 3.34, 5.14]22
3317textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[263.04, 562.42, 11.68, 5.14]0.100.10
3318textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:off_white[243, 248, 252]
off_white		False[482.7, 563.28, 41.56, 5.14]Oxygen releaseOxygen release
3319textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[305.69, 584.21, 3.34, 5.14]11
3320textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[231, 241, 248]
gray		False[478.48, 589.13, 44.56, 5.14]Oxygen vacancyOxygen vacancy
3321textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		False[263.04, 593.47, 11.68, 5.14]0.050.05
3322textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[305.69, 612.13, 3.34, 5.14]00
3323textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[195.66, 616.69, 8.34, 5.14]7.57.5
3324textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[224.3, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14]10.010.0
3325textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[254.38, 616.69, 11.68, 5.14]12.512.5
3326textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[323.04, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]00
3327textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[341.15, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]22
3328textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[359.27, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]44
3329textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		True[377.38, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]66
3330textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[234, 234, 234]
gray		True[395.51, 617.16, 3.34, 5.14]88
3331textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		False[412.07, 617.16, 6.67, 5.14]1010
3332textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[226, 226, 226]
gray		False[356.2, 625.68, 26.44, 5.14]Strain (%)Strain (%)
3333captioncaptionFalselowdocling_captiondocling_caption
p3:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.11, 644.6, 255.59, 46.49]respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. …respectively. The strain evolution in each state is detailed by the spatial location of the slices along the y axis. m , In situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy measurements for the LMR primary particle. …
3334textbodyTruebodybody
p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 716.06, 256.6, 29.16]set-up and data analysis are illustrated in the Methods. Henceforth in this work, we will refer to images of this lattice displacement as generic 'strain', although it is technically an integral of strain 24 .set-up and data analysis are illustrated in the Methods. Henceforth in this work, we will refer to images of this lattice displacement as generic 'strain', although it is technically an integral of strain 24 .
3335page_footerpage_footerFalselowdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[421.44, 763.83, 139.82, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 307
4336section_headermetadataFalselowdocument_uidocument_ui
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p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		True[46.75, 52.19, 4.89, 6.96]aa
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p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:gray[241, 244, 248]
gray		False[89.3, 53.59, 34.79, 5.14]MacroscopicMacroscopic
4339textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[248, 250, 250]
white		True[119.75, 167.11, 12.0, 5.14]XRDXRD
4340textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[46.75, 170.35, 4.89, 6.96]cc
4341textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		False[72.28, 179.16, 10.47, 4.29]2.0D2.0D
4342textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[233, 233, 233]
gray		False[136.27, 182.86, 13.12, 5.14](003)(003)
4343textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[63.97, 186.56, 10.47, 4.29]3.0D3.0D
4344textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		False[161.21, 187.15, 13.12, 5.14](101)(101)
4345textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[107.13, 191.02, 3.17, 7.72]*
4346textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[57.33, 195.27, 10.47, 4.29]3.2D3.2D
4347textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		True[52.08, 208.26, 10.47, 4.29]3.6D3.6D
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[228, 228, 228]
gray		False[65.68, 216.96, 10.47, 4.29]4.0D4.0D
4349textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[62.8, 221.9, 10.47, 4.29]4.2D4.2D
4350textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		True[60.44, 226.83, 10.47, 4.29]4.4D4.4D
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[55.73, 230.99, 6.95, 4.29]4.74.7
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[57.72, 237.74, 6.95, 4.29]4.64.6
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[237, 237, 237]
gray		True[57.76, 248.66, 9.73, 4.29]4.534.53
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[229, 229, 229]
gray		False[58.35, 260.02, 6.95, 4.29]4.54.5
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		False[60.44, 265.6, 9.73, 4.29]4.454.45
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[62.1, 271.19, 6.95, 4.29]4.44.4
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		False[66.75, 283.14, 6.95, 4.29]4.04.0
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[204, 204, 204]
gray		True[72.78, 290.11, 8.52, 4.29]PrisPris
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:off_white[247, 247, 247]
off_white		True[48.27, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]55
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[217, 217, 217]
gray		False[60.34, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]44
4361textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[72.43, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]33
4362textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[84.49, 298.61, 3.34, 5.15]22
4363textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[91.08, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.341.34
4364textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[112.8, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.381.38
4365textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[135.96, 298.61, 11.68, 5.15]1.421.42
4366textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[156.55, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.72.7
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p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[244, 244, 244]
gray		False[51.69, 306.58, 32.0, 5.14]Potential (V)Potential (V)
4368captioncaptionFalselowoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 326.56, 252.65, 56.51]Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the…Fig. 3 | Multiscale X-ray diffraction techniques used to investigate the structure evolution of the LMR cathode. a , Schematic of multiscale X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques used in this work. b , In situ CMCD for the…
4369textbodyTruebodybody
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 404.31, 256.74, 244.16]In Fig. 2a, to demonstrate the spatial lattice evolution, the reconstructed LMR primary particle is displayed as three-dimensional cross-section images. In the pristine stage (Fig. 2b), we observed the concurrent appear…In Fig. 2a, to demonstrate the spatial lattice evolution, the reconstructed LMR primary particle is displayed as three-dimensional cross-section images. In the pristine stage (Fig. 2b), we observed the concurrent appear…
4370textbodyTruebodybody
