这里是差集：Docling 全量解析 text block 减去最终会进入正文的 block。优先人工检查 risk=high / medium。
layout_review.html excluded_blocks.json excluded_blocks.tsv final_body_blocks.tsv visual_assets.tsv original.pdf
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这些框显示被排除块，同时叠加真实图表资产框。青色虚线表示该 text block 被图表资产 caption 吸收；红色 STOP 是截断触发点，红色框是截断后被排除的块。
这是实际图表资产输出，不是审计层重新推断。
| # | type | label | page | caption source | suppressed | duplicate reason | rescue reason | group | confidence | bbox | caption |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | figure | Docling Figure 1 | 1 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [201.74, 410.5, 334.56, 168.78] | |||||
| 2 | figure | Fig. 1 | 4 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [39.05, 271.2, 518.3, 436.69] | Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP). | ||||
| 3 | figure | Fig. 2 | 5 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [39.28, 391.82, 515.49, 296.03] | Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) | ||||
| 4 | figure | Fig. 3 | 6 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.6, 56.38, 517.79, 317.71] | Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles. | ||||
| 5 | figure | Fig. 4 | 7 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [39.4, 55.85, 518.05, 311.52] | Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle. | ||||
| 6 | figure | Fig. 5 | 9 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [39.74, 54.63, 515.75, 435.71] | Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes. |
| risk | page | order | label | role | reason | parser reason | production usage | trunc | body region | region | bg | bbox | raw text | cleaned text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | 1 | 4 | text | unknown_text | inside_front_matter | inside_front_matter | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 168.03, 419.45, 46.81] | Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture | Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture | |||
| high | 1 | 15 | text | unknown_text | inside_front_matter | inside_front_matter | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [201.99, 375.28, 125.99, 6.4] | G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T | G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T | |||
| high | 1 | 16 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 394.76, 135.36, 25.68] | A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. | A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces. | |||
| high | 1 | 17 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 423.95, 135.37, 25.69] | This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. | This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay. | |||
| medium | 1 | 5 | text | body_candidate_excluded | before_body_started | before_body_started | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 227.09, 422.38, 37.94] | Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** | Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,*** | |||
| medium | 2 | 36 | text | abstract_candidate | inside_abstract | inside_abstract | p2:body_region:1 | p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [202.0, 81.66, 357.8, 132.94] | Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries, their commercialization is severely hindered by voltage fading, structural degradation, and safety concerns arising from surface instability. To address these problems, we deposited an insular protective layer of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) nanoparticles on LMR secondary particles using a scalable solvent-free mechanofusion strategy. The optimal coating (C-LFP loading = 0.75 wt%) notably enhanced electrochemical performance, resulting in a capacity retention of 60.7% at 3C (cf. 38% for pristine LMR) and 93.43% after 200 cycles at 0.5C while suppressing voltage fading. According to the proposed synergistic mechanism, C-LFP provided electronic conductivity exceeding that of bare LMR, the insular morphology preserved direct electron transport pathways, and the nanoscale C-LFP particle size enabled rapid Li-ion transport and shortened diffusion lengths. The C-LFP coating prevented the formation of highly resistive rock-salt degradation layers, maintained a low interfacial impedance, and suppressed Mn dissolution ( > 95% reduction) and O2 evolution. Thus, this work demonstrates that rationally designed surface modification can unlock the full potential of LMR cathodes for next-generation energy storage applications. | Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batteries, their commercialization is severely hindered by voltage fading, structural degradation, and safety concerns arising from surface instability. To address these problems, we deposited an insular protective layer of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) nanoparticles on LMR secondary particles using a scalable solvent-free mechanofusion strategy. The optimal coating (C-LFP loading = 0.75 wt%) notably enhanced electrochemical performance, resulting in a capacity retention of 60.7% at 3C (cf. 38% for pristine LMR) and 93.43% after 200 cycles at 0.5C while suppressing voltage fading. According to the proposed synergistic mechanism, C-LFP provided electronic conductivity exceeding that of bare LMR, the insular morphology preserved direct electron transport pathways, and the nanoscale C-LFP particle size enabled rapid Li-ion transport and shortened diffusion lengths. The C-LFP coating prevented the formation of highly resistive rock-salt degradation layers, maintained a low interfacial impedance, and suppressed Mn dissolution ( > 95% reduction) and O2 evolution. Thus, this work demonstrates that rationally designed surface modification can unlock the full potential of LMR cathodes for next-generation energy storage applications. | ||
| medium | 10 | 146 | text | affiliation | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:0 | p10:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15] | Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. Juhyoung Kim: Methodology, Investigation. Jun Ho Shin: Methodology, Investigation. Junhee Lee: Methodology, | Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. Juhyoung Kim: Methodology, Investigation. Jun Ho Shin: Methodology, Investigation. Junhee Lee: Methodology, | |
| medium | 10 | 149 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 140.58, 253.42, 28.23] | The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. | The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. | |
| medium | 10 | 153 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 308.62, 253.43, 101.42] | Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electric vehicle (EV), fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), LiFePO4 (LFP), Li-ion battery (LIB), Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR), polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), transition metal (TM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). | Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), electric vehicle (EV), fieldemission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), LiFePO4 (LFP), Li-ion battery (LIB), Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR), polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), transition metal (TM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). | |
| low | 1 | 0 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p1:top_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [224.72, 33.45, 145.08, 11.73] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | |||
| low | 1 | 1 | text | front_matter_heading | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [228.42, 63.48, 140.65, 7.31] | Contents lists available at ScienceDirect | Contents lists available at ScienceDirect | |||
| low | 1 | 2 | section_header | title_candidate | non_body_heading | non_body_heading | p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [219.29, 87.36, 158.93, 12.79] | Journal of Power Sources | Journal of Power Sources | |||
