Docling layout block audit

original.pdf docling.json layout_blocks.json layout_blocks.tsv layout_blocks.jsonl excluded_blocks.html excluded_blocks.tsv final_body_blocks.tsv visual_assets.tsv visual_assets.json

Summary

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Diff Summary

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Truncation

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Page Overlays

Green = final body chunks. Orange/purple asset boxes = actual figure/table assets used by ingestion. Cyan dashed text boxes = text blocks consumed by those assets as caption continuations. Red STOP = truncation trigger. Red boxes = blocks after truncation.

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Visual Assets

这里对齐真实图表资产提取链路。caption_source=embedded_table_cell 表示表注来自 Docling table cell，不会出现在 text block 审计差集里；caption_continuation_used_by_asset 表示某个 text block 已被图表 caption 吸收，不应按普通 metadata 解读。

#typelabelpagecaption sourcesuppressedduplicate reasonrescue reasongroupconfidencebboxcaption
1figureDocling Figure 11missing_caption0.55[201.74, 410.5, 334.56, 168.78]
2figureFig. 14direct_caption_ref0.82[39.05, 271.2, 518.3, 436.69]Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pristine Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR); the inset highlights superlattice reflections (20 -23 ◦ ). (c) XRD patterns of samples with various C-LFP loadings. (d) Comparison of LMR@F2.0 with the corresponding physical mixture (LMR + 2.0 wt% C-LFP).
3figureFig. 25direct_caption_ref0.82[39.28, 391.82, 515.49, 296.03]Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. (c -f) Surface FE-SEM images of LMR@F0.5 -;2.0 demonstrating the formation of a discrete islandlike coating morphology progressively densifying with increasing C-LFP loading. (g) Cross-sectional FE-SEM image and (h) corresponding energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line profile of LMR@F0.75. (i -l) EDS elemental mappings of Fe (red) obtained for LMR@F0.5 -;2.0. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
4figureFig. 36direct_caption_ref0.82[38.6, 56.38, 517.79, 317.71]Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge voltage profiles of (d) pristine LMR and (e) LMR@F0.75 at selected cycles (initial, 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th). (f) Evolution of average discharge voltage over 200 cycles.
5figureFig. 47direct_caption_ref0.82[39.4, 55.85, 518.05, 311.52]Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V region showing enhanced kinetics near the LFP activation potential, and (d) the 3.6 -4.0 V region. Nyquist plots of LMR half-cells recorded (e) in the fresh state (at open-circuit voltage) and (f) after the third initial cycle.
6figureFig. 59direct_caption_ref0.82[39.74, 54.63, 515.75, 435.71]Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTEM images focusing on the near-surface region. (c, d) Magnified lattice image and corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern of the pristine LMR surface revealing the formation of a degraded rock-salt phase ( Fm 3 m ). (e, f) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of pristine LMR bulk showing the original layered structure ( R 3 m ). (i, j) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 surface confirming the preservation of the Li2MnO3-like superlattice structure ( C 2/ m ). (k, l) Magnified lattice image and FFT pattern of the LMR@F0.75 bulk ( R 3 m ). (m, n) In situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry profiles showing O2 and CO2 evolution during the first charge. (o) Differential scanning calorimetry curves of charged cathodes.

Blocks

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white		False[224.72, 33.45, 145.08, 11.73]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
11textfront_matter_headingFalselowfirst_page_metadatafirst_page_metadata
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gray		False[228.42, 63.48, 140.65, 7.31]Contents lists available at ScienceDirectContents lists available at ScienceDirect
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gray		False[219.29, 87.36, 158.93, 12.79]Journal of Power SourcesJournal of Power Sources
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gray		False[195.48, 119.22, 206.54, 6.67]journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpowsourjournal homepage:
14textunknown_textFalsehighinside_front_matterinside_front_matter
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white		False[37.59, 168.03, 419.45, 46.81]Decoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architectureDecoupling activation from passivation in high-rate Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides through the construction of a conductive LiFePO4 island architecture
15textbody_candidate_excludedFalsemediumbefore_body_startedbefore_body_started
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white		False[37.59, 227.09, 422.38, 37.94]Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,***Eunki Kim a,1 , Joo-Hyung Kim b,1 , Joon Ha Chang c,1 , Juhyoung Kim a,d , Jun Ho Shin a,e , Junhee Lee a,e , Garam Lee a,f , Ho Jin Lee a,g , Kwangjin Park h,* , Dong Wook Kim a,** , San Moon a,***
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white		False[37.59, 273.05, 448.21, 15.96]a Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Koreaa Department of Advanced Battery Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yueong, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 290.17, 362.56, 7.4]b Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Koreab Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 298.73, 359.78, 7.4]c Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Koreac Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chumgju, 27469, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 307.29, 276.21, 7.4]d Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Koread Department of Material Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 315.85, 324.86, 7.4]e Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Koreae Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 324.47, 333.53, 7.4]f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Koreaf Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 333.03, 239.14, 7.4]g Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Koreag Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 341.59, 401.45, 7.4]h Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Koreah Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnamdaero, Sujeong-Gu, Sungnam Si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
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white		False[37.59, 375.28, 69.91, 6.4]H I G H L I G H T SH I G H L I G H T S
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white		False[201.99, 375.28, 125.99, 6.4]G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C TG R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T
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white		False[37.59, 394.76, 135.36, 25.68]A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces.A scalable solvent-free mechanofusion process constructs discrete LiFePO4 island architectures on LMR surfaces.