p4:body_region:0p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 651.56, 256.69, 93.66]Interestingly, the lattice strain evolution reverses on entering stage 2. Figure 2j shows that the tensile strain started to decrease at 4.46 V, which is considered the starting voltage of the Li 2MnO3 domain activation…Interestingly, the lattice strain evolution reverses on entering stage 2. Figure 2j shows that the tensile strain started to decrease at 4.46 V, which is considered the starting voltage of the Li 2MnO3 domain activation…
4371page_footerpage_footerFalselowdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p4:body_region:0p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 763.83, 140.63, 7.02]308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022308 | Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
4372textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[230, 230, 230]
gray		True[310.9, 52.19, 5.18, 6.96]bb
4373textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[211, 230, 244]
colored		False[173.31, 53.98, 50.54, 5.14]Quasi-microscopicQuasi-microscopic
4374textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[212, 241, 252]
colored		False[266.96, 53.98, 32.91, 5.14]MicroscopicMicroscopic
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p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[169, 137, 214]
colored		True[358.93, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4376textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[154, 136, 210]
colored		True[471.87, 83.6, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4377textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[167, 149, 213]
colored		True[525.41, 97.37, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 2.000 VDis 2.000 V
4378textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 122, 215]
colored		True[416.59, 97.37, 20.0, 5.14]PristinePristine
4379textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 137, 217]
colored		True[492.31, 112.45, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4380textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[165, 136, 217]
colored		True[358.93, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4381textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[137, 107, 214]
colored		True[474.37, 133.75, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4382textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[178, 151, 228]
colored		True[525.41, 148.04, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 3.973 VDis 3.973 V
4383textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[175, 153, 221]
colored		True[414.57, 148.04, 22.01, 5.14]4.385 V4.385 V
4384textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[159, 133, 210]
colored		True[382.3, 164.41, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4385textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[170, 151, 224]
colored		True[493.42, 166.23, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4386textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		True[275.24, 166.84, 14.22, 5.14]BCDIBCDI
4387textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[245, 245, 245]
gray		True[195.53, 167.11, 18.11, 5.14]CMCDCMCD
4388textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[189, 176, 226]
colored		True[359.45, 184.81, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4389textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		False[230.94, 185.07, 28.23, 5.14](018)/(110)(018)/(110)
4390textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[161, 144, 222]
colored		True[478.7, 186.5, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4391textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[254, 254, 254]
white		False[275.48, 194.55, 13.12, 5.14](113)(113)
4392textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[190.35, 195.86, 13.12, 5.14](102)(102)
4393textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[158, 137, 219]
colored		True[525.41, 198.86, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.258 VDis 4.258 V
4394textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[168, 136, 221]
colored		True[416.23, 198.87, 20.35, 5.14]4.472 V4.472 V
4395textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[144, 115, 214]
colored		True[501.26, 211.18, 6.61, 6.87]D 3D 3
4396textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[162, 140, 211]
colored		True[374.5, 215.21, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4397textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[163, 143, 217]
colored		True[479.89, 219.37, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4398textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[170, 143, 226]
colored		True[501.66, 234.96, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4399textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[192, 176, 228]
colored		True[359.45, 236.51, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4400textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[160, 140, 218]
colored		True[525.41, 250.16, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.476 VDis 4.476 V
4401textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[184, 166, 224]
colored		True[416.23, 250.16, 20.35, 5.14]4.562 V4.562 V
4402textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[178, 155, 224]
colored		True[502.89, 263.02, 6.61, 6.87]D 3D 3
4403textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[159, 129, 208]
colored		True[374.56, 266.92, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4404textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[164, 126, 213]
colored		True[479.89, 270.85, 6.61, 6.87]D 2D 2
4405textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[202, 181, 230]
colored		True[359.45, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4406textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[179, 157, 225]
colored		True[501.66, 286.79, 6.61, 6.87]D 1D 1
4407textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[178.8, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.82.8
4408textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[251, 251, 251]
white		True[201.04, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]2.92.9
4409textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[232.77, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]4.64.6
4410textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[260.14, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]4.84.8
4411textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		False[287.85, 298.61, 8.34, 5.15]5.05.0
4412textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[181, 155, 224]
colored		True[416.23, 301.0, 20.35, 5.15]4.800 V4.800 V
4413textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[162, 130, 217]
colored		True[525.4, 301.0, 30.57, 5.14]Dis 4.556 VDis 4.556 V
4414textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[249, 249, 249]
white		False[186.95, 305.8, 2.96, 6.8]TT
4415textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[252, 252, 252]
white		True[183.61, 306.58, 3.34, 5.14]22
4416textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p4:body_region:0p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[189.9, 306.58, 7.18, 5.14](°)
4417textbodyTruebodybodycaption_continuation_used_by_asset
Fig. 3		p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 326.57, 253.71, 56.49]particles and the response of individual crystals, which are typically not visible in conventional X-ray diffraction. Bright spots in the left column show initial multicrystal diffraction corresponding to tens of partic…particles and the response of individual crystals, which are typically not visible in conventional X-ray diffraction. Bright spots in the left column show initial multicrystal diffraction corresponding to tens of partic…
