这里是差集：Docling 全量解析 text block 减去最终会进入正文的 block。优先人工检查 risk=high / medium。
layout_review.html excluded_blocks.json excluded_blocks.tsv final_body_blocks.tsv visual_assets.tsv original.pdf
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这些框显示被排除块，同时叠加真实图表资产框。青色虚线表示该 text block 被图表资产 caption 吸收；红色 STOP 是截断触发点，红色框是截断后被排除的块。
这是实际图表资产输出，不是审计层重新推断。
| # | type | label | page | caption source | suppressed | duplicate reason | rescue reason | group | confidence | bbox | caption |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | figure | Fig. 1 | 2 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [86.93, 490.31, 426.74, 233.04] | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. | ||||
| 2 | figure | Fig. 2 | 7 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [38.75, 108.87, 522.84, 251.83] | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | ||||
| 3 | figure | Fig. 3 | 27 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [36.88, 251.39, 522.84, 447.3] | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left Spent 2 Ah pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell Spent LMO cathode powder Residual binder and impurities Broken particles Intragranular cracks to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 4 | figure | Fig. 4 | 28 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [37.25, 109.69, 521.69, 301.09] | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | ||||
| 5 | figure | Fig. 5 | 29 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.15, 110.61, 363.67, 269.56] | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. | ||||
| 6 | figure | Fig. 6 | 30 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [37.3, 109.45, 522.29, 294.73] | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 7 | figure | Fig. 7 | 31 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.04, 111.03, 363.14, 263.74] | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. | ||||
| 8 | figure | Fig. 8 | 32 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [38.26, 109.52, 521.83, 295.74] | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 9 | figure | Fig. 9 | 33 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [37.67, 110.21, 365.32, 269.83] | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. | ||||
| 10 | table | Table 1 | 3 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.87, 139.09, 347.22, 60.53] | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | ||||
| 11 | table | Table 2 | 4 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.75, 129.7, 377.11, 85.24] | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | ||||
| 12 | table | Table 3 | 17 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.9, 138.84, 357.34, 81.5] | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | ||||
| 13 | table | Table 4 | 25 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [39.06, 138.99, 306.19, 51.54] | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | ||||
| 14 | table | Table 5 | 25 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.78, 569.04, 522.87, 174.5] | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | ||||
| 15 | table | Docling Table 15 | 26 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [38.41, 128.68, 523.65, 463.52] | |||||
| 16 | table | Docling Table 16 | 35 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [38.93, 107.4, 523.12, 94.31] | |||||
| 17 | table | Docling Table 17 | 36 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [28.95, 531.12, 530.63, 89.47] |
| risk | page | order | label | role | reason | parser reason | production usage | trunc | body region | region | bg | bbox | raw text | cleaned text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high | 11 | 363 | text | unknown_text | outside_body_flow | outside_body_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 356.48, 350.1, 77.53] | EverBatt2023 (https://www.anl.gov/amd/everbatt) OriginPro (https://www.originlab.com) MDI Jade (https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade) FullProf (https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html) Digital Micrograp (https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy- suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 (https://www.neware.com.cn/) | EverBatt2023 ( OriginPro ( MDI Jade ( FullProf ( Digital Micrograp ( suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 ( | ||
| high | 20 | 532 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 148.9, 374.14, 31.41] | Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. Weigh and record the mass. | Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. Weigh and record the mass. | |||
| high | 20 | 548 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p20:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [56.69, 713.97, 362.74, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the temperature in the chamber may still exceed | ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the temperature in the chamber may still exceed | |||
| high | 21 | 556 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 264.22, 389.93, 42.94] | Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 71 to complete the upcycling process. | Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 71 to complete the upcycling process. | ||
| high | 21 | 560 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 460.27, 376.46, 42.94] | Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 74 to complete the upcycling process. | Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate the calculated amounts of nickel source and lithium source from Step 74 to complete the upcycling process. | ||
| high | 24 | 624 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 183.5, 384.78, 31.41] | Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed dust. | Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed dust. | |||
| high | 24 | 633 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 540.99, 377.18, 19.88] | Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. | Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. | |||
| medium | 1 | 3 | text | unknown_text | outside_body_flow | outside_body_flow | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [487.27, 96.48, 73.98, 7.44] | Check for updates | Check for updates | |||
| medium | 1 | 5 | text | affiliation | front_matter_author_line | front_matter_author_line | p1:body_region:0 | p1:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 231.08, 456.64, 22.13] | Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 | Haocheng Ji 1,7 , Junxiong Wang 1,2,7 , Xiao Qiu 3 , Hengyu Ren 4 , Haoyu Xue 4 , Hao Zhang 1 , Guanjun Ji 1,2 , Hui-Ming Cheng 5,6 & Guangmin Zhou 1 | ||
| medium | 6 | 112 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 552.52, 191.49, 8.35] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| medium | 6 | 115 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 587.11, 202.86, 8.35] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| medium | 9 | 292 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [56.69, 529.46, 348.75, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep it the package sealed. | ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep it the package sealed. | |||
| medium | 9 | 294 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 575.59, 4.88, 8.35] | · | ||||
| medium | 9 | 298 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 633.24, 165.63, 8.35] | PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) | PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) | |||
| medium | 9 | 304 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 737.03, 182.17, 8.35] | Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) | Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) | |||
| medium | 10 | 339 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 690.9, 4.88, 8.35] | · | ||||
| medium | 11 | 348 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 137.37, 146.47, 8.35] | EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) | EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) | ||
| medium | 12 | 383 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 264.22, 98.87, 8.35] | Zero point and scale | Zero point and scale | ||
| medium | 12 | 384 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 275.75, 142.5, 8.35] | Cell parameters of the material | Cell parameters of the material | ||
| medium | 12 | 385 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 287.28, 110.82, 8.35] | Peak shape parameters | Peak shape parameters | ||
| medium | 12 | 387 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 310.34, 158.54, 8.35] | Preferred orientation of the crystal | Preferred orientation of the crystal | ||
| medium | 12 | 388 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 321.87, 68.89, 8.35] | Shape factor | Shape factor | ||
| medium | 12 | 389 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 333.39, 97.78, 8.35] | Atomic coordinates | Atomic coordinates | ||
| medium | 12 | 390 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 344.92, 108.45, 8.35] | Symmetry parameters | Symmetry parameters | ||
| medium | 12 | 391 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 356.45, 93.31, 8.35] | Atomic occupancy | Atomic occupancy | ||
| medium | 14 | 424 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p14:page_body:left:colored | [197, 220, 234] colored | [73.7, 275.91, 89.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 15 | 458 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 656.28, 369.41, 19.88] | Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. | Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. | ||
| medium | 22 | 582 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p22:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | [56.69, 402.74, 89.43, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 23 | 598 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p23:page_body:left:gray | [241, 246, 249] gray | [58.68, 206.7, 94.44, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 24 | 623 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p24:page_body:left:gray | [241, 246, 249] gray | [58.68, 172.11, 94.44, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 25 | 645 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | [58.68, 264.37, 94.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 25 | 649 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | [58.68, 368.14, 94.43, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 25 | 652 | list_item | unknown_text | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | [58.69, 448.88, 94.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| medium | 33 | 1423 | text | metadata | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 656.31, 372.18, 54.48] | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. Other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published 28,35,46,48 . Source data are provided with this paper. | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. Other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published 28,35,46,48 . Source data are provided with this paper. | |
| medium | 34 | 1498 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 687.52, 249.24, 29.26] | H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed and contributed to the results. H.J. wrote the manuscript with comments and revisions from all the authors. | H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed and contributed to the results. H.J. wrote the manuscript with comments and revisions from all the authors. | |
| medium | 35 | 1503 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 229.59, 517.28, 61.37] | 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 3 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. 4 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 5 Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering and Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 6 Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. 7 These authors contributed equally: Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang. | 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 3 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China. 4 School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China. 5 Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering and Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. 6 Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China. 7 These authors contributed equally: Haocheng Ji, Junxiong Wang. | ||
| medium | 36 | 1507 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 154.26, 526.18, 17.94] | Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see our Editorial Policies and the Editorial Policy Checklist | Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see our Editorial Policies and the Editorial Policy Checklist | ||
| medium | 36 | 1514 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 240.18, 492.74, 7.02] | For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. | For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. | ||
| medium | 36 | 1519 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 308.22, 365.88, 17.08] | The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. | The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. | ||
| medium | 36 | 1522 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 368.82, 499.07, 17.82] | A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals) | A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertainty (e.g. confidence intervals) | ||
| medium | 36 | 1523 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 397.27, 479.03, 17.66] | For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. | For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. | ||
| medium | 36 | 1527 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [164.28, 475.74, 254.95, 5.98] | Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. | Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. | ||
| medium | 36 | 1530 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 627.19, 522.6, 14.04] | For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage code deposition in a community repository (e.g. GitHub). See the Nature Portfolio guidelines for submitting code & software for further information. | For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage code deposition in a community repository (e.g. GitHub). See the Nature Portfolio guidelines for submitting code & software for further information. | ||
| medium | 37 | 1536 | text | metadata | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [27.36, 122.82, 527.07, 25.59] | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. And other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published [28, 35, 46, 48]. | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper. And other data supporting the findings of this study were previously published [28, 35, 46, 48]. | |
| medium | 37 | 1542 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 196.38, 518.63, 17.82] | Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. | Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. | |
| medium | 37 | 1555 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 381.54, 522.17, 7.02] | Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. | Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. | |
| medium | 37 | 1561 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 473.58, 282.75, 7.02] | All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. | All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. | |
| medium | 37 | 1563 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 491.82, 419.9, 15.99] | This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capabilities. | This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capabilities. | |
| medium | 37 | 1567 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [126.72, 540.9, 425.83, 6.27] | Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. | Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. | |
| medium | 37 | 1569 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 560.58, 240.24, 6.27] | All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. | All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. | |
| medium | 37 | 1571 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 580.26, 423.24, 25.47] | The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test will end when the battery capacity decays to acertain extent. | The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test will end when the battery capacity decays to acertain extent. | |
| medium | 37 | 1575 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [126.72, 638.94, 344.74, 6.27] | Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. | Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. | |
| medium | 37 | 1577 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 658.62, 393.33, 16.83] | This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. | This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. | |
| medium | 37 | 1579 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 688.98, 419.33, 25.47] | This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are described carefully, so there is no problem of blinding. | This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are described carefully, so there is no problem of blinding. | |
| medium | 38 | 1583 | text | body_candidate_excluded | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 89.34, 532.83, 15.87] | Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you are not sure if a list item applies to your research, read the appropriate section before selecting a response. | Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you are not sure if a list item applies to your research, read the appropriate section before selecting a response. | ||
| low | 1 | 0 | page_header | page_header | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p1:body_region:0 | p1:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 41.9, 109.98, 12.26] | nature protocols | nature protocols | ||
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| low | 1 | 4 | section_header | title_candidate | non_body_heading | non_body_heading | p1:body_region:0 | p1:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.46, 455.34, 80.07] | A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials | A universal protocol for ultrafast direct regeneration and upcycling of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials | ||
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| low | 1 | 12 | text | reference | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 541.13, 122.98, 28.52] | Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 | Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 7 , 1283-1293 (2024): 10.1038/s41893-024-01412-9 | |||
| low | 1 | 13 | text | reference | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 581.89, 116.67, 28.52] | Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 | Wang, J. et al. Nat. Sustain . 6 , 797-805 (2023): 10.1038/s41893-023-01094-9 | |||
| low | 1 | 14 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 510.52, 70.36, 8.75] | Key references | Key references | |||
| low | 1 | 15 | text | reference | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 622.65, 106.3, 28.52] | Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 | Ma, J. et al. Nat. Commun . 15 , 1046 (2024): 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8 | |||
| low | 1 | 16 | text | reference | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 663.41, 121.33, 28.52] | Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 | Choi, C. H. et al. Nat. Chem . 16 , 1831-1837 (2024): 10.1038/s41557-024-01598-7 | |||
| low | 1 | 18 | text | metadata | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:body_region:0 | p1:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [236.67, 726.69, 149.06, 6.63] | e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ | e-mail: cheng@imr.ac.cn; guangminzhou@ | ||
| low | 1 | 19 | text | reference | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [438.37, 704.17, 115.93, 28.52] | Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.aaz7681 | Wang, C. et al. Science 369 , 521-526 (2020): 10.1126/science.aaz7681 | |||
| low | 1 | 20 | page_footer | page_footer | document_web_address | document_web_address | p1:body_region:0 | p1:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 738.16, 64.22, 6.58] | sz.tsinghua.edu.cn | sz.tsinghua.edu.cn | ||
| low | 1 | 21 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p1:body_region:0 | p1:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 1 | 22 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p1:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.26, 763.81, 18.72, 6.99] | 2413 | 2413 | |||
| low | 2 | 23 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 2 | 24 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 113.77, 66.8, 9.84] | Introduction | Introduction | ||
| low | 2 | 27 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 390.54, 156.94, 9.04] | Recycling strategies for spent LIBs | Recycling strategies for spent LIBs | ||
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| low | 2 | 33 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [284.8, 492.36, 18.33, 5.7] | Direct | Direct | ||
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| low | 2 | 35 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [440.72, 492.35, 18.33, 5.7] | Direct | Direct | |||
| low | 2 | 36 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:colored | [145, 170, 197] colored | [164.89, 534.28, 17.6, 4.82] | Hydro- | Hydro- | ||
| low | 2 | 37 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | [107.09, 548.3, 13.31, 4.82] | Pyro- | Pyro- | ||
| low | 2 | 38 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [140.69, 550.35, 6.37, 5.7] | or | or | ||
| low | 2 | 39 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [290.78, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] | + | |||
| low | 2 | 40 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [445.63, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] | + | ||||
| low | 2 | 41 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [87.7, 588.26, 125.37, 5.7] | Extracting valuable metal elements from | Extracting valuable metal elements from | ||
| low | 2 | 42 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [119.93, 596.06, 60.91, 5.7] | spent LIBs materials | spent LIBs materials | ||