| low | 1 | 3 | text | front_matter_heading | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [195.48, 119.22, 206.54, 6.67] | journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsour | journal homepage: | |||
| low | 1 | 6 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 273.05, 448.21, 15.96] | a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea | a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 7 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 290.17, 362.56, 7.4] | b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea | b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 8 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 298.73, 359.78, 7.4] | c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea | c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 9 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 307.29, 276.21, 7.4] | d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea | d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 10 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 315.85, 324.86, 7.4] | e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea | e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 11 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 324.47, 333.53, 7.4] | f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea | f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 12 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 333.03, 239.14, 7.4] | g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea | g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 13 | footnote | footnote | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 341.59, 401.45, 7.4] | h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea | h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea | |||
| low | 1 | 14 | section_header | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 375.28, 69.91, 6.4] | H I G H L I G H T S | H I G H L I G H T S | |||
| low | 1 | 21 | footnote | footnote | outside_body_flow_footnote | outside_body_flow_footnote | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [41.61, 634.57, 399.17, 6.58] | This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. | This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources. | |||
| low | 1 | 22 | footnote | footnote | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [42.63, 644.15, 78.79, 6.58] | * Corresponding author. | * Corresponding author. | |||
| low | 1 | 23 | footnote | footnote | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [42.63, 653.73, 82.36, 6.58] | ** Corresponding author. | ** Corresponding author. | |||
| low | 1 | 24 | footnote | footnote | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [42.63, 663.26, 85.99, 6.58] | *** Corresponding author. | *** Corresponding author. | |||
| low | 1 | 25 | footnote | footnote | outside_body_flow_footnote | outside_body_flow_footnote | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [43.71, 680.69, 159.27, 8.31] | 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. | 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. | |||
| low | 1 | 26 | footnote | footnote | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [49.55, 672.84, 370.79, 6.58] | E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). | E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon). | |||
| low | 1 | 27 | section_header | metadata | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [37.59, 699.43, 158.54, 6.58] | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599 | ||||
| low | 1 | 28 | page_footer | page_footer | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.52, 714.7, 110.87, 11.73] | Available online 11 February 2026 | Available online 11 February 2026 | |||
| low | 1 | 29 | page_footer | page_footer | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 708.95, 322.41, 6.58] | Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 | Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026 | |||
| low | 1 | 30 | page_footer | page_footer | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:bottom_margin:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.52, 724.32, 522.04, 11.73] | 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). | 0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ). | |||
| low | 2 | 31 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p2:body_region:0 | p2:top_margin:column_1_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 2 | 32 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p2:body_region:1 | p2:top_margin:column_3_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 2 | 33 | section_header | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 64.26, 78.1, 6.4] | A R T I C L E I N F O | A R T I C L E I N F O | ||
| low | 2 | 34 | section_header | abstract_heading | abstract_heading | abstract_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_2_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [202.0, 64.26, 56.72, 6.4] | A B S T R A C T | A B S T R A C T | ||
| low | 2 | 35 | text | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_1_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 83.2, 59.2, 57.27] | Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode | Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode | ||
| low | 2 | 37 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 247.11, 60.25, 7.31] | 1. Introduction | 1. Introduction | ||
| low | 2 | 44 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 487.71, 98.06, 7.31] | 2. Experimental methods | 2. Experimental methods | ||
| low | 2 | 45 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 508.63, 81.33, 7.31] | 2.1. Materials synthesis | 2.1. Materials synthesis | ||
| low | 2 | 46 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_3_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 529.55, 196.82, 7.31] | 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) | 2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR) | ||
| low | 2 | 49 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p2:body_region:1 | p2:bottom_margin:column_3_of_3:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 3 | 50 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p3:body_region:1 | p3:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 3 | 51 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p3:body_region:0 | p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 3 | 53 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 76.4, 199.65, 7.31] | 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles | 2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles | ||
| low | 3 | 56 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 275.17, 128.43, 7.31] | 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process | 2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process | ||
| low | 3 | 58 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 422.23, 105.97, 7.31] | 2.2. Materials characterization | 2.2. Materials characterization | ||
| low | 3 | 59 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 443.2, 179.22, 7.31] | 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization | 2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization | ||
| low | 3 | 61 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 641.91, 133.52, 7.31] | 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization | 2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization | ||
| low | 3 | 69 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:1 | p3:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 532.21, 157.07, 7.31] | 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis | 2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis | ||
| low | 3 | 73 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 3 | 3 | |||