4418textbodyTruebodybody
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 404.31, 256.64, 125.91]stage 2 (Fig. 2k, l), until the particles disappeared from the detection field over 4.51 V. As a consequence, the correlation between lattice strain evolution and oxygen release is naturally established. The inhomogeneo…stage 2 (Fig. 2k, l), until the particles disappeared from the detection field over 4.51 V. As a consequence, the correlation between lattice strain evolution and oxygen release is naturally established. The inhomogeneo…
4419section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
p4:body_region:1p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 551.73, 173.83, 9.02]Origin and relaxation of tensile strainOrigin and relaxation of tensile strain
4420textbodyTruebodybody
p4:body_region:1p4:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 565.56, 256.68, 180.63]Systematic structure characterization at multilength scales was performed to investigate LMR structure evolution during the first cycle (Fig. 3a) and link lattice displacement/nanostrain with electrochemical reaction. T…Systematic structure characterization at multilength scales was performed to investigate LMR structure evolution during the first cycle (Fig. 3a) and link lattice displacement/nanostrain with electrochemical reaction. T…
5421textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[54.63, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96]aa
5422textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[120, 120, 120]
gray		True[56.19, 199.74, 19.59, 6.0]10 nm10 nm
5423textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[55.14, 224.0, 5.18, 6.96]dd
5424textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[140.89, 230.12, 69.36, 6.0]3D electron diffraction3D electron diffraction
5425textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[255, 229, 229]
colored		False[138.94, 253.83, 45.38, 6.0]Electron beamElectron beam
5426textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[49.85, 407.3, 5.18, 6.96]hh
5427textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[132, 132, 132]
gray		True[56.19, 549.26, 19.59, 6.0]5 nm5 nm
5428captioncaptionFalselowoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p5:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 579.87, 255.78, 56.51]Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR part…Fig. 4 | Visible observation from atomic-level TEM, 3D electron diffraction and chemical state analysis from EELS. a , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.47 V. b , Enlarged image of the LMR part…
5429textbodyTruebodybody
p5:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 662.31, 256.64, 82.91]ring intensity increases between the oxygen redox plateau and the complete charge until reaching a maximum at 4.8 V; meanwhile, the original powder ring (D 1 ) weakens as the new powder ring intensifies. These CMCD resu…ring intensity increases between the oxygen redox plateau and the complete charge until reaching a maximum at 4.8 V; meanwhile, the original powder ring (D 1 ) weakens as the new powder ring intensifies. These CMCD resu…
5430textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[222.35, 55.93, 5.18, 6.96]bb
5431textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[391.61, 56.35, 4.89, 6.96]cc
5432textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[118, 118, 118]
gray		True[449.82, 135.17, 29.34, 32.52]Lattice twistLattice twist
5433textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[160, 160, 160]
gray		True[227.69, 180.47, 65.09, 6.0]Lattice displacementLattice displacement
5434textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[134, 134, 134]
gray		True[227.69, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0]2 nm2 nm
5435textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[135, 135, 135]
gray		True[397.35, 199.17, 15.7, 6.0]1 nm1 nm
5436textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[221.21, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96]ee
5437textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[389.73, 224.0, 3.11, 6.96]ff
5438textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		True[473.24, 224.0, 5.04, 6.96]gg
5439textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[168, 162, 29]
colored		True[509.46, 250.28, 19.45, 6.0]SpinelSpinel
5440textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[55, 89, 139]
colored		True[409.91, 309.05, 30.6, 6.0]Lattice tiltLattice tilt
5441textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[112, 165, 33]
colored		True[391.9, 352.92, 7.52, 6.0]C*C*
5442textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[186, 180, 22]
colored		True[481.65, 359.73, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
5443textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[155, 147, 28]
colored		True[489.87, 359.74, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
5444textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[117, 184, 23]
colored		True[230.36, 360.73, 7.52, 6.0]C*C*
5445textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[152, 145, 28]
colored		True[487.09, 363.47, 2.78, 4.29]22
5446textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[166, 133, 40]
colored		True[267.17, 376.77, 21.27, 6.0](-120)*(-120)*
5447textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[184, 160, 32]
colored		True[306.18, 384.15, 6.1, 6.0]a*a*
5448textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[193, 193, 193]
gray		True[274.21, 404.75, 2.52, 6.96]jj
5449textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[198.17, 405.03, 2.52, 6.96]ii
5450textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[243, 243, 243]
gray		True[375.42, 405.03, 4.89, 6.96]kk
5451textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[144, 144, 73]
colored		True[509.94, 406.72, 18.6, 8.02]Mn L 3Mn L 3
5452textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 216, 19]
colored		True[528.53, 406.73, 6.22, 6.0]/L/L
5453textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[146, 145, 72]
colored		True[534.76, 410.46, 2.78, 4.29]22
5454textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[5, 114, 76]
colored		True[197.2, 539.22, 32.81, 6.0]O prepeakO prepeak
5455captioncaptionFalselowdocling_captiondocling_caption
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 579.88, 254.14, 46.49]delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged…delithiated sample (4.5 V) at a certain angle of rotation. h , Low-magnification TEM image of the LMR cathode charged to 4.8 V. i , j , EELS line-scan of O K edge ( i ) and Mn L 2,3 edge ( j ) of the LMR cathode charged…
5456textbodyTruebodybody
p5:body_region:0p5:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 662.31, 256.65, 61.41]cause of the tensile strain observed in the BCDI images. As tensile strain gradually reaches the limit, Li 2 MnO3 domains struggle with the imposed lattice strain and the Li + concentration imbalance, which subsequently…cause of the tensile strain observed in the BCDI images. As tensile strain gradually reaches the limit, Li 2 MnO3 domains struggle with the imposed lattice strain and the Li + concentration imbalance, which subsequently…
5457textbodyTruebodybody
p5:body_region:0p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 726.81, 256.56, 19.38]During discharge, reflections in CMCD images convert back to a single diffraction ring (D 1 ) via sequential converse structure transitions.During discharge, reflections in CMCD images convert back to a single diffraction ring (D 1 ) via sequential converse structure transitions.