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white		False[37.59, 423.95, 135.37, 25.69]This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay.This unique insular coating decouples bulk activation from surface passivation to suppress inherent voltage decay.
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white		False[37.59, 453.09, 135.36, 35.32]Atomic-scale HR-TEM analysis confirms that the engineered interface successfully mitigates rock-salt phase transitions.Atomic-scale HR-TEM analysis confirms that the engineered interface successfully mitigates rock-salt phase transitions.
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white		False[37.59, 491.87, 135.37, 35.27]The optimized surface architecture inhibits oxygen evolution and reduces manganese dissolution by more than 95%.The optimized surface architecture inhibits oxygen evolution and reduces manganese dissolution by more than 95%.
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white		False[37.59, 530.65, 135.36, 25.69]Enhanced interfacial kinetics enable a high-rate capacity of 130 mAh/g at 5C with 90.3% retention over 200 cycles.Enhanced interfacial kinetics enable a high-rate capacity of 130 mAh/g at 5C with 90.3% retention over 200 cycles.
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white		False[41.61, 634.57, 399.17, 6.58]This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources.This article is part of a special issue entitled: MDB 2025 : Progresses and Challenges published in Journal of Power Sources.
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white		False[42.63, 644.15, 78.79, 6.58]* Corresponding author.* Corresponding author.
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white		False[42.63, 653.73, 82.36, 6.58]** Corresponding author.** Corresponding author.
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white		False[42.63, 663.26, 85.99, 6.58]*** Corresponding author.*** Corresponding author.
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white		False[43.71, 680.69, 159.27, 8.31]1 These authors contributed equally to this work.1 These authors contributed equally to this work.
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white		False[49.55, 672.84, 370.79, 6.58]E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon).E-mail addresses: ydmj79@gachon.ac.kr (K. Park), dongwook@krict.re.kr (D.W. Kim), san82@krict.re.kr (S. Moon).
127section_headermetadataFalselowfirst_page_metadatafirst_page_metadata
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white		False[37.59, 699.43, 158.54, 6.58]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599
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white		False[37.52, 714.7, 110.87, 11.73]Available online 11 February 2026Available online 11 February 2026
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white		False[37.59, 708.95, 322.41, 6.58]Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026Received 9 December 2025; Received in revised form 29 January 2026; Accepted 7 February 2026
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white		False[37.52, 724.32, 522.04, 11.73]0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).0378-7753/© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( ).
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 64.26, 78.1, 6.4]A R T I C L E I N F OA R T I C L E I N F O
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white		False[202.0, 64.26, 56.72, 6.4]A B S T R A C TA B S T R A C T
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white		False[37.59, 83.2, 59.2, 57.27]Keywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathodeKeywords: Li-rich layered oxide LiFePO4 coating Mechanofusion Voltage fading Surface stabilization High-energy cathode
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white		False[202.0, 81.66, 357.8, 132.94]Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt…Although Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) exhibit high specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) through anionic redox activity and are therefore promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy Li-ion batt…
237section_headerbody_headingFalselowbody_headingbody_heading
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white		False[37.59, 247.11, 60.25, 7.31]1. Introduction1. Introduction
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white		False[37.59, 268.03, 253.44, 153.8]The transition to a sustainable energy economy necessitates the development of next-generation energy storage technologies to meet the demands of transportation sector electrification and establish grid-scale energy sto…The transition to a sustainable energy economy necessitates the development of next-generation energy storage technologies to meet the demands of transportation sector electrification and establish grid-scale energy sto…
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white		False[37.59, 424.95, 253.43, 90.99]Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) hold promise as nextgeneration cathode materials, delivering specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) [19 -24] notably exceeding those of conventional materials (200 mAh g 1 ) by simu…Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides (LMRs) hold promise as nextgeneration cathode materials, delivering specific capacities ( > 250 mAh g 1 ) [19 -24] notably exceeding those of conventional materials (200 mAh g 1 ) by simu…
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white		False[37.59, 519.12, 253.44, 185.1]One of the biggest challenges faced by LMRs is the severe continuous voltage fading during cycling, which leads to a rapid decrease in overall energy density and thereby negates the primary advantage of these cathode ma…One of the biggest challenges faced by LMRs is the severe continuous voltage fading during cycling, which leads to a rapid decrease in overall energy density and thereby negates the primary advantage of these cathode ma…
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white		False[37.59, 707.39, 253.44, 28.23]Surface modification through the deposition of protective coatings is one of the most viable and effective strategies for confronting these multifaceted and interconnected failure modes [29,35,36]. ASurface modification through the deposition of protective coatings is one of the most viable and effective strategies for confronting these multifaceted and interconnected failure modes [29,35,36]. A
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white		False[306.59, 247.11, 253.43, 70.07]well-designed coating acts as a multifunctional shield passivating the reactive LMR surface and creating a robust physical and chemical barrier against the corrosive electrolyte. Among the potential coating materials, L…well-designed coating acts as a multifunctional shield passivating the reactive LMR surface and creating a robust physical and chemical barrier against the corrosive electrolyte. Among the potential coating materials, L…