| low | 2 | 43 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [228.74, 588.26, 130.44, 5.7] | Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li | Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li | ||
| low | 2 | 44 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [244.79, 596.06, 98.35, 5.7] | replenishment and defect repair | replenishment and defect repair | ||
| low | 2 | 45 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [386.98, 588.26, 125.81, 5.7] | Optimizing structure and composition to | Optimizing structure and composition to | |||
| low | 2 | 46 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [405.64, 596.06, 88.48, 5.7] | upgrade spent LIBs materials | upgrade spent LIBs materials | |||
| low | 2 | 47 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [95.44, 627.44, 109.97, 5.7] | Return back to production materials | Return back to production materials | ||
| low | 2 | 48 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [248.74, 627.44, 90.45, 5.7] | Recycled into virgin materials | Recycled into virgin materials | ||
| low | 2 | 49 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [390.63, 627.3, 118.5, 5.7] | Upgraded to next-generation materials | Upgraded to next-generation materials | |||
| low | 2 | 50 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [143.33, 663.08, 3.37, 5.7] | + | |||
| low | 2 | 51 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [448.22, 662.13, 6.37, 5.7] | or | or | |||
| low | 2 | 52 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [105.44, 694.98, 17.7, 5.7] | Li salt | Li salt | ||
| low | 2 | 53 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [149.28, 694.98, 55.07, 5.7] | Alloy or precursor | Alloy or precursor | ||
| low | 2 | 54 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [281.4, 694.98, 25.12, 7.38] | LiMn 2 O4 | LiMn 2 O4 | ||
| low | 2 | 55 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [395.72, 694.98, 11.5, 5.7] | LiNi | LiNi | ||
| low | 2 | 56 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [407.21, 698.41, 6.97, 3.95] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| low | 2 | 57 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [414.17, 694.98, 23.2, 7.38] | Mn 1.5 O4 | Mn 1.5 O4 | ||
| low | 2 | 58 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [455.66, 694.98, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | |||
| low | 2 | 59 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | [460.78, 698.41, 5.55, 3.95] | 1.2 | 1.2 | |||
| low | 2 | 60 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [466.33, 694.98, 6.36, 5.7] | Ni | Ni | |||
| low | 2 | 61 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [232, 232, 232] gray | [472.7, 698.41, 6.82, 3.95] | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| low | 2 | 62 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [479.51, 694.98, 24.33, 7.38] | Mn 0.6 O2 | Mn 0.6 O2 | |||
| low | 2 | 63 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [128.71, 716.44, 43.19, 5.7] | 'Downcycling' | 'Downcycling' | ||
| low | 2 | 64 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [276.49, 716.44, 34.94, 5.7] | 'Recycling' | 'Recycling' | ||
| low | 2 | 65 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [432.65, 716.44, 34.29, 5.7] | 'Upcycling' | 'Upcycling' | |||
| low | 2 | 66 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p2:body_region:0 | p2:bottom_margin:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 728.46, 506.1, 16.5] | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. | ||
| low | 2 | 67 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p2:body_region:0 | p2:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 2 | 68 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p2:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.31, 763.81, 18.89, 6.99] | 2414 | 2414 | |||
| low | 3 | 69 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 3 | 70 | section_header | caption | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.3, 326.14, 17.87] | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | ||
| low | 3 | 77 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p3:body_region:0 | p3:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 3 | 78 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p3:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.42, 763.81, 18.55, 6.99] | 2415 | 2415 | |||
| low | 4 | 79 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:0 | p4:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 4 | 80 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p4:body_region:0 | p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.29, 315.92, 7.87] | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | ||
| low | 4 | 84 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:0 | p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 355.94, 288.03, 9.04] | Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials | Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials | ||
| low | 4 | 89 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:body_region:0 | p4:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 4 | 90 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.3, 763.81, 18.9, 6.99] | 2416 | 2416 | |||
| low | 5 | 91 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 5 | 93 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 148.37, 236.82, 9.04] | Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials | Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials | ||
| low | 5 | 96 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 540.45, 129.16, 9.04] | Applications of the protocol | Applications of the protocol | ||
| low | 5 | 98 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p5:body_region:0 | p5:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 5 | 99 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p5:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.86, 763.81, 18.11, 6.99] | 2417 | 2417 | |||
| low | 6 | 100 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 6 | 101 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 113.77, 123.62, 9.04] | Limitations of the protocol | Limitations of the protocol | ||
| low | 6 | 110 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 528.92, 121.54, 9.04] | Overview of the procedure | Overview of the procedure | ||
| low | 6 | 116 | list_item | body_heading | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 598.64, 181.18, 8.35] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| low | 6 | 118 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 690.97, 192.72, 7.87] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| low | 6 | 120 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p6:body_region:0 | p6:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 6 | 121 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p6:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.44, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] | 2418 | 2418 | |||
| low | 7 | 122 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 7 | 123 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 247, 249] off_white | [63.78, 117.32, 38.08, 5.7] | Disassembly | Disassembly | ||
| low | 7 | 124 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 251] white | [191.45, 117.32, 31.52, 5.7] | Ingredient | Ingredient | ||
| low | 7 | 125 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [384.94, 117.46, 75.37, 5.7] | Recycling and upcycling | Recycling and upcycling | ||
| low | 7 | 126 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | [167.51, 141.25, 4.55, 2.63] | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| low | 7 | 127 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [204, 204, 204] gray | [182.45, 141.85, 15.86, 2.63] | Theoretical | Theoretical | ||
| low | 7 | 128 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | [182.45, 145.97, 9.49, 2.63] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| low | 7 | 129 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [293.06, 142.55, 64.1, 5.7] | Solid phase sintering | Solid phase sintering | ||
| low | 7 | 130 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [191, 188, 185] gray | [423.64, 144.91, 21.66, 3.51] | Convection | Convection | |||
| low | 7 | 131 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [503.23, 145.83, 47.06, 5.7] | repair products | repair products | |||
| low | 7 | 132 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [505.5, 138.03, 42.52, 5.7] | Conventional | Conventional | |||
| low | 7 | 133 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 149.78, 5.7, 57.57] | Spent LMO battery | Spent LMO battery | ||
| low | 7 | 134 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [155.53, 152.28, 5.7, 51.37] | Failure diagnosis | Failure diagnosis | ||
| low | 7 | 135 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [211, 211, 211] gray | [167.41, 169.82, 4.65, 2.63] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| low | 7 | 136 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | [167.98, 160.29, 4.09, 2.63] | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| low | 7 | 137 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [224, 224, 224] gray | [168.26, 150.78, 3.8, 2.63] | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
| low | 7 | 138 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | [170.02, 179.33, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 7 | 139 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [216, 216, 216] gray | [173.05, 191.23, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 7 | 140 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [196, 196, 196] gray | [175.35, 214.14, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 7 | 141 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [214, 214, 214] gray | [178.34, 193.73, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 7 | 142 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [207, 207, 207] gray | [180.63, 216.35, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 7 | 143 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [216, 216, 216] gray | [183.7, 196.29, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 7 | 144 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [184.0, 183.04, 2.37, 2.63] | Li | Li | ||
| low | 7 | 145 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | [186.58, 219.01, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 7 | 146 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | [189.67, 198.51, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 7 | 147 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [185, 185, 185] gray | [192.07, 221.96, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 7 | 148 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | [199.55, 221.96, 2.47, 1.75] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 7 | 149 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | [201.69, 183.04, 4.36, 2.63] | Mn | Mn | ||
| low | 7 | 150 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [201, 201, 201] gray | [204.84, 200.24, 9.49, 2.63] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| low | 7 | 151 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | [206.91, 221.96, 2.57, 1.75] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 7 | 152 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | [214.23, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 7 | 153 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [170, 170, 170] gray | [215.39, 225.03, 1.66, 2.63] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 7 | 154 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [179, 179, 179] gray | [217.06, 225.07, 1.84, 2.58] | θ | |||
| low | 7 | 155 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [232, 232, 232] gray | [218.9, 225.03, 4.01, 2.63] | (°) | |||
| low | 7 | 156 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | [221.81, 221.96, 2.54, 1.75] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 7 | 157 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | [229.04, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 7 | 158 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | [229.69, 199.97, 9.18, 1.75] | Observed | Observed | ||
| low | 7 | 159 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [195, 195, 195] gray | [229.69, 202.1, 10.22, 1.75] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| low | 7 | 160 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | [229.69, 204.37, 4.6, 1.75] | Error | Error | ||
| low | 7 | 161 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | [229.69, 206.58, 13.67, 1.75] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| low | 7 | 162 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [201, 201, 201] gray | [236.67, 221.96, 2.41, 1.75] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 7 | 163 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [168, 168, 168] gray | [244.01, 221.96, 2.58, 1.75] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 7 | 164 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [292.79, 168.45, 5.7, 37.76] | Heating rod | Heating rod | ||
| low | 7 | 165 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [387.82, 196.73, 3.51, 32.44] | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°C) | ||
| low | 7 | 166 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [206, 206, 206] gray | [391.79, 197.93, 8.17, 2.63] | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||
| low | 7 | 167 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | [394.02, 210.06, 5.94, 2.63] | 600 | 600 | ||
| low | 7 | 168 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [198, 198, 198] gray | [394.03, 216.13, 5.94, 2.63] | 400 | 400 | ||
| low | 7 | 169 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [190, 190, 190] gray | [394.06, 204.0, 5.91, 2.63] | 800 | 800 | ||
| low | 7 | 170 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [198, 198, 198] gray | [394.22, 222.18, 5.75, 2.63] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 7 | 171 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [220, 220, 220] gray | [397.92, 228.25, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 7 | 172 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [142, 142, 142] gray | [403.18, 151.36, 3.51, 17.61] | Radiation | Radiation | ||
| low | 7 | 173 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [405.44, 187.6, 57.02, 5.7] | Thermal flow drive | Thermal flow drive | |||
| low | 7 | 174 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [421.8, 211.25, 16.84, 5.7] | ~ 16 h | ~ 16 h | ||
| low | 7 | 175 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [138, 135, 133] gray | [423.56, 172.24, 22.14, 3.51] | Conduction | Conduction | |||
| low | 7 | 176 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [197, 197, 197] gray | [502.09, 219.89, 4.82, 11.1] | LMR | LMR | |||
| low | 7 | 177 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [502.14, 187.07, 4.82, 16.09] | LNMO | LNMO | |||
| low | 7 | 178 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [502.35, 161.11, 4.82, 12.11] | LMO | LMO | |||
| low | 7 | 179 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | [401.2, 232.32, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 7 | 180 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [408.95, 232.32, 1.66, 2.63] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 7 | 181 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [416.42, 232.32, 1.85, 2.63] | 4 | 4 | ||
| low | 7 | 182 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | [423.96, 232.32, 1.86, 2.63] | 6 | 6 | ||
| low | 7 | 183 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | [428.62, 236.82, 15.2, 3.51] | Time (h) | Time (h) | |||
| low | 7 | 184 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [189, 189, 189] gray | [431.54, 232.32, 1.82, 2.63] | 8 | 8 | ||
| low | 7 | 185 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [194, 194, 194] gray | [438.38, 232.32, 3.24, 2.63] | 10 | 10 | |||
| low | 7 | 186 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | [446.14, 232.32, 2.86, 2.63] | 12 | 12 | |||
| low | 7 | 187 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | [453.58, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] | 14 | 14 | |||
| low | 7 | 188 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [192, 192, 192] gray | [461.14, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] | 16 | 16 | |||
| low | 7 | 189 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | [468.73, 232.32, 3.02, 2.63] | 18 | 18 | |||
| low | 7 | 190 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [168.05, 267.54, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | ||
| low | 7 | 191 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [173.18, 271.34, 5.67, 3.95] | 1-x | 1-x | ||
| low | 7 | 192 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [178.86, 267.54, 15.83, 7.74] | Mn 2-y | Mn 2-y | ||
| low | 7 | 193 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [194.69, 267.54, 8.05, 7.74] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| low | 7 | 194 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [200.38, 257.29, 24.75, 5.7] | Li ? Ni ? | Li ? Ni ? | ||
| low | 7 | 195 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [225.8, 267.66, 11.5, 5.7] | LiNi | LiNi | ||
| low | 7 | 196 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [233.75, 257.29, 14.59, 5.7] | LiMn | LiMn | ||
| low | 7 | 197 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [237.3, 271.46, 6.98, 3.95] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| low | 7 | 198 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [244.27, 267.66, 15.16, 7.75] | Mn 1.5 | Mn 1.5 | ||
| low | 7 | 199 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [224, 224, 224] gray | [248.33, 261.09, 2.49, 3.95] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 7 | 200 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [250.83, 257.29, 8.05, 7.74] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| low | 7 | 201 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [259.43, 267.66, 8.05, 7.75] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| low | 7 | 202 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [293.06, 261.43, 40.85, 5.7] | Joule heating | Joule heating | ||
| low | 7 | 203 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [348.35, 272.45, 41.0, 5.7] | Temperature | Temperature | ||
| low | 7 | 204 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [209, 213, 213] gray | [408.81, 273.36, 3.42, 5.7] | - | |||
| low | 7 | 205 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [202, 203, 203] gray | [427.81, 259.25, 14.21, 3.51] | Electric | Electric | |||
| low | 7 | 206 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [168, 170, 169] gray | [430.74, 264.05, 8.36, 3.51] | field | field | |||
| low | 7 | 207 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:colored | [210, 195, 146] colored | [438.09, 273.39, 2.76, 2.92] | e - | e - | |||
| low | 7 | 208 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [208, 212, 211] gray | [456.29, 274.01, 3.37, 5.7] | + | ||||
| low | 7 | 209 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [499.99, 257.38, 49.04, 5.7] | Nonequilibrium | Nonequilibrium | |||
| low | 7 | 210 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [500.98, 265.18, 47.06, 5.7] | repair products | repair products | |||
| low | 7 | 211 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 274.33, 5.7, 59.17] | Spent LMO powder | Spent LMO powder | ||
| low | 7 | 212 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [55.01, 312.73, 5.7, 38.62] | Li deficiency | Li deficiency | ||
| low | 7 | 213 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [124.01, 310.57, 5.7, 42.93] | Mn deficiency | Mn deficiency | ||
| low | 7 | 214 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [155.53, 283.65, 5.7, 56.49] | Mixing ingredients | Mixing ingredients | ||
| low | 7 | 215 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [222.76, 277.11, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | ||
| low | 7 | 216 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [227.89, 280.9, 5.56, 3.95] | 1.2 | 1.2 | ||
| low | 7 | 217 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [233.45, 277.11, 6.36, 5.7] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 7 | 218 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [239.81, 280.9, 6.83, 3.95] | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| low | 7 | 219 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [246.64, 277.11, 16.57, 7.74] | Mn 0.6 | Mn 0.6 | ||
| low | 7 | 220 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [263.21, 277.11, 7.77, 7.74] | O 2 | O 2 | ||
| low | 7 | 221 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [290.49, 296.8, 5.7, 47.87] | Power interface | Power interface | ||
| low | 7 | 222 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [358.75, 280.25, 20.19, 5.7] | sensor | sensor | ||
| low | 7 | 223 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [214, 214, 214] gray | [386.38, 315.28, 3.51, 32.44] | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°C) | ||
| low | 7 | 224 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [206, 206, 206] gray | [392.29, 317.37, 7.79, 2.63] | 1,200 | 1,200 | ||
| low | 7 | 225 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [185, 185, 185] gray | [394.14, 324.44, 5.95, 2.63] | 900 | 900 | ||
| low | 7 | 226 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [179, 179, 179] gray | [394.14, 331.5, 5.94, 2.63] | 600 | 600 | ||
| low | 7 | 227 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | [394.19, 338.57, 5.9, 2.63] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 7 | 228 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | [398.04, 345.64, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 7 | 229 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | [401.81, 349.7, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 7 | 230 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [415.45, 306.73, 39.46, 5.58] | Electric drive | Electric drive | |||
| low | 7 | 231 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | [415.53, 349.7, 1.81, 2.63] | 3 | 3 | ||
| low | 7 | 232 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [196, 196, 196] gray | [429.11, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] | 6 | 6 | ||
| low | 7 | 233 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:colored | [212, 194, 148] colored | [429.45, 275.13, 2.76, 2.92] | e - | e - | ||
| low | 7 | 234 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | [442.7, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] | 9 | 9 | |||