5458page_footerpage_footerFalselowdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p5:body_region:0p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[420.49, 763.83, 140.78, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 309
6459section_headermetadataFalselowdocument_uidocument_ui
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 28.55, 47.1, 12.23]ArticleArticle
6460textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[73.35, 56.14, 4.2, 6.0]+
6461textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		False[109.78, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
6462textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[253, 253, 253]
white		False[63.68, 87.17, 6.0, 30.46]Strain barStrain bar
6463textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:gray[239, 239, 239]
gray		True[80.59, 100.18, 6.0, 3.89]00
6464textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[73.7, 141.74, 3.5, 6.0]-
6465textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[250, 250, 250]
white		True[133.05, 154.48, 40.71, 6.0]Pristine statePristine state
6466textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[189, 215, 238]
colored		True[139.25, 175.65, 14.65, 6.0]OCVOCV
6467textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		False[112.16, 198.34, 80.53, 14.4]LiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixingLiTMO 2 and Li 2 MnO 3 domains randomly mixing
6468captioncaptionFalselowoutside_body_flow_captionoutside_body_flow_caption
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.68, 227.91, 253.08, 56.5]Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electr…Fig. 5 | Schematic of the correlation of strain generation and O release as well as transition metal migration. The LiTMO2 and Li 2MnO3 domains share a coherent lattice at the nanoscale but exhibit differentiated electr…
6469textbodyTruebodybody
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 307.56, 256.71, 179.66]Interestingly, in addition to D 2 and D 1 rings, another weak diffraction ring (D 3 ) is visualized at an even smaller angle at the start of discharge. This diffraction ring can be indexed to the (101) crystal plane of …Interestingly, in addition to D 2 and D 1 rings, another weak diffraction ring (D 3 ) is visualized at an even smaller angle at the start of discharge. This diffraction ring can be indexed to the (101) crystal plane of …
6470textbodyTruebodybody
p6:body_region:0p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 490.31, 256.74, 254.91]Concurrently, high-energy in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction was conducted to investigate macroscopic structural evolution. Figure 3c and Extended Data Fig. 4a, b show a (003) peak shift towards lower diffraction ang…Concurrently, high-energy in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction was conducted to investigate macroscopic structural evolution. Figure 3c and Extended Data Fig. 4a, b show a (003) peak shift towards lower diffraction ang…
6471page_footerpage_footerFalselowdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p6:body_region:0p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[39.69, 763.83, 14.43, 6.99]310310
6472page_footerpage_footerFalselowdocling_page_footerdocling_page_footer
p6:body_region:0p6:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[54.04, 763.83, 124.62, 7.02]| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
6473textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[252, 230, 230]
colored		False[412.33, 53.98, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
6474textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[252, 243, 240]
gray		True[502.57, 53.98, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
6475textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:off_white[252, 246, 243]
off_white		True[510.79, 53.98, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
6476textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		False[181.47, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
6477textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[216, 225, 243]
colored		False[189.7, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
6478textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[238, 243, 249]
gray		True[338.52, 56.14, 5.45, 6.0]LiLi
6479textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[242, 245, 251]
gray		False[346.74, 56.14, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
6480textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:colored[240, 151, 151]
colored		True[266.82, 56.38, 23.66, 8.02]LiTMO 2LiTMO 2
6481textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:gray[212, 205, 203]
gray		True[508.02, 57.71, 2.78, 4.29]22
6482textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:0p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[190, 198, 214]
colored		True[186.92, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29]22
6483textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[213, 218, 223]
gray		True[343.96, 59.87, 2.78, 4.29]22
6484textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[252, 240, 239]
gray		False[444.7, 85.48, 27.11, 5.14]O releaseO release
6485textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[233, 229, 226]
gray		True[495.77, 112.07, 35.45, 5.14]TM migrationTM migration
6486textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[263.6, 154.01, 74.04, 6.0]Delithiation from LiTMODelithiation from LiTMO
6487textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[422.76, 154.01, 58.6, 6.0]Delithiation from LiDelithiation from Li
6488textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		True[484.14, 154.01, 18.09, 8.02]MnO 3MnO 3
6489textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[241, 241, 241]
gray		True[337.64, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29]22
6490textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:gray[214, 214, 214]
gray		True[481.36, 157.74, 2.78, 4.29]22
6491textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[222, 109, 106]
colored		True[299.06, 175.64, 19.84, 6.0]4.47 V4.47 V
6492textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[248, 210, 184]
colored		False[466.97, 175.64, 15.95, 6.0]4.8 V4.8 V
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p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		False[264.64, 198.34, 89.36, 14.4]Strain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 VStrain increasing and reaching maximum at 4.47 V
6494textvisual_textFalselowvisual_textvisual_text
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:colored[250, 228, 213]
colored		False[430.5, 198.34, 81.54, 14.4]Strain triggering O release and TM migrationStrain triggering O release and TM migration