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white		False[306.6, 320.35, 253.43, 153.75]Herein, we examine the ability of a uniform nanoscale carbon-coated LFP (C-LFP) layer to function as a shield mitigating the primary degradation pathways in LMR cathodes. Unlike previous works employing conventional and…Herein, we examine the ability of a uniform nanoscale carbon-coated LFP (C-LFP) layer to function as a shield mitigating the primary degradation pathways in LMR cathodes. Unlike previous works employing conventional and…
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white		False[306.6, 487.71, 98.06, 7.31]2. Experimental methods2. Experimental methods
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white		False[306.6, 508.63, 81.33, 7.31]2.1. Materials synthesis2.1. Materials synthesis
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white		False[306.6, 529.55, 196.82, 7.31]2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR)2.1.1. Synthesis of Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide (LMR)
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white		False[306.6, 540.04, 253.41, 122.34]NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and MnSO4 ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in deionized water to prepare a solution with a Mn:Ni molar ratio of 65:35 and total sulfate concentration of 2.0 M. This solut…NiSO4 ⋅ 6H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and MnSO4 ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in deionized water to prepare a solution with a Mn:Ni molar ratio of 65:35 and total sulfate concentration of 2.0 M. This solut…
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white		False[306.6, 665.56, 253.42, 70.07]The dried precursor was uniformly mixed with LiOH ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) at a Li:TM molar ratio of 1.4:1, and the mixture was calcined in a muffle furnace in air at 650 ◦ C for 4 h (heating rate: 2 ◦ C min 1 ) fo…The dried precursor was uniformly mixed with LiOH ⋅ H2O ( ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) at a Li:TM molar ratio of 1.4:1, and the mixture was calcined in a muffle furnace in air at 650 ◦ C for 4 h (heating rate: 2 ◦ C min 1 ) fo…
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 55.48, 83.95, 7.31]and stored in dry room.and stored in dry room.
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white		False[37.59, 76.4, 199.65, 7.31]2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles2.1.2. Preparation of carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanoparticles
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white		False[37.59, 86.89, 253.43, 90.99]Stoichiometric amounts of FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and aqueous H2O2 (25 wt%) were introduced into a continuously stirred tank reactor. Subsequently, an aqueous NH4H2PO4 ( ≥ 98%, SigmaAldrich) solution was co…Stoichiometric amounts of FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and aqueous H2O2 (25 wt%) were introduced into a continuously stirred tank reactor. Subsequently, an aqueous NH4H2PO4 ( ≥ 98%, SigmaAldrich) solution was co…
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white		False[37.59, 181.0, 253.44, 80.56]The dried FePO4 precursor was mixed with Li2CO3 ( ≥ 99%, SigmaAldrich) and glucose ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) in deionized water under continuous stirring and heating. The Li:TM molar ratio was adjusted to 1.03:1 to ensure…The dried FePO4 precursor was mixed with Li2CO3 ( ≥ 99%, SigmaAldrich) and glucose ( ≥ 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) in deionized water under continuous stirring and heating. The Li:TM molar ratio was adjusted to 1.03:1 to ensure…
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white		False[37.59, 275.17, 128.43, 7.31]2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process2.1.3. Mechanofusion coating process
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white		False[37.59, 285.6, 253.44, 122.4]A predetermined amount of C-LFP (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, or 2.00 wt% relative to LMR) was mixed with LMR powder (50 g) in the mechanofusion chamber, and the mixture was subjected to high-speed mechanical processing (KMTECH Co…A predetermined amount of C-LFP (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, or 2.00 wt% relative to LMR) was mixed with LMR powder (50 g) in the mechanofusion chamber, and the mixture was subjected to high-speed mechanical processing (KMTECH Co…
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white		False[37.59, 422.23, 105.97, 7.31]2.2. Materials characterization2.2. Materials characterization
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white		False[37.59, 443.2, 179.22, 7.31]2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization2.2.1. Structural and morphological characterization
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white		False[37.59, 453.64, 253.44, 174.67]High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected using a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer with a Cu K α radiation source ( λ = 1.5406 Å) operating at 45 kV and 200 mA. Data were recorded in the 2 θ range of…High-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected using a Rigaku SmartLab diffractometer with a Cu K α radiation source ( λ = 1.5406 Å) operating at 45 kV and 200 mA. Data were recorded in the 2 θ range of…
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white		False[37.59, 641.91, 133.52, 7.31]2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization2.2.2. Electrochemical characterization
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white		False[37.59, 652.4, 253.45, 90.99]LMR@F x was used as the active cathode material, carbon black (Ketjen black, EC-600JD, AkzoNobel Co.) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs, Sigma-Aldrich) as conductive additives, and a solution of polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF;…LMR@F x was used as the active cathode material, carbon black (Ketjen black, EC-600JD, AkzoNobel Co.) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs, Sigma-Aldrich) as conductive additives, and a solution of polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF;…
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white		False[306.59, 55.49, 253.42, 132.82]mixer (AR-100, Thinky Co.). Subsequently, LMR@F x was incorporated into this premix so that the final electrode formulation contained 96.5 wt% active material, 1.5 wt% carbon black, and 2.0 wt% binder. The mixture was f…mixer (AR-100, Thinky Co.). Subsequently, LMR@F x was incorporated into this premix so that the final electrode formulation contained 96.5 wt% active material, 1.5 wt% carbon black, and 2.0 wt% binder. The mixture was f…