| low | 7 | 235 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [444.18, 322.75, 14.14, 5.7] | ~15 s | ~15 s | |||
| low | 7 | 236 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [217, 217, 217] gray | [455.8, 349.7, 2.86, 2.63] | 12 | 12 | |||
| low | 7 | 237 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | [469.36, 349.7, 2.96, 2.63] | 15 | 15 | |||
| low | 7 | 238 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [502.09, 280.75, 4.82, 12.11] | LMO | LMO | |||
| low | 7 | 239 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | [502.09, 306.71, 4.82, 16.09] | LNMO | LNMO | |||
| low | 7 | 240 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [502.09, 339.53, 4.82, 11.1] | LMR | LMR | |||
| low | 7 | 241 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | [550.0, 277.93, 4.82, 68.46] | Beneficial defect structure | Beneficial defect structure | |||
| low | 7 | 242 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [428.07, 353.76, 14.73, 3.51] | Time (s) | Time (s) | |||
| low | 7 | 243 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 367.97, 242.92, 26.5] | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required | ||
| low | 7 | 244 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 367.97, 240.94, 26.5] | additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | |||
| low | 7 | 246 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 494.92, 183.55, 7.87] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 7 | 248 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 598.69, 264.17, 7.87] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 7 | 250 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p7:body_region:0 | p7:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 7 | 251 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p7:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.11, 763.81, 18.86, 6.99] | 2419 | 2419 | |||
| low | 8 | 252 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 8 | 253 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.37, 204.38, 7.87] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| low | 8 | 255 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 206.61, 180.81, 7.87] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| low | 8 | 257 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 286.75, 113.12, 9.04] | Key steps of the protocol | Key steps of the protocol | ||
| low | 8 | 264 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 425.71, 74.16, 7.87] | Special reminder | Special reminder | ||
| low | 8 | 266 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 551.98, 49.91, 9.84] | Materials | Materials | ||
| low | 8 | 267 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 586.58, 42.83, 9.04] | Reagents | Reagents | ||
| low | 8 | 271 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:body_region:0 | p8:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 8 | 272 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.48, 763.81, 20.72, 6.99] | 2420 | 2420 | |||
| low | 9 | 273 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p9:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 9 | 287 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 425.66, 299.07, 9.43] | Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) | Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) | |||
| low | 9 | 289 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 494.85, 253.95, 9.43] | Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) | Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) | |||
| low | 9 | 297 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 621.71, 217.49, 8.35] | Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) | Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) | |||
| low | 9 | 305 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p9:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 9 | 306 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p9:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.51, 763.81, 18.46, 6.99] | 2421 | 2421 | |||
| low | 10 | 307 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p10:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 10 | 316 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 252.15, 51.43, 9.04] | Equipment | Equipment | |||
| low | 10 | 318 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 275.76, 343.57, 19.88] | Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) | Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) | |||
| low | 10 | 320 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 310.34, 286.45, 8.35] | Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) | Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) | |||
| low | 10 | 324 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 414.13, 339.58, 8.35] | Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) | Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) | |||
| low | 10 | 327 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 471.79, 267.47, 8.35] | Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) | Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) | |||
| low | 10 | 328 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 483.32, 254.39, 8.35] | Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) | Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) | |||
| low | 10 | 329 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 494.85, 285.71, 8.35] | Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) | Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) | |||
| low | 10 | 331 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 540.99, 328.63, 8.35] | Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) | Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) | |||
| low | 10 | 332 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 552.51, 355.16, 8.35] | Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) | Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) | |||
| low | 10 | 335 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 610.18, 228.27, 8.35] | Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) | Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) | |||
| low | 10 | 340 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [56.69, 690.9, 366.64, 31.42] | Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always | Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always | |||
| low | 10 | 343 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p10:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 10 | 344 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p10:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.34, 763.81, 19.86, 6.99] | 2422 | 2422 | |||
| low | 11 | 345 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 11 | 353 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 195.01, 356.39, 8.35] | Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) | Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) | ||
| low | 11 | 355 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 252.68, 334.38, 8.35] | Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) | Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) | ||
| low | 11 | 361 | list_item | affiliation | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.77, 321.86, 268.38, 9.44] | Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) | Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) | ||
| low | 11 | 362 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 344.41, 41.71, 9.04] | Software | Software | ||
| low | 11 | 364 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 448.2, 65.85, 9.04] | Reagent setup | Reagent setup | ||
| low | 11 | 365 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 460.33, 69.85, 7.87] | Deionized water | Deionized water | ||
| low | 11 | 367 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 517.99, 29.75, 7.87] | Others | Others | ||
| low | 11 | 369 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 563.52, 78.97, 9.04] | Equipment setup | Equipment setup | ||
| low | 11 | 370 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 575.65, 105.72, 7.87] | Glass/plastic equipment | Glass/plastic equipment | ||
| low | 11 | 372 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 633.31, 29.75, 7.87] | Others | Others | ||
| low | 11 | 374 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 678.84, 69.25, 9.04] | Software setup | Software setup | ||
| low | 11 | 375 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 690.97, 141.34, 7.87] | Techno-economic analysis setup | Techno-economic analysis setup | ||
| low | 11 | 377 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p11:body_region:0 | p11:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 11 | 378 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p11:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.86, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] | 2423 | 2423 | |||
| low | 12 | 379 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 12 | 381 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 229.67, 110.22, 7.87] | FullProf refinement setup | FullProf refinement setup | ||
| low | 12 | 386 | list_item | body_heading | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 298.81, 131.64, 8.35] | Background of the XRD data | Background of the XRD data | ||
| low | 12 | 395 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 482.79, 55.81, 9.84] | Procedure | Procedure | ||
| low | 12 | 396 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 517.39, 205.01, 9.04] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| low | 12 | 397 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 530.24, 58.2, 7.0] | ● TIMING 45 h | ● TIMING 45 h | ||
| low | 12 | 403 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p12:body_region:0 | p12:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 12 | 404 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p12:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.95, 763.81, 20.25, 6.99] | 2424 | 2424 | |||
| low | 13 | 405 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p13:body_region:0 | p13:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 13 | 417 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p13:body_region:0 | p13:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 13 | 418 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p13:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.02, 763.81, 19.95, 6.99] | 2425 | 2425 | |||
| low | 14 | 419 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p14:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 14 | 439 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p14:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 14 | 440 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p14:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.94, 763.81, 20.26, 6.99] | 2426 | 2426 | |||
| low | 15 | 441 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 15 | 443 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 229.09, 194.14, 9.04] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 15 | 444 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 241.94, 52.78, 7.0] | ● TIMING 2 h | ● TIMING 2 h | ||
| low | 15 | 462 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p15:body_region:0 | p15:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 15 | 463 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p15:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.5, 763.81, 19.47, 6.99] | 2427 | 2427 | |||
| low | 16 | 464 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 16 | 470 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left:gray | [236, 243, 248] gray | [56.69, 379.69, 89.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| low | 16 | 480 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | [56.7, 702.57, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| low | 16 | 482 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p16:body_region:0 | p16:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 16 | 483 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p16:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.08, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] | 2428 | 2428 | |||
| low | 17 | 484 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 17 | 485 | section_header | caption | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.3, 354.75, 17.87] | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | ||
| low | 17 | 487 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 263.69, 280.56, 9.04] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 17 | 488 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 276.54, 80.61, 7.0] | ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h | ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h | ||
| low | 17 | 490 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 471.87, 150.42, 7.87] | Solid-phase sintering regeneration | Solid-phase sintering regeneration | ||
| low | 17 | 494 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p17:body_region:0 | p17:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 17 | 495 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p17:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.67, 763.81, 20.3, 6.99] | 2429 | 2429 | |||
| low | 18 | 496 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p18:body_region:0 | p18:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 18 | 507 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | [56.69, 541.13, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| low | 18 | 513 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p18:body_region:0 | p18:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 18 | 514 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p18:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.14, 763.81, 21.06, 6.99] | 2430 | 2430 | |||
| low | 19 | 515 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p19:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 19 | 523 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p19:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 552.53, 179.72, 7.87] | Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration | Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration | |||
| low | 19 | 528 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p19:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 19 | 529 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p19:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.22, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] | 2431 | 2431 | |||
| low | 20 | 530 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p20:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 20 | 546 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p20:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | [56.69, 656.45, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| low | 20 | 549 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p20:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 20 | 550 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p20:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.04, 763.81, 20.16, 6.99] | 2432 | 2432 | |||
| low | 21 | 551 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 21 | 554 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 206.61, 355.06, 9.11] | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 | ||
| low | 21 | 558 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 402.64, 380.51, 9.13] | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 | ||
| low | 21 | 562 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 563.52, 218.45, 9.04] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| low | 21 | 563 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 576.37, 53.14, 7.0] | ● TIMING 8 h | ● TIMING 8 h | ||
| low | 21 | 567 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p21:body_region:0 | p21:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 21 | 568 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p21:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.6, 763.81, 20.38, 6.99] | 2433 | 2433 | |||
| low | 22 | 569 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p22:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 22 | 570 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p22:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 113.77, 20.06, 9.04] | SEM | SEM | |||
| low | 22 | 584 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p22:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 448.2, 34.6, 9.04] | HRTEM | HRTEM | |||
| low | 22 | 592 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p22:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 22 | 593 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p22:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.58, 763.81, 20.62, 6.99] | 2434 | 2434 | |||
| low | 23 | 594 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p23:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 23 | 600 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p23:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 252.15, 18.27, 9.04] | EPR | EPR | |||
| low | 23 | 607 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p23:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 436.67, 192.77, 19.85] | Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d | Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d | |||
| low | 23 | 618 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p23:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 23 | 619 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p23:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.69, 763.81, 20.29, 6.99] | 2435 | 2435 | |||
| low | 24 | 620 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p24:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 24 | 627 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p24:page_body:left:gray | [242, 246, 250] gray | [58.68, 310.5, 94.44, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| low | 24 | 639 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p24:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 24 | 640 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p24:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.61, 763.81, 20.59, 6.99] | 2436 | 2436 | |||
| low | 25 | 641 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p25:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 25 | 642 | section_header | caption | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 114.32, 270.18, 17.87] | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | |||
| low | 25 | 653 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p25:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 482.79, 88.45, 9.84] | Troubleshooting | Troubleshooting | |||
| low | 25 | 655 | section_header | caption | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p25:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 554.27, 106.67, 7.87] | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | |||
| low | 25 | 656 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p25:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 25 | 657 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p25:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.21, 763.81, 19.77, 6.99] | 2437 | 2437 | |||
| low | 26 | 658 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p26:top_margin:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 26 | 659 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [39.69, 114.31, 157.13, 7.87] | Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting | Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting | |||
| low | 26 | 660 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [39.69, 632.71, 36.82, 9.84] | Timing | Timing | |||
| low | 26 | 661 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [39.69, 667.31, 205.01, 9.04] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | |||
| low | 26 | 663 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p26:bottom_margin:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 26 | 664 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p26:bottom_margin:right:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | [540.71, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] | 2438 | 2438 | |||
| low | 27 | 665 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p27:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| low | 27 | 670 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 182.96, 194.14, 9.04] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | |||
| low | 27 | 674 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 254.01, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | |||
| low | 27 | 675 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [149.35, 254.01, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | |||
| low | 27 | 676 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [270.79, 254.01, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | |||
| low | 27 | 677 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [127, 141, 161] colored | [288.72, 279.88, 74.12, 5.7] | LMO cathode layer (~65 | LMO cathode layer (~65 | |||
| low | 27 | 678 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [127, 143, 164] colored | [362.84, 279.83, 4.03, 6.03] | µ | ||||
| low | 27 | 679 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [112, 127, 146] colored | [366.87, 279.88, 8.01, 5.7] | m) | m) | |||
| low | 27 | 680 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [55.23, 351.02, 67.46, 5.7] | Spent 2 Ah pouch cell | Spent 2 Ah pouch cell | |||
| low | 27 | 681 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [160.69, 344.85, 86.54, 13.5] | LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell | LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell | |||
| low | 27 | 682 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [105, 121, 144] colored | [287.46, 348.08, 71.05, 5.7] | Al foil current collector | Al foil current collector | |||
| low | 27 | 683 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 370.4, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | |||
| low | 27 | 684 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [149.35, 370.4, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | |||
| low | 27 | 685 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [98, 122, 140] colored | [413.19, 385.51, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| low | 27 | 686 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [99, 130, 148] colored | [479.68, 390.81, 39.23, 4.82] | Broken particle | Broken particle | |||