6495captioncaptionFalselowdocling_captiondocling_caption
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 227.9, 253.58, 46.5]which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen rel…which results in tensile strain at the nanoscale. The accumulated tensile strain severely affects the structural stability of the composite LMR cathode, which may trigger the decomposition of Li2MnO3 domains, oxygen rel…
6496section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 315.23, 201.78, 9.02]Atomic observation of lattice displacementAtomic observation of lattice displacement
6497textbodyTruebodybody
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 329.06, 256.75, 136.66]Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), three-dimensional (3D) rotation electron diffraction (3D-rED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were performed on delithiated samples to investigate lattice displacemen…Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), three-dimensional (3D) rotation electron diffraction (3D-rED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) were performed on delithiated samples to investigate lattice displacemen…
6498textbodyTruebodybody
p6:body_region:1p6:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 468.81, 256.62, 158.16]During stage 2, continuous delithiation is accompanied by oxygen release and Li 2 MnO3 domain activation. Identical observations were carried out to track these changes after Li 2 MnO3 activation. Extended Data Fig. 6a-…During stage 2, continuous delithiation is accompanied by oxygen release and Li 2 MnO3 domain activation. Identical observations were carried out to track these changes after Li 2 MnO3 activation. Extended Data Fig. 6a-…
6499textbodyTruebodybody
p6:body_region:1p6:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 630.06, 256.68, 115.16]TEM combined with EELS was used to precisely probe the structural and chemical variation of the fully delithiated sample (4.8 V). Figure 4h and Extended Data Fig. 9a, b confirm the structure transitions, especially on t…TEM combined with EELS was used to precisely probe the structural and chemical variation of the fully delithiated sample (4.8 V). Figure 4h and Extended Data Fig. 9a, b confirm the structure transitions, especially on t…
7500textbodyTruebodybody
p7:body_region:0p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 49.56, 256.65, 125.91]occurs in the whole particle surface as the O pre-peak disappears. It is notable that oxygen release predominately occurs near surfaces, where strain evolves most drastically during initial charge, verifying that strain…occurs in the whole particle surface as the O pre-peak disappears. It is notable that oxygen release predominately occurs near surfaces, where strain evolves most drastically during initial charge, verifying that strain…
7501section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
p7:body_region:0p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 196.98, 193.3, 9.02]A prospect for LMR cathode developmentA prospect for LMR cathode development
7502textbodyTruebodybody
p7:body_region:0p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 210.81, 256.67, 158.16]Although the fact that oxygen release or vacancies are generated extensively in the bulk, and aggravate structural/electrochemical degradation, has been recognized recently, the driving force remains unclear 43-45 . TM …Although the fact that oxygen release or vacancies are generated extensively in the bulk, and aggravate structural/electrochemical degradation, has been recognized recently, the driving force remains unclear 43-45 . TM …
7503textbodyTruebodybody
p7:body_region:0p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 372.06, 256.72, 179.66]The strain-induced structure degradation is detailed schematically in Fig. 5. Generally, different electrochemical reactivities but coherent lattice structures for two domains constitute a prerequisite for lattice strai…The strain-induced structure degradation is detailed schematically in Fig. 5. Generally, different electrochemical reactivities but coherent lattice structures for two domains constitute a prerequisite for lattice strai…
7504textbodyTruebodybody
p7:body_region:0p7:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[39.69, 554.81, 256.68, 190.41]Therefore, heterogeneous composite structures with different electrochemical activities are found to cause lattice strain in the LMR cathode. This explains why post treatments, such as surface engineering methods, are i…Therefore, heterogeneous composite structures with different electrochemical activities are found to cause lattice strain in the LMR cathode. This explains why post treatments, such as surface engineering methods, are i…
7505textbodyTruebodybody
p7:body_region:1p7:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 49.56, 256.65, 104.41]release and achieve enhanced electrochemical performance with stable voltages. This proves that addressing lattice strain is essential to solve voltage fade, a long-standing issue. Other realistic strategies based on el…release and achieve enhanced electrochemical performance with stable voltages. This proves that addressing lattice strain is essential to solve voltage fade, a long-standing issue. Other realistic strategies based on el…
7506section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
p7:body_region:1p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 175.48, 70.24, 9.02]Online contentOnline content
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p7:body_region:1p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white[255, 255, 255]
white		False[306.14, 189.31, 256.61, 50.66]Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing in…Any methods, additional references, Nature Research reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing in…
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white		False[424.62, 763.83, 136.64, 7.02]Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022 | 311
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white		True[39.69, 763.83, 13.5, 6.99]312312
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white		False[53.1, 763.83, 124.62, 7.02]| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022| Nature | Vol 606 | 9 June 2022
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white		False[306.14, 49.57, 255.73, 29.32]Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.…Maiti, S. et al. Understanding the role of alumina (Al 2 O3), pentalithium aluminate (Li 5 AlO4), and pentasodium aluminate (Na5AlO4) coatings on the Li and Mn-rich NCM cathode material 0.33Li 2 MnO3·0.67Li (Ni 0.4 Co0.…