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white		False[306.6, 191.49, 253.4, 80.5]Galvanostatic charge -discharge cycling was performed using a WBCS3000L battery testing system (WonATech Co.) at 28 ◦ C in the voltage range of 2.0 -4.7 V vs. Li/Li + . The cells were subjected to three initial cycles a…Galvanostatic charge -discharge cycling was performed using a WBCS3000L battery testing system (WonATech Co.) at 28 ◦ C in the voltage range of 2.0 -4.7 V vs. Li/Li + . The cells were subjected to three initial cycles a…
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white		False[306.6, 275.17, 253.42, 70.07]Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Biologic VMP3 potentiostat in the frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHz at an alternating-current amplitude of 5 mV. Electrochemical impedance sp…Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Biologic VMP3 potentiostat in the frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHz at an alternating-current amplitude of 5 mV. Electrochemical impedance sp…
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white		False[306.6, 348.42, 253.42, 59.58]Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + values) during discharge were determined using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements. The cells were discharged at 0.1C for 30 min and allowed to relax…Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + values) during discharge were determined using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements. The cells were discharged at 0.1C for 30 min and allowed to relax…
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white		False[306.6, 448.53, 253.41, 49.15]where mB is the mass of the active material, VM is the molar volume of the active material, MB is the molar mass of the active material, S is the electrode -electrolyte contact area, Δ Es is the steady-state voltage cha…where mB is the mass of the active material, VM is the molar volume of the active material, MB is the molar mass of the active material, S is the electrode -electrolyte contact area, Δ Es is the steady-state voltage cha…
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white		False[306.6, 500.86, 253.37, 17.74]The volume resistivity of the cathode material was measured using an electrode resistance meter (Hioki RM2610).The volume resistivity of the cathode material was measured using an electrode resistance meter (Hioki RM2610).
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white		False[306.6, 532.21, 157.07, 7.31]2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis2.2.3. Chemical and thermal stability analysis
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white		False[306.6, 542.7, 253.4, 59.64]TM dissolution was quantified as follows. After 50 cycles at 0.5C, the cells were disassembled, and the cell components were rinsed with an identical volume of the electrolyte used in the cells (composition described ab…TM dissolution was quantified as follows. After 50 cycles at 0.5C, the cells were disassembled, and the cell components were rinsed with an identical volume of the electrolyte used in the cells (composition described ab…
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white		False[306.6, 605.46, 253.42, 80.56]Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, DSC204 F1 Phoenix, Netzsch) measurements were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of charged cathodes. Coin cells were charged to 4.8 V at 0.1C and then disassembled. The …Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, DSC204 F1 Phoenix, Netzsch) measurements were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of charged cathodes. Coin cells were charged to 4.8 V at 0.1C and then disassembled. The …
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white		False[306.6, 689.14, 253.43, 49.15]The gas evolution in the cells was monitored and quantified by insitu differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), which was constructed by a home-built design. The slurry of active material (LMR or LFP-coated…The gas evolution in the cells was monitored and quantified by insitu differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), which was constructed by a home-built design. The slurry of active material (LMR or LFP-coated…
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 55.48, 253.44, 174.67]foil was used as a counter and reference electrode. Coin-type cells with a meshed top were assembled with the working electrode, the lithium electrode, and a glass microfiber membrane separator (GF/CTM, Whatman Co.) soa…foil was used as a counter and reference electrode. Coin-type cells with a meshed top were assembled with the working electrode, the lithium electrode, and a glass microfiber membrane separator (GF/CTM, Whatman Co.) soa…
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white		False[306.59, 55.49, 98.62, 7.31]3. Results and discussion3. Results and discussion
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white		False[306.59, 76.41, 229.26, 7.31]3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx)3.1. Synthesis and characterization of LFP-coated LMR (LMR@Fx)
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white		False[306.59, 97.33, 253.43, 153.75]The core strategy of this work is to engineer a protective, ionically conductive, and electronically non-obstructive surface layer on Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) layered oxide cathodes to mitigate their intrinsic degradation …The core strategy of this work is to engineer a protective, ionically conductive, and electronically non-obstructive surface layer on Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) layered oxide cathodes to mitigate their intrinsic degradation …
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white		False[37.59, 717.45, 522.2, 25.69]Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter…Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the suppression of surface degradation (Mn dissolution, O2 evolution, and rock-salt phase transformation) by the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C-LFP) layer. (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patter…
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 55.48, 253.39, 17.8]and chemical barrier passivating the reactive surface and preserving the structural integrity of the underlying layered framework.and chemical barrier passivating the reactive surface and preserving the structural integrity of the underlying layered framework.