| low | 27 | 687 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:colored | [122, 140, 158] colored | [203.67, 419.6, 23.38, 4.82] | Residual | Residual | |||
| low | 27 | 688 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [110, 130, 148] colored | [283.7, 414.04, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| low | 27 | 689 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:colored | [112, 137, 143] colored | [164.75, 427.37, 25.83, 4.82] | Impurities | Impurities | |||
| low | 27 | 690 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [146, 156, 164] gray | [206.24, 426.2, 18.24, 4.82] | binder | binder | |||
| low | 27 | 691 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [105, 128, 147] colored | [407.58, 426.49, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| low | 27 | 692 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.08, 464.78, 50.2, 13.5] | Spent LMO cathode powder | Spent LMO cathode powder | |||
| low | 27 | 693 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [172.94, 464.78, 49.18, 13.5] | Residual binder and impurities | Residual binder and impurities | |||
| low | 27 | 694 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [292.1, 472.58, 19.84, 5.7] | cracks | cracks | |||
| low | 27 | 695 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [293.21, 464.78, 17.61, 5.7] | Shear | Shear | |||
| low | 27 | 696 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [385.77, 464.78, 41.31, 13.5] | Intragranular cracks | Intragranular cracks | |||
| low | 27 | 697 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [497.62, 464.78, 26.42, 13.5] | Broken particles | Broken particles | |||
| low | 27 | 698 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 494.74, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | |||
| low | 27 | 699 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [99.48, 500.38, 20.56, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | |||
| low | 27 | 700 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [173.04, 499.87, 25.25, 4.82] | Observed | Observed | |||
| low | 27 | 701 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [235.89, 496.74, 2.82, 7.95] | i | i | |||
| low | 27 | 702 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [53.31, 505.47, 5.7, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | |||
| low | 27 | 703 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [84.07, 509.27, 34.74, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | |||
| low | 27 | 704 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [118.81, 509.35, 7.94, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | |||
| low | 27 | 705 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | [126.75, 509.27, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | |||
| low | 27 | 706 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [130.07, 509.35, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | |||
| low | 27 | 707 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [173.04, 506.89, 28.1, 4.82] | Calculated | Calculated | |||
| low | 27 | 708 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [173.04, 513.9, 12.64, 4.82] | Error | Error | |||
| low | 27 | 709 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [173.04, 520.92, 37.59, 4.82] | Bragg position | Bragg position | |||
| low | 27 | 710 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [98, 126, 148] colored | [301.75, 533.34, 30.48, 5.7] | Structural | Structural | |||
| low | 27 | 711 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [97, 123, 141] colored | [302.31, 541.14, 29.37, 5.7] | distortion | distortion | |||
| low | 27 | 712 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [110, 149, 180] colored | [406.91, 539.38, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| low | 27 | 713 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | [442.77, 508.07, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| low | 27 | 714 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [138, 112, 96] colored | [445.39, 534.05, 10.11, 6.5] | Mn 3 | Mn 3 | |||
| low | 27 | 715 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [144, 117, 100] colored | [447.38, 540.65, 12.76, 4.82] | (103) | (103) | |||
| low | 27 | 716 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [141, 115, 99] colored | [455.5, 534.05, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| low | 27 | 717 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [117, 153, 180] colored | [504.21, 505.56, 45.8, 4.82] | Li-deficient phase | Li-deficient phase | |||
| low | 27 | 718 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.63, 570.99, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | |||
| low | 27 | 719 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [80.9, 570.99, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | |||
| low | 27 | 720 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [103.42, 570.99, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | |||
| low | 27 | 721 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.07, 570.99, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | |||
| low | 27 | 722 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [148.81, 570.99, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | |||
| low | 27 | 723 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [171.41, 570.99, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | |||
| low | 27 | 724 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [194.32, 570.99, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | |||
| low | 27 | 725 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [216.78, 570.99, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | |||
| low | 27 | 726 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [136, 136, 136] gray | [441.37, 565.36, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| low | 27 | 727 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [118, 130, 152] colored | [472.73, 562.75, 12.33, 4.82] | LiMn | LiMn | |||
| low | 27 | 728 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [107, 118, 138] colored | [475.99, 569.35, 14.38, 4.82] | (040) | (040) | |||
| low | 27 | 729 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [98, 108, 127] colored | [485.07, 566.18, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| low | 27 | 730 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [103, 114, 133] colored | [487.01, 562.75, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| low | 27 | 731 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [122, 133, 141] colored | [502.64, 564.25, 36.74, 4.82] | Regular phase | Regular phase | |||
| low | 27 | 732 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [132.85, 579.83, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | |||
| low | 27 | 733 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [218, 218, 218] gray | [136.45, 579.93, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | ||||
| low | 27 | 734 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [140.43, 579.83, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | ||||
| low | 27 | 735 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [128, 141, 152] colored | [334.72, 584.71, 37.23, 5.7] | degradation | degradation | |||
| low | 27 | 736 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [108, 126, 141] colored | [338.09, 576.91, 30.48, 5.7] | Structural | Structural | |||
| low | 27 | 737 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [39.69, 589.75, 5.99, 7.95] | g | g | |||
| low | 27 | 738 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [140.03, 589.75, 5.85, 7.95] | h | h | |||
| low | 27 | 739 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [109, 124, 134] colored | [284.27, 588.23, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| low | 27 | 740 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [51.04, 597.99, 11.75, 4.82] | 0.55 | 0.55 | |||
| low | 27 | 741 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [72.22, 602.65, 48.49, 4.82] | Cathode electrode | Cathode electrode | |||
| low | 27 | 742 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [154.23, 602.42, 50.26, 4.82] | Gr anode electrode | Gr anode electrode | |||
| low | 27 | 743 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 617.17, 5.71, 32.77] | Li/Mn ratio | Li/Mn ratio | |||
| low | 27 | 744 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [50.53, 620.22, 12.27, 4.82] | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||
| low | 27 | 745 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [50.88, 642.43, 11.92, 4.82] | 0.45 | 0.45 | |||
| low | 27 | 746 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [73.98, 611.52, 15.61, 4.82] | 0.508 | 0.508 | |||
| low | 27 | 747 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [101.64, 638.64, 14.97, 4.82] | 0.447 | 0.447 | |||
| low | 27 | 748 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [140.96, 609.16, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | |||
| low | 27 | 749 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [127, 140, 151] colored | [382.49, 607.48, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| low | 27 | 750 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | [441.11, 626.41, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| low | 27 | 751 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [116, 127, 148] colored | [473.47, 624.11, 12.33, 4.82] | LiMn | LiMn | |||
| low | 27 | 752 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [109, 120, 141] colored | [476.72, 630.71, 14.38, 4.82] | (040) | (040) | |||
| low | 27 | 753 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [82, 90, 105] colored | [485.8, 627.54, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| low | 27 | 754 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [104, 114, 133] colored | [487.74, 624.11, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| low | 27 | 755 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [101, 131, 153] colored | [503.89, 623.21, 32.94, 4.82] | Li-rich phase | Li-rich phase | |||
| low | 27 | 756 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [50.36, 664.66, 12.44, 4.82] | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| low | 27 | 757 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [155.25, 668.26, 10.2, 4.82] | 664 | 664 | |||
| low | 27 | 758 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [155.34, 652.84, 9.45, 4.82] | Mn | Mn | |||
| low | 27 | 759 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [164.79, 652.92, 6.5, 4.72] | 2p | 2p | |||
| low | 27 | 760 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [235, 235, 235] gray | [175.89, 668.26, 10.04, 4.82] | 656 | 656 | |||
| low | 27 | 761 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [196.41, 668.26, 10.14, 4.82] | 648 | 648 | |||
| low | 27 | 762 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [216.75, 668.26, 10.54, 4.82] | 640 | 640 | |||
| low | 27 | 763 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [171, 174, 177] gray | [261.25, 662.51, 20.56, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | |||
| low | 27 | 764 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [159, 162, 164] gray | [358.53, 662.73, 30.02, 5.7] | mismatch | mismatch | |||
| low | 27 | 765 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [155, 157, 159] gray | [363.21, 654.93, 20.66, 5.7] | Lattice | Lattice | |||
| low | 27 | 766 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [130, 139, 126] gray | [442.63, 659.27, 4.33, 4.82] | Li | Li | |||
| low | 27 | 767 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [89, 95, 86] gray | [446.97, 662.7, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| low | 27 | 768 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [132, 140, 127] gray | [447.38, 665.87, 13.34, 4.82] | (022) | (022) | |||
| low | 27 | 769 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [130, 138, 130] gray | [448.9, 659.27, 9.94, 6.5] | Mn 2 | Mn 2 | |||
| low | 27 | 770 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [109, 123, 131] colored | [458.84, 659.27, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| low | 27 | 771 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [56.27, 671.83, 30.49, 30.49] | Commercial | Commercial | |||
| low | 27 | 772 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [96.89, 671.32, 16.78, 16.78] | Spent | Spent | |||
| low | 27 | 773 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [162.43, 678.42, 60.09, 5.7] | Binding energy (eV) | Binding energy (eV) | |||
| low | 27 | 774 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.67, 708.46, 247.3, 36.51] | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left | |||
| low | 27 | 775 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p27:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.46, 708.47, 252.55, 36.51] | to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | |||
| low | 27 | 776 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p27:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| low | 27 | 777 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p27:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.34, 763.81, 20.64, 6.99] | 2439 | 2439 | |||
| low | 28 | 778 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 28 | 779 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 115.15, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 28 | 780 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [221.87, 115.15, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 28 | 781 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [401.66, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 28 | 782 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [80.99, 130.92, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| low | 28 | 783 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [147.23, 127.22, 29.84, 5.7] | Observed | Observed | ||
| low | 28 | 784 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [147.23, 135.07, 33.22, 5.7] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| low | 28 | 785 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [262.59, 130.81, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| low | 28 | 786 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [328.5, 127.11, 29.84, 5.7] | Observed | Observed | ||
| low | 28 | 787 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [328.5, 134.97, 33.21, 5.7] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| low | 28 | 788 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [434.1, 129.81, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | |||
| low | 28 | 789 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [147.23, 142.92, 14.94, 5.7] | Error | Error | ||
| low | 28 | 790 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [328.5, 142.82, 14.94, 5.7] | Error | Error | ||
| low | 28 | 791 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [434.1, 138.63, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | |||
| low | 28 | 792 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [71.42, 150.19, 36.2, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| low | 28 | 793 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [107.62, 150.27, 6.48, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | ||
| low | 28 | 794 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | [114.1, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | ||
| low | 28 | 795 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [117.42, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| low | 28 | 796 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [147.23, 150.77, 44.43, 5.7] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| low | 28 | 797 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [252.02, 150.19, 34.74, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| low | 28 | 798 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [286.76, 150.27, 7.94, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | ||
| low | 28 | 799 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [211, 211, 211] gray | [294.7, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | ||
| low | 28 | 800 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [298.02, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| low | 28 | 801 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [328.5, 150.67, 44.43, 5.7] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| low | 28 | 802 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 158.83, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 28 | 803 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [222.8, 158.72, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 28 | 804 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [402.58, 156.93, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 28 | 805 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [493.92, 193.19, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 28 | 806 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [497.97, 193.09, 24.8, 5.7] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| low | 28 | 807 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | [46.79, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 28 | 808 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | [66.88, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 28 | 809 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | [87.27, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 28 | 810 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [107.76, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 28 | 811 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [128.37, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 28 | 812 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [148.81, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 28 | 813 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [169.59, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 28 | 814 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [189.89, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 28 | 815 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [228.4, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 28 | 816 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [248.51, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 28 | 817 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | [268.88, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 28 | 818 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [289.38, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 28 | 819 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [309.97, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 28 | 820 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [330.42, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 28 | 821 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [351.19, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 28 | 822 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [218, 218, 218] gray | [371.5, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 28 | 823 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [417.97, 245.58, 10.49, 4.82] | 1.98 | 1.98 | |||
| low | 28 | 824 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | [442.12, 245.58, 10.57, 4.82] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| low | 28 | 825 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [465.5, 245.58, 12.09, 4.82] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| low | 28 | 826 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [490.45, 245.58, 10.54, 4.82] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| low | 28 | 827 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [514.16, 245.58, 11.38, 4.82] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| low | 28 | 828 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [538.19, 245.58, 11.67, 4.82] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| low | 28 | 829 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [113.47, 254.51, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 28 | 830 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [117.07, 254.61, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | |||
| low | 28 | 831 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [121.06, 254.51, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | |||
| low | 28 | 832 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [295.08, 255.32, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 28 | 833 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | [298.68, 255.42, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | |||
| low | 28 | 834 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [302.67, 255.32, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | |||
| low | 28 | 835 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [471.01, 255.13, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 28 | 836 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [475.05, 255.04, 21.16, 5.7] | Factor | Factor | |||