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white		False[306.14, 247.96, 234.57, 13.28]Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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white		False[306.14, 274.0, 236.54, 13.28]© This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022© This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022
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white		False[39.69, 47.8, 51.34, 11.11]MethodsMethods
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white		False[39.69, 69.88, 77.19, 7.88]Materials synthesisMaterials synthesis
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white		False[39.69, 81.81, 256.65, 190.41]Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 used in this paper is one of the most representative compositions for Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides and has been frequently used as a model material for understanding mechanism. Synthesi…Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 used in this paper is one of the most representative compositions for Li- and Mn-rich layered oxides and has been frequently used as a model material for understanding mechanism. Synthesi…
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white		False[39.69, 275.31, 256.65, 159.13]The O2 phase-based Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 was synthesized using a sol-gel method followed by a low-temperature ion exchange method. NaCH3COO·3H2O (Aladdin, 99%), LiCH3COO·2H2O (Aladdin, 99%), Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O (Ala…The O2 phase-based Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2 was synthesized using a sol-gel method followed by a low-temperature ion exchange method. NaCH3COO·3H2O (Aladdin, 99%), LiCH3COO·2H2O (Aladdin, 99%), Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O (Ala…
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white		False[39.69, 446.13, 90.78, 7.88]Electrochemistry testsElectrochemistry tests
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white		False[39.69, 458.06, 256.68, 158.16]For electrode preparation, active materials were mixed with carbon black (C45 Conductive Carbon Black, TIMCAL) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, 8 wt% Solvay 5130 PVDF binder dissolved in N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP))…For electrode preparation, active materials were mixed with carbon black (C45 Conductive Carbon Black, TIMCAL) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, 8 wt% Solvay 5130 PVDF binder dissolved in N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP))…
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white		False[39.69, 619.31, 256.66, 50.66]The GITT measurements were performed by periodically pulsing and relaxing the battery between 2.0 and 4.8 V using a NEWARE electrochemical analyser with a 10 min pulse at 25 mA g -1 followed by 2 h relaxation for every …The GITT measurements were performed by periodically pulsing and relaxing the battery between 2.0 and 4.8 V using a NEWARE electrochemical analyser with a 10 min pulse at 25 mA g -1 followed by 2 h relaxation for every …
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white		False[39.69, 716.06, 256.62, 29.16]in which τ is the pulse time of 600 s, R s is the particle equivalent radius of 200 nm, ∆ E s is the steady-state voltage change and ∆ E t is the total voltage change during the current pulse.in which τ is the pulse time of 600 s, R s is the particle equivalent radius of 200 nm, ∆ E s is the steady-state voltage change and ∆ E t is the total voltage change during the current pulse.
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white		False[306.14, 59.13, 185.07, 7.88]BCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffractionBCDI and coherent multiple crystal diffraction
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white		False[306.14, 71.06, 256.69, 211.91]Bragg coherent diffraction data were collected at the 34-ID-C beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). For the coherent diffraction analysis shown in this manuscript, we used 11.2 and 9 keV monochromatic beams in t…Bragg coherent diffraction data were collected at the 34-ID-C beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). For the coherent diffraction analysis shown in this manuscript, we used 11.2 and 9 keV monochromatic beams in t…
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white		False[306.14, 286.06, 256.69, 179.66]CMCD patterns were acquired using a Timepix photon-counting detector mounted D = 1,950 mm away from the sample. We obtained full rocking curves around the (003) Bragg reflection and collected 2D CMCD patterns using a 2D…CMCD patterns were acquired using a Timepix photon-counting detector mounted D = 1,950 mm away from the sample. We obtained full rocking curves around the (003) Bragg reflection and collected 2D CMCD patterns using a 2D…
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white		False[306.14, 478.38, 238.84, 18.63]Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurementsSynchrotron X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements
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white		False[306.14, 501.06, 256.72, 190.41]Powder diffraction data of the cathode materials were collected using high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) located at sector 11-ID-C of the APS at Argonne National Laboratory. A high-energy X-ray with a beam size of 0.…Powder diffraction data of the cathode materials were collected using high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) located at sector 11-ID-C of the APS at Argonne National Laboratory. A high-energy X-ray with a beam size of 0.…
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white		False[306.14, 694.56, 256.73, 50.66]X-ray absorption near-edge structure and EXAFS for Mn K edge were performed at the APS on the bending-magnet beamline 9-BM-B. X-ray photon energy was monochromatized by an Si (111) double-crystal monochromator. Higher o…X-ray absorption near-edge structure and EXAFS for Mn K edge were performed at the APS on the bending-magnet beamline 9-BM-B. X-ray photon energy was monochromatized by an Si (111) double-crystal monochromator. Higher o…
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white		True[39.69, 28.45, 42.78, 12.99]ArticleArticle
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white		False[39.69, 49.56, 256.48, 18.41]intensity by approximately 30%. All spectra were collected at room temperature in the transmission mode.intensity by approximately 30%. All spectra were collected at room temperature in the transmission mode.