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white		False[37.59, 76.4, 253.44, 165.31]The effects of mechanofusion on bulk crystal structure were probed by XRD (Fig. 1b -d). The pattern of pristine LMR (Fig. 1b) exhibited the expected peaks, including the (003) and (104) peaks of the rhombohedral ( R 3 m…The effects of mechanofusion on bulk crystal structure were probed by XRD (Fig. 1b -d). The pattern of pristine LMR (Fig. 1b) exhibited the expected peaks, including the (003) and (104) peaks of the rhombohedral ( R 3 m…
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white		False[37.59, 244.89, 253.44, 122.34]The morphology of pristine and coated LMR particles was examined using FE-SEM (Fig. 2). The hydroxide precursor comprised spherical secondary particles (~5 μ m) composed of agglomerated plate-like primary particles (Fig…The morphology of pristine and coated LMR particles was examined using FE-SEM (Fig. 2). The hydroxide precursor comprised spherical secondary particles (~5 μ m) composed of agglomerated plate-like primary particles (Fig…
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white		False[306.59, 55.49, 253.38, 17.8]accessibility of the active-material bulk for lithiation/delithiation, these results demonstrate the need to control the C-LFP loading.accessibility of the active-material bulk for lithiation/delithiation, these results demonstrate the need to control the C-LFP loading.
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white		False[306.59, 76.41, 253.41, 143.32]The distribution of C-LFP was examined using EDS. Line scan analysis across a cross-sectioned LMR@F0.75 particle (Fig. 2g and h) revealed a uniform distribution of Mn and Ni. Importantly, Fe and P, the constituent eleme…The distribution of C-LFP was examined using EDS. Line scan analysis across a cross-sectioned LMR@F0.75 particle (Fig. 2g and h) revealed a uniform distribution of Mn and Ni. Importantly, Fe and P, the constituent eleme…
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white		False[306.59, 233.73, 148.48, 7.31]3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance3.2. Enhanced electrochemical performance
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white		False[306.59, 254.65, 253.43, 122.4]The electrochemical performance of pristine and C-LFP-coated LMR cathodes was evaluated using coin-type half-cells. For all samples, the initial charge -discharge profiles recorded at 0.1C were characteristic of LMR cat…The electrochemical performance of pristine and C-LFP-coated LMR cathodes was evaluated using coin-type half-cells. For all samples, the initial charge -discharge profiles recorded at 0.1C were characteristic of LMR cat…
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white		False[37.59, 698.35, 522.18, 44.79]Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. …Fig. 2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the (a) hydroxide precursor and (b) pristine LMR revealing a hierarchical structure composed of spherical secondary and granular primary particles. …
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 384.16, 522.16, 25.69]Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta…Fig. 3. (a) Initial charge -discharge voltage profiles recorded at 0.1C. (b) Results of rate capability tests. (c) Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency evolution during 200 cycles at 0.5C. Charge -discharge volta…
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white		False[37.59, 425.18, 253.44, 164.24]The most notable advantage of the C-LFP coating became evident in rate capability tests (Fig. 3b). As the C-rate was incrementally increased from 0.1C to 3C, all cells exhibited a predictable decrease in capacity. Howev…The most notable advantage of the C-LFP coating became evident in rate capability tests (Fig. 3b). As the C-rate was incrementally increased from 0.1C to 3C, all cells exhibited a predictable decrease in capacity. Howev…
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white		False[37.59, 592.53, 253.44, 143.32]The C-LFP coating also improved long-term cycling stability (200 cycles at 0.5C), a critical challenge for LMR cathodes (Fig. 3c) [27]. The pristine LMR cathode suffered from notable capacity fading, retaining only 89.9…The C-LFP coating also improved long-term cycling stability (200 cycles at 0.5C), a critical challenge for LMR cathodes (Fig. 3c) [27]. The pristine LMR cathode suffered from notable capacity fading, retaining only 89.9…
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white		False[306.59, 425.18, 244.54, 17.8]3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics3.3. Synergistic promotional effects of C-LFP islands on electrochemical reaction kinetics
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white		False[306.59, 456.59, 253.42, 101.42]A central and remarkable finding of this study is the profound improvement in both rate capability and cycling stability achieved through the application of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles. The simultaneous en…A central and remarkable finding of this study is the profound improvement in both rate capability and cycling stability achieved through the application of carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) nanoparticles. The simultaneous en…
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white		False[306.6, 561.18, 253.41, 153.75]A critical concern in the development of surface modification strategies is the potential trade-off between surface protection and electronic insulation. Pristine LFP is inherently insulating, featuring an electronic co…A critical concern in the development of surface modification strategies is the potential trade-off between surface protection and electronic insulation. Pristine LFP is inherently insulating, featuring an electronic co…
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white		False[306.6, 718.05, 253.42, 17.8]Furthermore, the mechanofusion process creates a discrete, islandlike morphology rather than a complete encapsulation. ThisFurthermore, the mechanofusion process creates a discrete, islandlike morphology rather than a complete encapsulation. This
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 379.39, 522.21, 25.74]Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V …Fig. 4. (a) Volume resistivities of different electrode. (b -d) Li-ion diffusion coefficients ( D Li + ) as functions of voltage determined during discharge: (b) full voltage range, (c) magnified view of the 3.2 -3.5 V …