| low | 4 | 74 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p4:body_region:1 | p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 4 | 75 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p4:body_region:0 | p4:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 4 | 77 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:1 | p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 55.49, 98.62, 7.31] | 3. Results and discussion | 3. Results and discussion | ||
| low | 4 | 78 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:1 | p4:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 76.41, 229.26, 7.31] | 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) | 3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx) | ||
| low | 4 | 80 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 717.45, 522.2, 25.69] | Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP). | Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP). | |||
| low | 4 | 81 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 4 | 4 | |||
| low | 5 | 82 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p5:body_region:1 | p5:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 5 | 83 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p5:body_region:0 | p5:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 5 | 89 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:1 | p5:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 233.73, 148.48, 7.31] | 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance | 3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance | ||
| low | 5 | 91 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p5:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 698.35, 522.18, 44.79] | Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) | Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.) | |||
| low | 5 | 92 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p5:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 5 | 5 | |||
| low | 6 | 93 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p6:body_region:1 | p6:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 6 | 94 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p6:body_region:0 | p6:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 6 | 95 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p6:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 384.16, 522.16, 25.69] | Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles. | Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles. | |||
| low | 6 | 98 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:1 | p6:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 425.18, 244.54, 17.8] | 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics | 3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics | ||
| low | 6 | 102 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p6:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 6 | 6 | |||
| low | 7 | 103 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p7:body_region:1 | p7:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 7 | 104 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p7:body_region:0 | p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 7 | 105 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 379.39, 522.21, 25.74] | Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle. | Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle. | |||
| low | 7 | 111 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 7 | 7 | |||
| low | 8 | 112 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p8:body_region:1 | p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 8 | 113 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p8:body_region:0 | p8:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 8 | 121 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 673.32, 203.54, 7.31] | 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism | 3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism | ||
| low | 8 | 129 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 8 | 8 | |||
| low | 9 | 130 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p9:body_region:1 | p9:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 9 | 131 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p9:body_region:0 | p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 9 | 132 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 501.68, 522.2, 57.32] | Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes. | Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes. | |||
| low | 9 | 137 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [296.21, 754.46, 3.59, 10.42] | 9 | 9 | |||
| low | 10 | 138 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p10:body_region:1 | p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42] | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599 | ||
| low | 10 | 139 | text | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | page_margin_header | p10:body_region:0 | p10:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 37.0, 461.87, 5.85] | E. Kim et al. | E. Kim et al. | ||
| low | 10 | 141 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 76.74, 54.38, 7.31] | 4. Conclusion | 4. Conclusion | ||
| low | 10 | 145 | section_header | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | stop_trigger | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [37.59, 673.32, 161.94, 7.31] | CRediT authorship contribution statement | CRediT authorship contribution statement | |
| low | 10 | 147 | text | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 55.49, 253.41, 49.15] | Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing -original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. | Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing -original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. | |
| low | 10 | 148 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 119.66, 128.59, 7.31] | Declaration of competing interest | Declaration of competing interest | |
| low | 10 | 150 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 182.76, 73.84, 7.31] | Acknowledgements | Acknowledgements | |
| low | 10 | 151 | text | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 203.68, 253.43, 70.07] | This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no. 2410004404 and 2410005140) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and project No. SS2222 -20 funded by Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT). | This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no. 2410004404 and 2410005140) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and project No. SS2222 -20 funded by Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT). | |
| low | 10 | 152 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.59, 287.7, 32.47, 7.31] | Glossary | Glossary | |
| low | 10 | 154 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 423.99, 128.57, 7.31] | Appendix A. Supplementary data | Appendix A. Supplementary data | |
| low | 10 | 155 | text | reference | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 444.91, 253.41, 17.8] | Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. | Supplementary data to this article can be found online at org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599. | |
| low | 10 | 156 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 476.31, 63.51, 7.31] | Data availability | Data availability | |
| low | 10 | 157 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [318.56, 497.23, 140.32, 7.31] | Data will be made available on request. | Data will be made available on request. | |
| low | 10 | 158 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:1 | p10:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.6, 518.49, 41.21, 7.31] | References | References | |
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| low | 11 | 212 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p11:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [294.42, 754.46, 7.18, 10.42] | 11 | 11 |