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white		True[39.69, 80.63, 63.44, 7.88]DFT calculationDFT calculation
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white		False[39.69, 92.56, 256.73, 104.41]All calculations were performed based on DFT using the plane-wave projector-augmented wave method, as implemented in the Vienna ab initio simulation package. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functio…All calculations were performed based on DFT using the plane-wave projector-augmented wave method, as implemented in the Vienna ab initio simulation package. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functio…
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white		False[39.69, 232.31, 256.7, 51.63]where E total [VO] and E total [P] are the total energies of the supercells with and without an oxygen vacancy, respectively. μ O is the chemical potential of oxygen, for which we used the gas phase O 2 molecule as the …where E total [VO] and E total [P] are the total energies of the supercells with and without an oxygen vacancy, respectively. μ O is the chemical potential of oxygen, for which we used the gas phase O 2 molecule as the …
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white		False[39.69, 295.63, 88.37, 7.88]Gas evolution analysisGas evolution analysis
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white		False[39.69, 307.56, 256.69, 147.41]DEMS was applied to detect and identify gas evolution of different cathode materials during first charge/discharge. The DEMS was built based on a purchased mass spectrometer (HPR-40, Hiden Analytical). A home-made cell …DEMS was applied to detect and identify gas evolution of different cathode materials during first charge/discharge. The DEMS was built based on a purchased mass spectrometer (HPR-40, Hiden Analytical). A home-made cell …
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white		False[39.69, 467.63, 75.4, 7.88]TEM measurementTEM measurement
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white		False[39.69, 479.56, 256.62, 18.41]TEM and HRTEM were conducted using the Argonne chromatic aberration-corrected TEM (ACAT) (a FEI Titan 80-300ST with an imageTEM and HRTEM were conducted using the Argonne chromatic aberration-corrected TEM (ACAT) (a FEI Titan 80-300ST with an image
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white		False[306.14, 49.56, 256.66, 72.16]aberration corrector to compensate for both spherical and chromatic aberrations) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The 3D-rED datasets were acquired by stepwise tilting the sample with a collection angle of -40° to …aberration corrector to compensate for both spherical and chromatic aberrations) at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The 3D-rED datasets were acquired by stepwise tilting the sample with a collection angle of -40° to …
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white		False[306.14, 143.23, 77.19, 9.02]Data availabilityData availability
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white		False[306.14, 157.06, 256.57, 18.41]The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request.
10589list_itemreferenceFalselowafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.14, 191.24, 243.29, 21.29]Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013).Wan, W., Sun, J., Su, J., Hovmöller, S. & Zou, X. Three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction: software RED for automated data collection and data processing. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 46 , 1863-1873 (2013).
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white		False[306.14, 230.29, 256.68, 125.5]Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicle…Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. This work was also supported by the Clean Vehicle…
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white		False[306.14, 368.55, 254.86, 53.36]Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Li…Author contributions T.L., J. Liu, L.L., J. Lu, F.P . and K.A. conceived the idea and designed the experiments. T.L., J. Liu, R.Q. and S.X. synthesized all the materials and conducted electrochemical measurements. J. Li…
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white		False[306.14, 433.66, 177.89, 5.26]Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
10593section_headerunknown_textFalselowafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.14, 451.68, 63.4, 5.25]Additional informationAdditional information
10594textback_matter_textFalselowafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.14, 459.69, 254.68, 13.28]Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine.Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Jun Lu, Feng Pan or Khalil Amine.