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white		False[37.59, 420.42, 253.44, 132.83]architecture is crucial because it creates a synergistic conductive network where the C-LFP islands function as additional ' conductive nodes ' bridging the Super P conductive additive and the LMR active material. Conse…architecture is crucial because it creates a synergistic conductive network where the C-LFP islands function as additional ' conductive nodes ' bridging the Super P conductive additive and the LMR active material. Conse…
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white		False[37.59, 556.42, 253.45, 174.67]Beyond electronic conductivity, the kinetics of Li-ion transport are equally critical for high-rate performance. The calculated D Li + values were higher for the coated samples across the entire voltage window (Fig. 4b …Beyond electronic conductivity, the kinetics of Li-ion transport are equally critical for high-rate performance. The calculated D Li + values were higher for the coated samples across the entire voltage window (Fig. 4b …
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white		False[306.6, 443.89, 253.43, 101.48]Although bulk LFP is limited by one-dimensional diffusion channels along the [010] direction, reducing the particle size to the nanoscale ( < 100 nm) drastically shortened L . Consequently, the LFP nanoislands functione…Although bulk LFP is limited by one-dimensional diffusion channels along the [010] direction, reducing the particle size to the nanoscale ( < 100 nm) drastically shortened L . Consequently, the LFP nanoislands functione…
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white		False[306.6, 548.48, 253.4, 70.94]To rationalize the abovementioned stability and kinetic improvements, we monitored the evolution of interfacial impedance before and after the initial three cycles. This analysis allowed us to decouple the contributions…To rationalize the abovementioned stability and kinetic improvements, we monitored the evolution of interfacial impedance before and after the initial three cycles. This analysis allowed us to decouple the contributions…
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white		False[306.6, 621.73, 253.43, 111.91]The parameters extracted from the Nyquist plots are listed in Table S1. The LMR@F0.75 electrode exhibited the lowest R ct of 63.4 Ω (cf. 82.5 Ω for pristine LMR), which indicates that the optimized islandlike coating lo…The parameters extracted from the Nyquist plots are listed in Table S1. The LMR@F0.75 electrode exhibited the lowest R ct of 63.4 Ω (cf. 82.5 Ω for pristine LMR), which indicates that the optimized islandlike coating lo…
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 55.48, 165.11, 8.18]medium-frequency semicircle representing R ct .medium-frequency semicircle representing R ct .
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white		False[37.59, 65.97, 253.44, 38.66]The comparison of pristine and optimized (LFP@F0.75) samples revealed a critical divergence in electrochemical evolution driven by the competition between electrochemical activation and surface passivation.The comparison of pristine and optimized (LFP@F0.75) samples revealed a critical divergence in electrochemical evolution driven by the competition between electrochemical activation and surface passivation.
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white		False[39.23, 118.24, 251.79, 111.91]Pristine LMR (passivation dominance). R ct decreased from 82.5 Ω (fresh) to 74.5 Ω (cycled) because of the electrochemical activation of LMR and improved electrolyte infiltration into the porous electrode structure. How…Pristine LMR (passivation dominance). R ct decreased from 82.5 Ω (fresh) to 74.5 Ω (cycled) because of the electrochemical activation of LMR and improved electrolyte infiltration into the porous electrode structure. How…
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white		False[39.23, 233.33, 251.79, 132.83]LMR@F0.75 (activation dominance). In stark contrast, the LMR@F0.75 electrode demonstrated a successful decoupling of activation and passivation. R ct decreased from 63.4 Ω (fresh) to 56.4 Ω (cycled), which indicated tha…LMR@F0.75 (activation dominance). In stark contrast, the LMR@F0.75 electrode demonstrated a successful decoupling of activation and passivation. R ct decreased from 63.4 Ω (fresh) to 56.4 Ω (cycled), which indicated tha…
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white		False[39.23, 369.34, 251.79, 70.07]Overcoated LMR@F2.0 (barrier effect). When the C-LFP loading was increased to 2.0 wt%, R sf (11.4 Ω ) and R ct (70.1 Ω ) rebounded (Table S2). Thus, although the excessively thick coating protected the surface, it acted…Overcoated LMR@F2.0 (barrier effect). When the C-LFP loading was increased to 2.0 wt%, R sf (11.4 Ω ) and R ct (70.1 Ω ) rebounded (Table S2). Thus, although the excessively thick coating protected the surface, it acted…
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white		False[37.59, 453.01, 253.44, 133.64]Our electrochemical analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism governing performance enhancement. The C-LFP islands functioned not merely as a passive shield but as a multifunctional active component. First, the carbon c…Our electrochemical analysis revealed a synergistic mechanism governing performance enhancement. The C-LFP islands functioned not merely as a passive shield but as a multifunctional active component. First, the carbon c…
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white		False[37.59, 588.96, 253.43, 70.07]This suppression of the resistive surface layer is linked to the structural stability of the host material. The high resistance of the pristine sample is a signature of the irreversible phase transition from a layered s…This suppression of the resistive surface layer is linked to the structural stability of the host material. The high resistance of the pristine sample is a signature of the irreversible phase transition from a layered s…
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white		False[37.59, 673.32, 203.54, 7.31]3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism3.4. Elucidating the multifunctional stabilization mechanism
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white		False[37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15]Having established the kinetic benefits of C-LFP islands, we examined the origin of the enhanced structural and chemical stability. The degradation of LMR cathodes is governed by a complex interplay of surface phase tra…Having established the kinetic benefits of C-LFP islands, we examined the origin of the enhanced structural and chemical stability. The degradation of LMR cathodes is governed by a complex interplay of surface phase tra…
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white		False[306.59, 55.49, 69.5, 7.31]operation ( > 4.5 V).operation ( > 4.5 V).