| low | 28 | 837 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 270.92, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| low | 28 | 838 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [305.81, 270.92, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| low | 28 | 839 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [148, 148, 148] gray | [198.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| low | 28 | 840 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [87, 99, 110] colored | [221.81, 284.58, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 841 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [117, 127, 138] colored | [245.99, 280.34, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 28 | 842 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | [465.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| low | 28 | 843 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [106, 121, 134] colored | [490.89, 286.65, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 844 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [111, 127, 142] colored | [513.34, 280.4, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 28 | 845 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [220, 223, 225] gray | [99.47, 295.23, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| low | 28 | 846 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [89, 101, 113] colored | [198.03, 303.72, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 847 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [110, 126, 141] colored | [224.35, 289.98, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| low | 28 | 848 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [150, 154, 157] gray | [346.71, 299.47, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| low | 28 | 849 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [170, 175, 178] gray | [377.56, 300.57, 66.66, 5.7] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| low | 28 | 850 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [105, 124, 141] colored | [469.66, 298.36, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 851 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [101, 119, 134] colored | [470.58, 303.76, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 28 | 852 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [107, 121, 135] colored | [493.43, 292.05, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 28 | 853 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [105, 119, 132] colored | [198.94, 309.12, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| low | 28 | 854 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [173, 178, 182] gray | [379.9, 308.37, 62.0, 5.7] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 28 | 855 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [130, 141, 152] colored | [95.83, 332.24, 66.66, 5.7] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| low | 28 | 856 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [176, 176, 176] gray | [198.41, 325.7, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | ||
| low | 28 | 857 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | [222.39, 328.71, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 858 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [99, 113, 125] colored | [224.92, 334.11, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| low | 28 | 859 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [119, 131, 140] colored | [245.98, 324.8, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 28 | 860 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [136, 136, 136] gray | [465.41, 325.69, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| low | 28 | 861 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [88, 100, 111] colored | [491.39, 330.53, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 862 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [108, 123, 137] colored | [493.92, 335.93, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 28 | 863 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [113, 136, 153] colored | [513.34, 324.85, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 28 | 864 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [149, 156, 159] gray | [64.58, 353.87, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| low | 28 | 865 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [137, 148, 154] gray | [98.16, 340.04, 62.0, 5.7] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 28 | 866 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [89, 101, 112] colored | [198.51, 349.92, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 867 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [91, 104, 115] colored | [199.43, 355.32, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| low | 28 | 868 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [158, 167, 174] gray | [433.99, 350.94, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| low | 28 | 869 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [97, 112, 129] colored | [467.13, 342.36, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 870 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [102, 120, 133] colored | [468.05, 347.76, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 28 | 871 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [112, 125, 134] colored | [155.31, 371.09, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | ||
| low | 28 | 872 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | [198.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| low | 28 | 873 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [104, 118, 131] colored | [222.85, 374.5, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 874 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [114, 131, 144] colored | [245.99, 369.52, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 28 | 875 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [162, 168, 173] gray | [345.29, 368.07, 41.17, 5.7] | stacking fault | stacking fault | ||
| low | 28 | 876 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [164, 168, 172] gray | [356.06, 360.27, 19.63, 5.7] | Slight | Slight | ||
| low | 28 | 877 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [143, 143, 143] gray | [465.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| low | 28 | 878 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [89, 101, 112] colored | [491.17, 374.58, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 879 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [119, 135, 147] colored | [513.34, 369.58, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 28 | 880 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [108, 124, 140] colored | [225.39, 379.9, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| low | 28 | 881 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [206, 209, 212] gray | [327.32, 382.92, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| low | 28 | 882 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [100, 117, 131] colored | [467.87, 387.02, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 28 | 883 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 128] colored | [493.7, 379.98, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 28 | 884 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [114, 151, 178] colored | [51.45, 398.19, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| low | 28 | 885 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [84, 96, 111] colored | [200.6, 395.0, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| low | 28 | 886 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [100, 114, 126] colored | [201.52, 400.4, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| low | 28 | 887 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [175, 179, 182] gray | [317.07, 398.62, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| low | 28 | 888 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [107, 125, 139] colored | [468.79, 392.42, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 28 | 889 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 416.02, 251.94, 26.5] | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm | ||
| low | 28 | 890 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 416.02, 245.51, 16.5] | ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | |||
| low | 28 | 891 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 471.26, 280.56, 9.04] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 28 | 897 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 575.05, 218.45, 9.04] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| low | 28 | 903 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 655.77, 192.77, 9.04] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| low | 28 | 911 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p28:body_region:0 | p28:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 28 | 912 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p28:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [539.9, 763.81, 21.3, 6.99] | 2440 | 2440 | |||
| low | 29 | 913 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 29 | 914 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 29 | 915 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [50.35, 121.5, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| low | 29 | 916 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [123.34, 124.67, 52.42, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell | LMO || Li half cell | ||
| low | 29 | 917 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [228.21, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 29 | 918 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [289.14, 123.56, 71.82, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| low | 29 | 919 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 155.94, 5.7, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| low | 29 | 920 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [49.85, 152.14, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| low | 29 | 921 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [50.42, 182.79, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| low | 29 | 922 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [124.43, 132.47, 50.25, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| low | 29 | 923 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [131.71, 175.82, 20.57, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| low | 29 | 924 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [131.71, 184.79, 30.91, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| low | 29 | 925 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [131.71, 193.77, 30.23, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| low | 29 | 926 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [232.14, 133.33, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 29 | 927 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [242.88, 130.68, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 29 | 928 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [243.06, 148.53, 8.96, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 29 | 929 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [244.87, 166.37, 7.15, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 29 | 930 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [244.88, 184.22, 7.14, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 29 | 931 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [244.96, 202.07, 7.06, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 29 | 932 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [263.07, 139.19, 12.9, 4.82] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| low | 29 | 933 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [283.1, 140.39, 13.93, 4.82] | 0.5 C | 0.5 C | ||
| low | 29 | 934 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [285.93, 165.99, 20.46, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| low | 29 | 935 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [285.93, 174.77, 30.86, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| low | 29 | 936 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [285.93, 183.54, 30.22, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| low | 29 | 937 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [297.14, 131.36, 55.84, 5.7] | voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | ||
| low | 29 | 938 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [303.67, 142.14, 7.64, 4.82] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 29 | 939 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [323.55, 146.77, 8.49, 4.82] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| low | 29 | 940 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [342.89, 158.1, 8.67, 4.82] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| low | 29 | 941 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [362.0, 171.74, 11.35, 4.82] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| low | 29 | 942 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [384.09, 142.54, 7.64, 4.82] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 29 | 943 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [49.92, 213.44, 8.62, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| low | 29 | 944 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [248.27, 219.92, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 945 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [70.3, 233.56, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 946 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [95.07, 233.56, 7.08, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 29 | 947 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [121.44, 233.56, 7.16, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 29 | 948 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | [147.85, 233.56, 7.17, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 29 | 949 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | [173.33, 233.56, 9.0, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 29 | 950 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [199.65, 233.56, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 29 | 951 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [254.87, 232.81, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 952 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [274.87, 232.81, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| low | 29 | 953 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | [294.8, 232.81, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| low | 29 | 954 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [313.69, 232.81, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| low | 29 | 955 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | [333.42, 232.81, 5.58, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| low | 29 | 956 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [352.64, 232.81, 6.78, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 29 | 957 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [372.64, 232.81, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| low | 29 | 958 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [392.58, 232.81, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| low | 29 | 959 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [94.36, 242.38, 81.01, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 29 | 960 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [307.23, 243.06, 42.96, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 29 | 961 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 257.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 29 | 962 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [58.38, 268.08, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 29 | 963 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [231, 233, 243] gray | [377.48, 268.3, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 29 | 964 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [48.15, 272.31, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 29 | 965 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [58.56, 285.94, 9.02, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 29 | 966 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [60.4, 303.79, 7.18, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 29 | 967 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | [60.41, 321.64, 7.17, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 29 | 968 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [60.49, 339.5, 7.09, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 29 | 969 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [136.02, 306.99, 20.5, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| low | 29 | 970 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [136.02, 318.28, 30.88, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| low | 29 | 971 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [136.02, 329.57, 30.22, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| low | 29 | 972 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [261.56, 325.2, 83.5, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | ||
| low | 29 | 973 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [267.57, 317.4, 71.48, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| low | 29 | 974 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [251, 252, 253] white | [338.08, 282.91, 18.3, 5.7] | 89.7% | 89.7% | ||
| low | 29 | 975 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:off_white | [240, 249, 248] off_white | [339.25, 306.11, 18.82, 5.7] | 84.3% | 84.3% | ||
| low | 29 | 976 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [224, 226, 240] gray | [377.48, 298.05, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 977 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [391.08, 273.99, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| low | 29 | 978 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [63.83, 357.35, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 979 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [72.09, 365.31, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 29 | 980 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | [119.29, 365.31, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 29 | 981 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | [166.74, 365.31, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 29 | 982 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [215.82, 365.31, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 29 | 983 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [263.95, 365.31, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 29 | 984 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [313.02, 365.31, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| low | 29 | 985 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [361.44, 365.31, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 29 | 986 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [200.74, 375.23, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 29 | 987 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 387.25, 373.59, 26.5] | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. | ||
| low | 29 | 988 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 448.2, 88.1, 9.04] | Anticipated results | Anticipated results | ||
| low | 29 | 990 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 505.86, 266.41, 9.04] | Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 29 | 993 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p29:body_region:0 | p29:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 29 | 994 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p29:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [542.05, 763.81, 18.93, 6.99] | 2441 | 2441 | |||
| low | 30 | 995 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p30:body_region:0 | p30:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 30 | 996 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 117.35, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 30 | 997 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [227.85, 116.35, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 30 | 998 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [400.92, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 30 | 999 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [72.04, 129.74, 25.75, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| low | 30 | 1000 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [268.07, 132.1, 21.78, 4.72] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| low | 30 | 1001 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [326.43, 127.94, 33.41, 5.58] | Observed | Observed | ||
| low | 30 | 1002 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [326.43, 134.77, 36.79, 5.58] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| low | 30 | 1003 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [431.63, 129.76, 25.75, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | |||
| low | 30 | 1004 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [431.63, 137.48, 25.97, 5.58] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | |||
| low | 30 | 1005 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [256.51, 144.26, 50.61, 4.72] | Space group: Fd3m | Space group: Fd3m | ||
| low | 30 | 1006 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [326.43, 141.59, 18.5, 5.58] | Error | Error | ||
| low | 30 | 1007 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [326.43, 148.42, 48.02, 5.58] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| low | 30 | 1008 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.71, 157.73, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 30 | 1009 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [70.08, 177.06, 41.5, 7.26] | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | ||
| low | 30 | 1010 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [111.58, 177.06, 12.75, 7.26] | CO 3 | CO 3 | ||
| low | 30 | 1011 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [124.33, 177.06, 32.41, 5.58] | = 1:2/3:1/6 | = 1:2/3:1/6 | ||
| low | 30 | 1012 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 247] gray | [154.45, 160.86, 33.45, 4.72] | PDF#80-2162 | PDF#80-2162 | ||
| low | 30 | 1013 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [228.88, 156.85, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 30 | 1014 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [401.95, 156.72, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 30 | 1015 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [490.24, 189.12, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 30 | 1016 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [494.3, 189.12, 24.84, 5.58] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| low | 30 | 1017 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [154.48, 205.29, 33.99, 4.72] | PDF#87-0729 | PDF#87-0729 | ||
| low | 30 | 1018 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 247] gray | [154.48, 216.02, 32.67, 4.72] | PDF#73-1523 | PDF#73-1523 | ||
| low | 30 | 1019 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [255, 233, 233] colored | [154.56, 225.61, 32.36, 4.72] | PDF#81-1953 | PDF#81-1953 | ||