10595textaffiliationFalselowafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.14, 475.73, 253.66, 13.28]Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.Peer review information Nature thanks Doron Aurbach and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
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gray		False[306.14, 491.76, 230.84, 5.26]Reprints and permissions information is available at http://www.nature.com/reprints.Reprints and permissions information is available at
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white		False[39.69, 554.15, 254.95, 46.51]Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distrib…Extended Data Fig. 1 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and composition of the LMR cathode. a , b The SEM image of the LMR powder. The particle size ranges from 200-600 nm. c The particle size distrib…
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white		False[306.14, 554.17, 256.06, 46.49]corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM…corresponding BET plot of LMR. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm and the corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared LMR cathode indicate that its specific surface area is calculated to be 2.804 m 2 g -1 . f SEM…
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white		False[39.69, 28.45, 46.17, 12.96]ArticleArticle
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white		False[39.69, 473.63, 251.82, 57.32]Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemic…Extended Data Fig. 2 | The electrochemical properties of the LMR cathode. a , b The first charge/discharge curve and corresponding dQ/dV curve of LMR cathode. The first charge profile exhibits two distinct electrochemic…
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white		False[306.14, 473.63, 252.85, 46.5]extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffus…extraction and at this stage oxygen is oxidized (at high potentials) to per-oxo species: (2O 2-↔ [O2] 2+ 2e -). c , d The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) test of the first charge. The Li-ion diffus…
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white		False[39.68, 335.51, 254.49, 46.5]Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle…Extended Data Fig. 3 | The morphology, particle distribution, surface area and in situ DEMS of the Li2MnO3 cathode. a The SEM image of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The as-prepared Li2MnO3 exhibits a single-particle…
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white		False[306.14, 335.51, 240.62, 46.5]corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS…corresponding BET plot of the as-prepared Li 2 MnO3 powder. The specific surface area of Li 2 MnO3 is calculated to be 3.1106 m 2 g -1 . d The particle size distribution of the as-prepared Li2MnO3 powder. e In situ DEMS…
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white		False[39.69, 350.99, 256.3, 66.51]Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be o…Extended Data Fig. 4 | The ex situ and in situ XRD and ex situ XAS of the LMR cathode. a The ex situ XRD patterns of the first charge/discharge for the LMR cathode. The superlattice evolution of the LMR cathode can be o…
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white		False[306.14, 350.04, 252.98, 57.46](1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is complete…(1C = 250 mA g -1 ). The obvious lattice parameter changes can be observed from in situ XRD patterns, particularly in the 2 theta range of 1.3-1.5°. Generally, the structure evolution observed in in situ XRD is complete…
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white		False[39.69, 573.71, 517.55, 16.5]Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices …Extended Data Fig. 5 | Visible lattice displacement observations using TEM of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.47 V. Although the layered structure is maintained, lattices …
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white		False[39.69, 662.99, 249.08, 57.32]Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The c…Extended Data Fig. 6 | Visible structural observations of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. a High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.5 V. b The enlarged image of the selected area in Extended Data Fig. 6a. c The c…
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white		False[306.15, 662.99, 255.75, 46.51]cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the differ…cathode charged to 4.5 V. The lattice displacements are highlighted with yellow marks. k , l and m The corresponding FFT images of Extended Data Fig. 6h, i and j. Obvious lattice displacements are observed in the differ…
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white		False[39.69, 463.31, 517.29, 16.5]Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f.Extended Data Fig. 7 | The SAED images captured at different rotation angles from -40 to 36º. These SAED images in Extended Data Fig. 7 are used for 3D-rED reconstruction present in Fig. 4e-f.
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white		False[39.69, 650.51, 252.02, 36.51]Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffractio…Extended Data Fig. 8 | Lattice displacement and structure changes observed from 3D-rED and SAED. a , b The reciprocal lattice viewed along the a* axis of the LMR cathode at 4.5 V. c The selected area electron diffractio…
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white		False[306.14, 650.51, 247.52, 36.5]structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112]…structure and weak Li 2 MnO3 reflection, the reflection that corresponds to the spinel lattice can be also observed. d , e , f and g The simulated patterns of standard electron diffractions for Layer [210], spinel [112]…
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white		False[39.68, 662.99, 255.14, 56.51]Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer …Extended Data Fig. 9 | Visible structural observations and chemical state changes of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. a, b Low and High magnification TEM image of the LMR charged to 4.8 V. A clear reconstruction surface layer …
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white		False[306.13, 663.01, 248.09, 56.51]substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge ,…substantially reduces from the interior to the exterior and almost disappears near the surface. Concurrently, Mn L-edge shows left shift near the surface. d Electron energy loss spectroscopy line scans of the O K-edge ,…
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white		False[39.68, 435.95, 254.34, 76.5]Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry a…Extended Data Fig. 10 | Structure and electrochemical properties of O2 phase-based LMR. a The XRD pattern of as-prepared Li x Ni0.13 Mn0.54 Co0.13 O2. The diffraction peaks belonging to an O2 phase with P63mc symmetry a…
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white		False[306.14, 435.95, 248.81, 66.51]being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviou…being aggregated to form a Li 2MnO3-like domain. c The charge/discharge profiles of O2 phase-based LMR cathode. The cells were activated at C/10 within first 3 cycles and then cycled at C/3. The smooth charging behaviou…
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white		True[39.69, 49.89, 512.2, 7.87]Extended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathodeExtended Data Table 1 | Lattice parameters obtained by the two-phase structure model refinement of pristine LMR cathode
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white		False[39.69, 334.02, 491.08, 6.63]The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes.The XRD pattern of the LMR cathode is refined using the two-phase model, which consists of both rhombohedral R3 ̅ m and monoclinic C2/m phases that are present in LMR cathodes.
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white		False[39.69, 28.55, 45.61, 12.25]ArticleArticle
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white		True[39.69, 49.89, 402.15, 7.87]Extended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS dataExtended Data Table 2 | Structural parameters of the samples obtained by fitting the EXAFS data
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white		False[39.69, 231.17, 423.01, 6.1]There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting.There are the average coordination number (CN), path distance (R), Debye-Waller factor (σ 2 ), threshold energy correction (∆E), and the R-Factor of the fitting.