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white		False[306.59, 65.98, 253.42, 187.31]The structural integrity of the electrode surface is the primary determinant of long-term electrochemical stability. To directly visualize the impact of the C-LFP coating on crystal structure evolution, electrodes after…The structural integrity of the electrode surface is the primary determinant of long-term electrochemical stability. To directly visualize the impact of the C-LFP coating on crystal structure evolution, electrodes after…
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white		False[306.6, 256.4, 253.42, 144.39]In striking contrast, LMR@F0.75 (Fig. 5g -l) demonstrated exceptional structural preservation. HRTEM imaging (Fig. 5h) revealed a clean well-defined interface with crystalline lattice fringes coherently extending to the…In striking contrast, LMR@F0.75 (Fig. 5g -l) demonstrated exceptional structural preservation. HRTEM imaging (Fig. 5h) revealed a clean well-defined interface with crystalline lattice fringes coherently extending to the…
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white		False[306.6, 403.97, 253.43, 174.67]The structural stability revealed by HRTEM is linked to the suppression of anionic redox-induced gas evolution. Lattice oxygen release from the LMR surface during the initial high-voltage charge can trigger surface reco…The structural stability revealed by HRTEM is linked to the suppression of anionic redox-induced gas evolution. Lattice oxygen release from the LMR surface during the initial high-voltage charge can trigger surface reco…
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white		False[306.6, 581.82, 253.4, 101.42]This stabilization directly translates into enhanced thermal safety, a critical parameter for practical battery applications. The DSC analysis of charged cathodes (Fig. 5o) revealed that pristine LMR underwent a sharp e…This stabilization directly translates into enhanced thermal safety, a critical parameter for practical battery applications. The DSC analysis of charged cathodes (Fig. 5o) revealed that pristine LMR underwent a sharp e…
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white		False[306.6, 686.42, 253.42, 49.15]Finally, the chemical stability of the interface was probed by quantifying Mn dissolution, a major degradation mechanism involving the attack of HF (generated by LiPF6 hydrolysis) on the cathode surface. Mn leaching res…Finally, the chemical stability of the interface was probed by quantifying Mn dissolution, a major degradation mechanism involving the attack of HF (generated by LiPF6 hydrolysis) on the cathode surface. Mn leaching res…
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 36.99, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 501.68, 522.2, 57.32]Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE…Fig. 5. (a -l) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis of electrodes after three initial cycles. Low-magnification images of a single particle of (a) pristine LMR and (g) LMR@F0.75. (b, h) HRTE…
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white		False[37.59, 574.34, 253.44, 70.07]cell performance. Fig. S4 presents the concentration of Mn in the electrolyte after 50 cycles. Pristine LMR suffered from severe metal dissolution (Mn concentration = 1.33 mg kg 1 ), which was suppressed by the C-LFP co…cell performance. Fig. S4 presents the concentration of Mn in the electrolyte after 50 cycles. Pristine LMR suffered from severe metal dissolution (Mn concentration = 1.33 mg kg 1 ), which was suppressed by the C-LFP co…
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white		False[37.59, 647.53, 253.45, 91.05]This protection was attributed to the scavenging effect of the C-LFP nanoislands. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is unavoidably generated in LiPF6based electrolytes through hydrolysis (LiPF6 + H2O → POF3 + 2HF). The phosphate g…This protection was attributed to the scavenging effect of the C-LFP nanoislands. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is unavoidably generated in LiPF6based electrolytes through hydrolysis (LiPF6 + H2O → POF3 + 2HF). The phosphate g…
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white		False[306.59, 572.1, 253.42, 51.38]preventing the acid-induced disproportionation of Mn 3 + to soluble Mn 2 + . This chemical protection mechanism complements the physical barrier effect, ensuring that even if the physical coverage is incomplete (as with…preventing the acid-induced disproportionation of Mn 3 + to soluble Mn 2 + . This chemical protection mechanism complements the physical barrier effect, ensuring that even if the physical coverage is incomplete (as with…
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white		False[306.6, 626.61, 253.43, 113.04]The results of multimodal analyses provide a comprehensive picture of the stabilization mechanism of the C-LFP nanoislands. By preserving the atomic-level structural integrity of the high-capacity layered phases ( C 2/ …The results of multimodal analyses provide a comprehensive picture of the stabilization mechanism of the C-LFP nanoislands. By preserving the atomic-level structural integrity of the high-capacity layered phases ( C 2/ …
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white		False[433.38, 33.66, 124.91, 10.42]Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599Journal of Power Sources 671 (2026) 239599
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white		False[37.59, 37.0, 461.87, 5.85]E. Kim et al.E. Kim et al.