| low | 30 | 1020 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | [46.48, 238.97, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 30 | 1021 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [66.06, 238.97, 6.8, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 30 | 1022 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | [85.93, 238.97, 7.08, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 30 | 1023 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [105.91, 238.97, 7.15, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 30 | 1024 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [126.0, 238.97, 6.98, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 30 | 1025 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | [145.92, 238.97, 7.16, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 30 | 1026 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [166.18, 238.97, 6.64, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 30 | 1027 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | [185.97, 238.97, 7.09, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 30 | 1028 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | [234.21, 238.88, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 30 | 1029 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [253.53, 238.88, 6.8, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 30 | 1030 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [273.11, 238.88, 7.07, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 30 | 1031 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | [292.83, 238.88, 7.15, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 30 | 1032 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | [312.63, 238.88, 6.98, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 30 | 1033 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [332.3, 238.88, 7.16, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 30 | 1034 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [352.28, 238.88, 6.64, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 30 | 1035 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [371.8, 238.88, 7.09, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 30 | 1036 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [416.99, 238.88, 10.51, 4.72] | 1.98 | 1.98 | ||
| low | 30 | 1037 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | [440.2, 238.88, 10.58, 4.72] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| low | 30 | 1038 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [462.64, 238.88, 12.11, 4.72] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| low | 30 | 1039 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [486.67, 238.88, 10.55, 4.72] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| low | 30 | 1040 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [509.46, 238.88, 11.41, 4.72] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| low | 30 | 1041 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [532.57, 238.88, 11.68, 4.72] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| low | 30 | 1042 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [111.52, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 30 | 1043 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [115.13, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| low | 30 | 1044 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [118.73, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| low | 30 | 1045 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [298.32, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 30 | 1046 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [301.92, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| low | 30 | 1047 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [305.52, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| low | 30 | 1048 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [467.71, 248.5, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 30 | 1049 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [471.76, 248.5, 21.19, 5.58] | Factor | Factor | |||
| low | 30 | 1050 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 263.8, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| low | 30 | 1051 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [302.44, 263.8, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | ||
| low | 30 | 1052 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [111, 136, 151] colored | [512.76, 270.8, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 30 | 1053 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [128, 128, 128] gray | [462.53, 272.99, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | |||
| low | 30 | 1054 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [104, 118, 131] colored | [489.73, 276.56, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1055 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [98, 112, 126] colored | [492.26, 281.96, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 30 | 1056 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 116, 130] colored | [466.94, 290.11, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1057 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | [467.86, 295.51, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 30 | 1058 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [149, 74, 0] colored | [149.52, 315.65, 6.36, 5.58] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 30 | 1059 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:unknown | None unknown | [204.16, 315.7, 9.45, 5.58] | Mn | Mn | ||
| low | 30 | 1060 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [0, 113, 112] colored | [263.64, 315.74, 5.27, 5.58] | O | O | ||
| low | 30 | 1061 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [133, 142, 148] gray | [375.07, 308.98, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | ||
| low | 30 | 1062 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [131, 131, 131] gray | [462.53, 316.26, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| low | 30 | 1063 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [121, 136, 152] colored | [512.76, 316.04, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 30 | 1064 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 330.93, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| low | 30 | 1065 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [171, 177, 181] gray | [350.38, 328.94, 66.66, 5.58] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| low | 30 | 1066 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [104, 119, 133] colored | [466.94, 335.34, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1067 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | [490.34, 321.38, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1068 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [95, 109, 121] colored | [492.87, 326.78, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 30 | 1069 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [63.38, 342.07, 15.2, 5.58] | Mn K | Mn K | ||
| low | 30 | 1070 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [78.58, 341.93, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| low | 30 | 1071 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | [82.72, 342.07, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| low | 30 | 1072 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [164, 168, 173] gray | [352.71, 336.74, 62.0, 5.58] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| low | 30 | 1073 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | [467.86, 340.74, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 30 | 1074 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.18, 343.27, 5.59, 39.16] | Itensity (a.u.) | Itensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 30 | 1075 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [63.38, 349.86, 12.11, 5.58] | Ni K | Ni K | ||
| low | 30 | 1076 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [75.49, 349.72, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| low | 30 | 1077 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [78.43, 353.24, 15.88, 23.4] | Surface | Surface | ||
| low | 30 | 1078 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [221, 221, 221] gray | [79.63, 349.86, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| low | 30 | 1079 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [125.65, 355.7, 97.37, 10.86] | Ni element gradient distribution | Ni element gradient distribution | ||
| low | 30 | 1080 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [265.02, 352.87, 5.58, 13.16] | Bulk | Bulk | ||
| low | 30 | 1081 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [167, 169, 170] gray | [338.44, 354.06, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | ||
| low | 30 | 1082 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [157, 162, 165] gray | [428.98, 357.73, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | ||
| low | 30 | 1083 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [140, 140, 140] gray | [462.53, 363.11, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | |||
| low | 30 | 1084 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 128] colored | [490.35, 366.78, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1085 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [96, 110, 123] colored | [492.89, 372.18, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| low | 30 | 1086 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [110, 136, 151] colored | [512.77, 361.54, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| low | 30 | 1087 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 117, 130] colored | [466.94, 380.84, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 30 | 1088 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 117, 130] colored | [467.86, 386.24, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| low | 30 | 1089 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [64.17, 394.47, 3.75, 4.72] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 30 | 1090 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [104.63, 394.47, 12.4, 4.72] | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| low | 30 | 1091 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [150.16, 394.47, 10.91, 4.72] | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||
| low | 30 | 1092 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [194.52, 394.47, 11.75, 4.72] | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||
| low | 30 | 1093 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [239.34, 394.47, 11.68, 4.72] | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||
| low | 30 | 1094 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [154, 155, 156] gray | [312.28, 393.77, 25.71, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| low | 30 | 1095 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [147.06, 403.79, 30.26, 5.58] | Distance ( | Distance ( | ||
| low | 30 | 1096 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [177.32, 403.65, 4.04, 6.03] | µ | |||
| low | 30 | 1097 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [181.35, 403.79, 8.02, 5.58] | m) | m) | ||
| low | 30 | 1098 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 415.86, 246.66, 36.5] | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums | ||
| low | 30 | 1099 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 415.86, 251.7, 26.5] | of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | |||
| low | 30 | 1101 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 598.11, 214.54, 9.04] | Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials | ||
| low | 30 | 1103 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p30:body_region:0 | p30:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 30 | 1104 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p30:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.87, 763.81, 20.33, 6.99] | 2442 | 2442 | |||
| low | 31 | 1105 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p31:body_region:0 | p31:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 31 | 1106 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 31 | 1107 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [103.75, 122.42, 63.76, 5.7] | U-LNMO || Li half cell | U-LNMO || Li half cell | ||
| low | 31 | 1108 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [227.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 31 | 1109 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [290.48, 123.65, 76.46, 5.7] | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| low | 31 | 1110 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 155.98, 5.7, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| low | 31 | 1111 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [50.77, 175.41, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1112 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [50.93, 132.5, 8.53, 4.82] | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1113 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [51.28, 154.23, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| low | 31 | 1114 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [51.35, 196.59, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| low | 31 | 1115 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [68.04, 165.81, 11.76, 6.39] | Mn 3+ | Mn 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1116 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [79.77, 165.81, 14.08, 6.39] | /Mn 4+ | /Mn 4+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1117 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [97.3, 169.59, 4.83, 22.81] | (mAh/V) | (mAh/V) | ||
| low | 31 | 1118 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [209, 209, 209] gray | [97.3, 195.91, 4.83, 5.67] | /d | /d | ||
| low | 31 | 1119 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | [97.3, 206.04, 4.83, 3.45] | d | d | ||
| low | 31 | 1120 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [97.38, 192.41, 4.73, 3.5] | V | V | ||
| low | 31 | 1121 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | [97.38, 201.58, 4.73, 4.46] | Q | Q | ||
| low | 31 | 1122 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [110.52, 130.22, 50.22, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1123 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [117.24, 183.08, 11.82, 6.39] | Mn 3+ | Mn 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1124 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | [122.9, 141.91, 5.39, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1125 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [244, 245, 249] gray | [128.29, 140.34, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1126 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [129.03, 183.08, 14.15, 6.39] | /Mn 4+ | /Mn 4+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1127 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 253] white | [129.69, 176.37, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1128 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | [132.01, 141.91, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1129 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [235, 236, 245] gray | [133.45, 165.79, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1130 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | [135.07, 174.8, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1131 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 251] white | [138.78, 176.37, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1132 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 247, 250] off_white | [138.82, 164.22, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1133 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 244, 249] gray | [139.61, 140.34, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1134 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | [142.68, 165.79, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1135 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | [146.38, 174.8, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1136 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 251] white | [150.28, 164.22, 4.0, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1137 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | [169.27, 138.88, 5.39, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1138 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | [174.66, 137.31, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1139 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | [178.52, 138.88, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 31 | 1140 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [238, 240, 247] gray | [186.12, 137.31, 4.0, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| low | 31 | 1141 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [231.42, 133.26, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 31 | 1142 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [242.36, 132.49, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 31 | 1143 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [242.55, 152.37, 8.95, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 31 | 1144 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [244.36, 172.33, 7.14, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 31 | 1145 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [244.36, 192.21, 7.14, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 31 | 1146 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [262.17, 137.64, 15.24, 5.7] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1147 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [284.05, 140.26, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1148 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [286.12, 198.63, 25.85, 5.7] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | ||
| low | 31 | 1149 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [286.12, 207.37, 25.63, 5.7] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| low | 31 | 1150 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [298.3, 131.45, 60.88, 5.7] | voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | ||
| low | 31 | 1151 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [302.57, 142.72, 10.03, 5.7] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1152 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [322.68, 147.33, 10.24, 5.7] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1153 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [341.72, 156.15, 13.41, 5.7] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1154 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [361.92, 175.95, 12.8, 5.7] | 15 C | 15 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1155 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [383.63, 140.17, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 31 | 1156 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [50.84, 217.74, 8.62, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1157 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | [103.3, 215.33, 7.06, 3.95] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1158 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [116.54, 215.33, 6.64, 3.95] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| low | 31 | 1159 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [129.33, 215.33, 7.12, 3.95] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1160 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [142.57, 215.33, 6.7, 3.95] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| low | 31 | 1161 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [226, 226, 226] gray | [155.46, 215.33, 6.98, 3.95] | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1162 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [244.44, 212.17, 7.05, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 31 | 1163 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [118.55, 220.93, 28.66, 4.82] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| low | 31 | 1164 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | [71.37, 233.97, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1165 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [93.09, 233.97, 7.08, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 31 | 1166 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [116.45, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 31 | 1167 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [139.83, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 31 | 1168 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [162.29, 233.97, 9.0, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 31 | 1169 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [185.61, 233.97, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 31 | 1170 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [255.18, 233.79, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1171 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [275.11, 233.79, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| low | 31 | 1172 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [294.96, 233.79, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| low | 31 | 1173 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [313.76, 233.79, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| low | 31 | 1174 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [333.41, 233.79, 5.58, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| low | 31 | 1175 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [352.56, 233.79, 6.77, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 31 | 1176 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [372.48, 233.79, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| low | 31 | 1177 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [392.33, 233.79, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| low | 31 | 1178 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [95.99, 243.35, 79.29, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 31 | 1179 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [307.27, 243.39, 42.94, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 31 | 1180 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 257.53, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 31 | 1181 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [60.16, 264.06, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 31 | 1182 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [235, 241, 244] gray | [378.69, 263.75, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 31 | 1183 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [49.32, 267.74, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 31 | 1184 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [60.34, 283.01, 9.02, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| low | 31 | 1185 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [62.19, 301.95, 7.18, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| low | 31 | 1186 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [62.19, 320.98, 7.17, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 31 | 1187 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [62.28, 339.93, 7.09, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 31 | 1188 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [117.48, 338.08, 88.5, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | ||
| low | 31 | 1189 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [123.61, 330.28, 76.02, 5.7] | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| low | 31 | 1190 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:colored | [225, 239, 247] colored | [218.8, 281.98, 18.48, 5.7] | 86.2% | 86.2% | ||
| low | 31 | 1191 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [254, 250, 250] white | [218.8, 310.09, 17.79, 5.7] | 79.7% | 79.7% | ||
| low | 31 | 1192 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [301.86, 330.12, 25.9, 5.7] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | ||
| low | 31 | 1193 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [301.86, 341.37, 25.68, 5.7] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| low | 31 | 1194 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:off_white | [243, 248, 251] off_white | [339.43, 288.45, 18.26, 5.7] | 78.9% | 78.9% | ||
| low | 31 | 1195 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [252, 241, 242] gray | [340.59, 321.88, 18.61, 5.7] | 55.9% | 55.9% | ||
| low | 31 | 1196 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:colored | [196, 214, 224] colored | [378.69, 293.41, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1197 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [392.23, 269.43, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| low | 31 | 1198 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [74.08, 361.11, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 31 | 1199 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [129.62, 361.11, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 31 | 1200 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [187.81, 361.11, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 31 | 1201 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [246.29, 361.11, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 31 | 1202 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [304.8, 361.11, 10.92, 4.82] | 400 | 400 | ||
| low | 31 | 1203 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [363.5, 361.11, 10.76, 4.82] | 500 | 500 | ||
| low | 31 | 1204 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [202.54, 369.71, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 31 | 1205 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.67, 381.73, 379.31, 36.51] | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. | ||
| low | 31 | 1207 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 621.18, 381.06, 20.01] | Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi | Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi | ||
| low | 31 | 1209 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p31:body_region:0 | p31:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 31 | 1210 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p31:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.31, 763.81, 20.66, 6.99] | 2443 | 2443 | |||
| low | 32 | 1211 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p32:body_region:0 | p32:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 32 | 1212 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.83, 114.85, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 32 | 1213 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [226.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 32 | 1214 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [400.28, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 32 | 1215 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [73.36, 127.06, 19.83, 5.58] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| low | 32 | 1216 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [237, 239, 246] gray | [74.68, 135.78, 31.56, 4.72] | Superlattice | Superlattice | ||
| low | 32 | 1217 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [267.56, 130.51, 16.79, 4.72] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| low | 32 | 1218 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [325.53, 126.32, 33.48, 5.58] | Observed | Observed | ||
| low | 32 | 1219 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [325.53, 133.2, 36.87, 5.58] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| low | 32 | 1220 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [427.97, 127.34, 29.29, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | |||
| low | 32 | 1221 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [431.52, 135.1, 25.97, 5.58] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | |||
| low | 32 | 1222 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | [256.25, 142.99, 34.74, 4.72] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| low | 32 | 1223 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [290.99, 142.99, 4.91, 4.72] | R | R | ||
| low | 32 | 1224 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | [295.9, 142.99, 3.32, 4.72] | 3 | 3 | ||
| low | 32 | 1225 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [299.22, 142.99, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| low | 32 | 1226 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [325.53, 140.07, 18.5, 5.58] | Error | Error | ||
| low | 32 | 1227 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [325.53, 146.94, 48.12, 5.58] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| low | 32 | 1228 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [41.86, 155.32, 5.59, 43.07] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 32 | 1229 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [71.02, 174.67, 41.5, 7.26] | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | ||
| low | 32 | 1230 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [112.52, 174.67, 12.75, 7.26] | CO 3 | CO 3 | ||
| low | 32 | 1231 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [125.27, 174.67, 33.32, 5.58] | = 1:2/3:3/2 | = 1:2/3:3/2 | ||
| low | 32 | 1232 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 249] gray | [156.24, 158.36, 33.82, 4.72] | PDF#74-0919 | PDF#74-0919 | ||
| low | 32 | 1233 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [227.51, 155.46, 5.59, 43.19] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 32 | 1234 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [254.34, 189.51, 31.5, 4.72] | Superlattice | Superlattice | ||
| low | 32 | 1235 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [401.3, 152.4, 5.59, 43.19] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 32 | 1236 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [490.36, 187.07, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 32 | 1237 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [494.42, 187.07, 24.88, 5.58] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| low | 32 | 1238 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [156.28, 203.07, 33.98, 4.72] | PDF#87-0729 | PDF#87-0729 | ||
| low | 32 | 1239 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 253] white | [156.28, 213.87, 32.56, 4.72] | PDF#73-1523 | PDF#73-1523 | ||
| low | 32 | 1240 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [255, 239, 239] gray | [156.36, 223.51, 32.24, 4.72] | PDF#81-1953 | PDF#81-1953 | ||
| low | 32 | 1241 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [47.66, 236.72, 5.94, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 32 | 1242 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [67.36, 236.72, 6.79, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 32 | 1243 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [210, 210, 210] gray | [87.35, 236.72, 7.06, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 32 | 1244 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [107.44, 236.72, 7.14, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 32 | 1245 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [127.65, 236.72, 6.97, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 32 | 1246 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | [147.69, 236.72, 7.15, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 32 | 1247 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [168.08, 236.72, 6.63, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 32 | 1248 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | [187.98, 236.72, 7.08, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 32 | 1249 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | [232.69, 238.18, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| low | 32 | 1250 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | [252.15, 238.18, 6.81, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 32 | 1251 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [271.87, 238.18, 7.08, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| low | 32 | 1252 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | [291.72, 238.18, 7.16, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| low | 32 | 1253 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [311.66, 238.18, 6.99, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 32 | 1254 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | [331.46, 238.18, 7.17, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| low | 32 | 1255 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [351.58, 238.18, 6.65, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| low | 32 | 1256 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | [371.24, 238.18, 7.1, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| low | 32 | 1257 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | [416.69, 237.48, 10.52, 4.72] | 1.98 | 1.98 | ||
| low | 32 | 1258 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [226, 226, 226] gray | [440.05, 237.48, 10.6, 4.72] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| low | 32 | 1259 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [462.64, 237.48, 12.11, 4.72] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| low | 32 | 1260 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [486.8, 237.48, 10.57, 4.72] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| low | 32 | 1261 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [509.73, 237.48, 11.42, 4.72] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| low | 32 | 1262 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [532.98, 237.48, 11.7, 4.72] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| low | 32 | 1263 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [113.11, 245.89, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 32 | 1264 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [208, 208, 208] gray | [116.72, 245.75, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| low | 32 | 1265 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [120.32, 245.89, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| low | 32 | 1266 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [297.28, 247.68, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 32 | 1267 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | [300.89, 247.54, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| low | 32 | 1268 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [304.48, 247.68, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| low | 32 | 1269 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [467.77, 247.03, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| low | 32 | 1270 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [471.82, 247.03, 21.19, 5.58] | Factor | Factor | |||
| low | 32 | 1271 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | [40.83, 263.65, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| low | 32 | 1272 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [291.4, 263.16, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | ||
| low | 32 | 1273 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [189, 189, 189] gray | [462.69, 273.26, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | |||
| low | 32 | 1274 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [117, 135, 150] colored | [512.3, 271.21, 43.9, 3.86] | Surface spinel phase | Surface spinel phase | |||
| low | 32 | 1275 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [85, 110, 128] colored | [313.93, 280.4, 59.81, 21.06] | Surface spinel layer | Surface spinel layer | ||
| low | 32 | 1276 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [107, 123, 138] colored | [463.51, 291.05, 13.33, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| low | 32 | 1277 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [95, 110, 123] colored | [465.58, 296.45, 9.19, 3.86] | (311) | (311) | |||
| low | 32 | 1278 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [136, 140, 141] gray | [485.23, 296.1, 11.45, 3.86] | Layer | Layer | |||
| low | 32 | 1279 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [205, 207, 210] gray | [410.09, 305.97, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | ||
| low | 32 | 1280 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [143, 144, 144] gray | [485.09, 301.5, 11.73, 3.86] | (003) | (003) | |||
| low | 32 | 1281 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:colored | [151, 75, 1] colored | [152.11, 316.49, 6.37, 5.58] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 32 | 1282 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:unknown | None unknown | [207.64, 316.54, 9.44, 5.58] | Mn | Mn | ||
| low | 32 | 1283 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:colored | [1, 114, 112] colored | [266.62, 316.58, 5.27, 5.58] | O | O | ||
| low | 32 | 1284 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [135, 144, 152] gray | [334.26, 322.3, 59.29, 5.58] | Bulk layer structure | Bulk layer structure | ||
| low | 32 | 1285 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [155, 155, 155] gray | [462.69, 316.53, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| low | 32 | 1286 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [147, 147, 147] gray | [490.57, 319.47, 12.42, 4.19] | Layer | Layer | |||
| low | 32 | 1287 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [142, 142, 144] gray | [491.08, 325.33, 11.41, 4.19] | (104) | (104) | |||
| low | 32 | 1288 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [126, 143, 154] colored | [511.25, 316.14, 25.32, 3.86] | Layer phase | Layer phase | |||
| low | 32 | 1289 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.83, 330.04, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| low | 32 | 1290 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [67.6, 341.38, 15.22, 5.58] | Mn K | Mn K | ||
| low | 32 | 1291 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [82.79, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| low | 32 | 1292 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [221, 221, 221] gray | [86.95, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| low | 32 | 1293 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [106.4, 341.38, 12.09, 5.58] | Ni K | Ni K | ||
| low | 32 | 1294 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [118.48, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| low | 32 | 1295 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [122.64, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| low | 32 | 1296 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [141, 150, 155] gray | [436.08, 339.7, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| low | 32 | 1297 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [137, 141, 143] gray | [484.38, 340.79, 18.24, 4.19] | Layered | Layered | |||
| low | 32 | 1298 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [46.44, 343.96, 5.59, 39.34] | Itensity (a.u.) | Itensity (a.u.) | ||
| low | 32 | 1299 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [68.99, 354.17, 12.38, 24.1] | Surface | Surface | ||
| low | 32 | 1300 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [115.15, 362.89, 97.37, 10.86] | Ni element gradient distribution | Ni element gradient distribution | ||
| low | 32 | 1301 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [269.96, 360.09, 5.58, 13.18] | Bulk | Bulk | ||
| low | 32 | 1302 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [146, 153, 157] gray | [337.86, 354.0, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | ||
| low | 32 | 1303 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [127, 140, 150] colored | [375.77, 368.18, 41.26, 5.58] | stacking fault | stacking fault | ||
| low | 32 | 1304 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [124, 135, 147] colored | [386.56, 360.38, 19.67, 5.58] | Slight | Slight | ||
| low | 32 | 1305 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [140, 140, 140] gray | [462.69, 363.38, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | |||
| low | 32 | 1306 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [133, 133, 134] gray | [487.15, 346.65, 12.72, 4.19] | (003) | (003) | |||
| low | 32 | 1307 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [150, 150, 150] gray | [490.57, 364.8, 12.42, 4.19] | Layer | Layer | |||
| low | 32 | 1308 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [144, 145, 146] gray | [491.07, 370.65, 11.41, 4.19] | (104) | (104) | |||
| low | 32 | 1309 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [126, 135, 146] colored | [511.7, 362.48, 25.32, 3.86] | Layer phase | Layer phase | |||
| low | 32 | 1310 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [60.76, 395.23, 3.75, 4.72] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 32 | 1311 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | [110.14, 395.23, 12.36, 4.72] | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| low | 32 | 1312 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [164.57, 395.23, 10.87, 4.72] | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||
| low | 32 | 1313 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | [217.78, 395.23, 11.71, 4.72] | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||
| low | 32 | 1314 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [271.51, 395.23, 11.64, 4.72] | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||
| low | 32 | 1315 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [138, 147, 154] gray | [313.02, 392.83, 19.82, 5.58] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| low | 32 | 1316 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [109, 117, 123] gray | [484.67, 386.86, 18.24, 4.19] | Layered | Layered | |||
| low | 32 | 1317 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [138, 138, 139] gray | [487.44, 392.72, 12.72, 4.19] | (003) | (003) | |||
| low | 32 | 1318 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [148.79, 404.73, 30.38, 5.58] | Distance ( | Distance ( | ||
| low | 32 | 1319 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | [179.18, 404.59, 4.04, 6.03] | µ | |||
| low | 32 | 1320 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [183.22, 404.73, 8.01, 5.58] | m) | m) | ||
| low | 32 | 1321 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 416.8, 246.54, 26.5] | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld | ||
| low | 32 | 1322 | caption | caption | docling_caption | docling_caption | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 416.8, 255.89, 26.5] | refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). | refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). | |||
| low | 32 | 1325 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p32:body_region:0 | p32:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 32 | 1326 | page_footer | page_footer | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p32:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.33, 763.81, 20.87, 6.99] | 2444 | 2444 | |||
| low | 33 | 1327 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p33:body_region:0 | p33:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 33 | 1328 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| low | 33 | 1329 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [177.89, 120.97, 8.24, 6.39] | O 2- | O 2- | ||
| low | 33 | 1330 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [186.13, 120.97, 10.61, 6.39] | /O n- | /O n- | ||
| low | 33 | 1331 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [222.13, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| low | 33 | 1332 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [236.27, 119.8, 10.78, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 33 | 1333 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [256.95, 124.5, 15.24, 5.7] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1334 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [51.01, 130.02, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| low | 33 | 1335 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [99.34, 131.23, 4.97, 4.72] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1336 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [328.3, 129.72, 51.15, 5.7] | LRM || Li half cell | LRM || Li half cell | ||
| low | 33 | 1337 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [40.61, 156.32, 5.71, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| low | 33 | 1338 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [50.51, 148.52, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1339 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [50.58, 185.53, 8.63, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1340 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | [51.08, 167.03, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| low | 33 | 1341 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [51.36, 204.03, 7.85, 4.82] | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||
| low | 33 | 1342 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | [72.44, 172.45, 4.83, 22.81] | (mAh/V) | (mAh/V) | ||
| low | 33 | 1343 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | [72.53, 195.27, 4.73, 17.02] | dQ/dV | dQ/dV | ||