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white		False[37.59, 55.48, 204.45, 7.31]voltage fading and superior electrochemical performance.voltage fading and superior electrochemical performance.
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white		False[37.59, 76.74, 54.38, 7.31]4. Conclusion4. Conclusion
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white		False[37.59, 97.66, 253.44, 80.5]A highly effective and commercially viable strategy for overcoming the challenges hindering the commercialization of LMR cathodes was developed, corresponding to the deposition of a nanoisland-like C-LFP coating onto th…A highly effective and commercially viable strategy for overcoming the challenges hindering the commercialization of LMR cathodes was developed, corresponding to the deposition of a nanoisland-like C-LFP coating onto th…
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white		False[37.59, 181.34, 253.45, 331.6]At an optimized loading of only 0.75 wt%, C-LFP dramatically enhanced electrochemical performance, increasing capacity retention at 3C to > 60% and imparting superior long-term cycling stability (200 cycles) with notabl…At an optimized loading of only 0.75 wt%, C-LFP dramatically enhanced electrochemical performance, increasing capacity retention at 3C to > 60% and imparting superior long-term cycling stability (200 cycles) with notabl…
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white		False[37.59, 516.06, 253.44, 143.32]This study not only presents a high-performance LMR cathode but also provides fundamental insights into the principles of designing surface coatings for next-generation battery materials. The mechanofusion-based approac…This study not only presents a high-performance LMR cathode but also provides fundamental insights into the principles of designing surface coatings for next-generation battery materials. The mechanofusion-based approac…
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white		False[37.59, 673.32, 161.94, 7.31]CRediT authorship contribution statementCRediT authorship contribution statement
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white		False[37.59, 694.24, 253.44, 49.15]Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J…Eunki Kim: Writing -original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Joo-Hyung Kim: Visualization, Investigation, Conceptualization. Joon Ha Chang: Visualization, Methodology, Investigation. J…
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white		False[306.59, 55.49, 253.41, 49.15]Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing …Investigation. Garam Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Ho Jin Lee: Methodology, Investigation. Kwangjin Park: Validation, Supervision. Dong Wook Kim: Validation, Supervision. San Moon: Writing -review & editing, Writing …
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white		False[306.59, 119.66, 128.59, 7.31]Declaration of competing interestDeclaration of competing interest
10149textbody_candidate_excludedFalsemediumafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.59, 140.58, 253.42, 28.23]The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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white		False[306.59, 182.76, 73.84, 7.31]AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
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white		False[306.59, 203.68, 253.43, 70.07]This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no…This research was supported by the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) ( No. GTL24011 -000), the Materials and Components Technology Development Program (grant no…
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white		False[306.59, 287.7, 32.47, 7.31]GlossaryGlossary
10153textbody_candidate_excludedFalsemediumafter_back_matter_stopafter_back_matter_stop
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white		False[306.6, 308.62, 253.43, 101.42]Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros…Cathode -electrolyte interphase (CEI), carbon-coated LiFePO4 (CLFP), carbon nanotube (CNT), differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), energydispersive X-ray spectros…
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white		False[306.6, 423.99, 128.57, 7.31]Appendix A. Supplementary dataAppendix A. Supplementary data
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white		False[306.6, 444.91, 253.41, 17.8]Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599.Supplementary data to this article can be found online at org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.239599.
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white		False[306.6, 476.31, 63.51, 7.31]Data availabilityData availability
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white		False[318.56, 497.23, 140.32, 7.31]Data will be made available on request.Data will be made available on request.
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white		False[306.6, 518.49, 41.21, 7.31]ReferencesReferences
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white		False[310.0, 577.73, 247.55, 21.78]K. Turcheniuk, D. Bondarev, G.G. Amatucci, G. Yushin, Battery materials for lowcost electric transportation, Mater. Today 42 (2021) 57 -72, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.09.027.K. Turcheniuk, D. Bondarev, G.G. Amatucci, G. Yushin, Battery materials for lowcost electric transportation, Mater. Today 42 (2021) 57 -72, 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.09.027.
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