| low | 33 | 1344 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [75.28, 148.03, 7.14, 6.98] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1345 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 244, 249] gray | [78.92, 144.68, 4.79, 4.6] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1346 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [82.89, 140.98, 10.32, 9.06] | / Ni | / Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1347 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 253] white | [89.72, 137.54, 4.94, 4.7] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1348 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [93.83, 134.69, 9.0, 8.19] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1349 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [227, 230, 242] gray | [95.41, 198.32, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1350 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [227, 229, 242] gray | [100.78, 196.75, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1351 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [104.5, 198.32, 9.18, 4.82] | / Ni | / Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1352 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [110.3, 173.27, 8.24, 6.39] | O 2- | O 2- | ||
| low | 33 | 1353 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | [113.68, 196.75, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1354 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [237, 239, 247] gray | [117.57, 198.32, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| low | 33 | 1355 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [118.54, 173.27, 10.62, 6.39] | /O n- | /O n- | ||
| low | 33 | 1356 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [231, 233, 244] gray | [125.17, 196.75, 3.94, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| low | 33 | 1357 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [135.66, 143.68, 58.09, 5.7] | U-LRM || Li half cell | U-LRM || Li half cell | ||
| low | 33 | 1358 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [139.52, 151.48, 50.38, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1359 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [226.06, 133.69, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 33 | 1360 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [236.54, 159.26, 10.51, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 33 | 1361 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [237.06, 139.53, 9.99, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| low | 33 | 1362 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | [237.39, 198.79, 9.66, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 33 | 1363 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [237.91, 178.99, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 33 | 1364 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [278.18, 147.67, 16.46, 5.7] | 0.5 C | 0.5 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1365 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [281.98, 199.08, 20.06, 5.7] | C-LRM | C-LRM | ||
| low | 33 | 1366 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [281.98, 207.9, 19.83, 5.7] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| low | 33 | 1367 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [300.13, 156.74, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1368 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [313.72, 137.52, 80.38, 5.7] | 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | ||
| low | 33 | 1369 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [319.79, 164.28, 10.03, 5.7] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1370 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [339.2, 174.79, 10.25, 5.7] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1371 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [358.09, 183.77, 13.42, 5.7] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1372 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [380.28, 158.75, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| low | 33 | 1373 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [50.86, 222.53, 8.35, 4.82] | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1374 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [81.44, 218.17, 60.29, 3.95] | 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 | 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1375 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [94.99, 223.29, 28.66, 4.82] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| low | 33 | 1376 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | [240.09, 218.52, 6.96, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 33 | 1377 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | [67.41, 234.23, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1378 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | [86.01, 234.23, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 33 | 1379 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [104.87, 234.23, 9.71, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 33 | 1380 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | [125.35, 234.23, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 33 | 1381 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [235, 235, 235] gray | [144.89, 234.23, 10.56, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 33 | 1382 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [165.37, 234.23, 10.05, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| low | 33 | 1383 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [185.2, 234.23, 10.84, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 33 | 1384 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [250.83, 234.54, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1385 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | [270.92, 234.54, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| low | 33 | 1386 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | [290.94, 234.54, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| low | 33 | 1387 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [309.92, 234.54, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| low | 33 | 1388 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [329.74, 234.54, 5.59, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| low | 33 | 1389 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [349.06, 234.54, 6.78, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| low | 33 | 1390 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [369.15, 234.54, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| low | 33 | 1391 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | [389.17, 234.54, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| low | 33 | 1392 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [95.85, 243.09, 79.29, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 33 | 1393 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [303.53, 243.93, 42.95, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 33 | 1394 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 254.76, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| low | 33 | 1395 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [58.38, 262.92, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 33 | 1396 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [240, 244, 247] gray | [381.18, 264.95, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 33 | 1397 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [47.84, 269.44, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| low | 33 | 1398 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [58.66, 301.23, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 33 | 1399 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | [59.18, 282.04, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| low | 33 | 1400 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | [59.51, 339.45, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 33 | 1401 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | [60.03, 320.34, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 33 | 1402 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.97, 279.07, 20.1, 5.7] | C-LRM | C-LRM | ||
| low | 33 | 1403 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.97, 290.42, 19.88, 5.7] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| low | 33 | 1404 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [253.95, 340.95, 88.71, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | ||
| low | 33 | 1405 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [263.15, 333.15, 70.29, 5.7] | LMR || Li half cell 30 °C | LMR || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| low | 33 | 1406 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [252, 242, 243] gray | [341.46, 317.99, 18.49, 5.7] | 84.2% | 84.2% | ||
| low | 33 | 1407 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [341.61, 296.94, 17.96, 5.7] | 90.1% | 90.1% | ||
| low | 33 | 1408 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [243, 246, 248] gray | [381.18, 294.86, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1409 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [395.15, 271.13, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| low | 33 | 1410 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [74.37, 363.28, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| low | 33 | 1411 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [121.44, 363.28, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| low | 33 | 1412 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | [168.78, 363.28, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| low | 33 | 1413 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | [217.81, 363.28, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| low | 33 | 1414 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | [265.83, 363.28, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| low | 33 | 1415 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | [314.86, 363.28, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| low | 33 | 1416 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | [363.17, 363.28, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| low | 33 | 1417 | text | visual_text | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [203.72, 372.61, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| low | 33 | 1418 | caption | caption | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.67, 384.62, 384.13, 26.5] | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. | ||
| low | 33 | 1420 | section_header | body_heading | body_heading | body_heading | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 598.11, 92.81, 9.04] | Reporting summary | Reporting summary | ||
| low | 33 | 1422 | section_header | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | stop_trigger | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 644.24, 75.22, 9.04] | Data availability | Data availability | |
| low | 33 | 1424 | text | reference | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 722.23, 191.21, 7.77] | Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; | Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; | |
| low | 33 | 1425 | text | metadata | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.68, 732.98, 120.66, 7.77] | Published online: 18 August 2025 | Published online: 18 August 2025 | |
| low | 33 | 1426 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |
| low | 33 | 1427 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.48, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] | 2445 | 2445 | ||
| low | 34 | 1428 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
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| low | 34 | 1495 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 590.09, 75.85, 7.0] | Acknowledgements | Acknowledgements | |
| low | 34 | 1496 | text | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 599.52, 251.32, 69.25] | G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and the Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation (grant no. SZPR2023007). H.J. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 524B2023). J.W. was supported by the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at Shanghai Jaio Tong University (grant no. 23×010502206) and the National Natural Science Youth Fund (grant no. 52302285). | G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School and the Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School-Shenzhen Pengrui Young Faculty Program of Shenzhen Pengrui Foundation (grant no. SZPR2023007). H.J. was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 524B2023). J.W. was supported by the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at Shanghai Jaio Tong University (grant no. 23×010502206) and the National Natural Science Youth Fund (grant no. 52302285). | |
| low | 34 | 1497 | section_header | back_matter_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 678.09, 78.48, 7.0] | Author contributions | Author contributions | |
| low | 34 | 1499 | section_header | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 726.09, 77.03, 7.0] | Competing interests | Competing interests | |
| low | 34 | 1500 | text | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [306.47, 735.52, 120.03, 5.26] | The authors declare no competing interests. | The authors declare no competing interests. | |
| low | 34 | 1501 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [540.36, 763.81, 20.84, 6.99] | 2446 | 2446 | |
| low | 35 | 1502 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| low | 35 | 1504 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| low | 35 | 1505 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [541.08, 763.81, 19.9, 6.99] | 2447 | 2447 | ||
| low | 36 | 1506 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [23.52, 127.01, 175.94, 17.22] | Reporting Summary | Reporting Summary | ||
| low | 36 | 1508 | text | metadata | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [308.88, 63.3, 90.91, 7.02] | Corresponding author(s): | Corresponding author(s): | ||
| low | 36 | 1509 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [308.88, 80.22, 95.18, 7.02] | Last updated by author(s): | Last updated by author(s): | ||
| low | 36 | 1510 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [408.24, 64.02, 118.91, 6.27] | Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou | Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou | ||
| low | 36 | 1511 | text | metadata | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [408.24, 81.06, 43.99, 6.27] | May 13, 2025 | May 13, 2025 | ||
| low | 36 | 1512 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| low | 36 | 1513 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 222.34, 49.71, 10.95] | Statistics | Statistics | ||
| low | 36 | 1515 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.36, 258.3, 12.15, 7.02] | n/a | n/a | ||
| low | 36 | 1516 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [43.8, 258.3, 38.13, 7.02] | Confirmed | Confirmed | ||
| low | 36 | 1517 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 274.63, 428.7, 7.74] | The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement | The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement | ||
| low | 36 | 1518 | checkbox_selected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 291.9, 468.9, 7.02] | A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly | A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly | ||
| low | 36 | 1520 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 334.38, 131.52, 7.02] | A description of all covariates tested | A description of all covariates tested | ||
| low | 36 | 1521 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 351.42, 420.35, 7.02] | A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons | A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons | ||
| low | 36 | 1524 | checkbox_unselected | affiliation | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 425.7, 351.21, 7.02] | For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings | For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings | ||
| low | 36 | 1525 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 442.74, 417.36, 7.02] | For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes | For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes | ||
| low | 36 | 1526 | checkbox_selected | affiliation | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [58.08, 459.19, 323.38, 7.74] | Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated | Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated | ||
| low | 36 | 1528 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 501.7, 105.73, 10.95] | Software and code | Software and code | ||
| low | 36 | 1529 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 522.18, 196.29, 7.02] | Policy information about availability of computer code | Policy information about availability of computer code | ||
| low | 36 | 1531 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| low | 36 | 1532 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:bottom_margin:right:colored | [249, 188, 190] colored | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 1 | 1 | ||
| low | 37 | 1533 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 33.22, 26.19, 10.95] | Data | Data | ||
| low | 37 | 1534 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 53.58, 157.2, 7.02] | Policy information about availability of data | Policy information about availability of data | ||
| low | 37 | 1535 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 175.9, 403.94, 10.95] | Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material | Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material | |
| low | 37 | 1537 | text | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [29.16, 65.58, 485.0, 7.02] | All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: | All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: | |
| low | 37 | 1538 | list_item | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.12, 77.7, 255.87, 6.27] | Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets | Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets | |
| low | 37 | 1539 | list_item | back_matter_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.12, 87.3, 168.42, 6.27] | A description of any restrictions on data availability | A description of any restrictions on data availability | ||
| low | 37 | 1540 | list_item | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [39.12, 98.34, 309.32, 6.27] | For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy | For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy | |
| low | 37 | 1541 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| low | 37 | 1543 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 222.78, 92.51, 6.27] | Reporting on sex and gender | Reporting on sex and gender | ||
| low | 37 | 1544 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [250, 252, 253] white | [152.28, 222.78, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| low | 37 | 1545 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 242.58, 104.76, 15.87] | Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings | Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings | ||
| low | 37 | 1546 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [152.28, 242.58, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| low | 37 | 1547 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 271.86, 83.1, 6.27] | Population characteristics | Population characteristics | ||
| low | 37 | 1548 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [152.64, 271.86, 17.37, 6.27] | None | None | |
| low | 37 | 1549 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 291.54, 40.06, 6.27] | Recruitment | Recruitment | ||
| low | 37 | 1550 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | [152.28, 291.54, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| low | 37 | 1551 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 311.22, 50.63, 6.27] | Ethics oversight | Ethics oversight | ||
| low | 37 | 1552 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [152.28, 311.22, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| low | 37 | 1553 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 328.26, 338.05, 6.27] | Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. | Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. | |
| low | 37 | 1554 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [23.52, 357.38, 183.98, 15.63] | Field-specific reporting | Field-specific reporting | ||
| low | 37 | 1556 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [38.04, 400.98, 45.09, 7.02] | Life sciences | Life sciences | ||
| low | 37 | 1557 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [143.04, 400.98, 105.43, 7.02] | Behavioural & social sciences | Behavioural & social sciences | |
| low | 37 | 1558 | checkbox_selected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [280.32, 400.98, 180.76, 7.02] | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences | |
| low | 37 | 1559 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [24.96, 415.35, 322.71, 5.43] | For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf | For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf | |
| low | 37 | 1560 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [23.52, 447.98, 507.07, 15.63] | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design | |
| low | 37 | 1562 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 491.82, 55.96, 6.27] | Study description | Study description | ||
| low | 37 | 1564 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 521.22, 54.3, 6.27] | Research sample | Research sample | ||
| low | 37 | 1565 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 521.22, 93.75, 6.27] | Spent LIBs Cathode materials | Spent LIBs Cathode materials | |
| low | 37 | 1566 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [32.04, 540.9, 57.32, 6.27] | Sampling strategy | Sampling strategy | ||
| low | 37 | 1568 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 560.58, 48.06, 6.27] | Data collection | Data collection | ||
| low | 37 | 1570 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 580.26, 76.14, 6.27] | Timing and spatial scale | Timing and spatial scale | ||
| low | 37 | 1572 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 619.26, 49.88, 6.27] | Data exclusions | Data exclusions | ||
| low | 37 | 1573 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [126.72, 619.26, 72.46, 6.27] | No data was excluded. | No data was excluded. | |
| low | 37 | 1574 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 638.94, 48.53, 6.27] | Reproducibility | Reproducibility | ||
| low | 37 | 1576 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 658.62, 48.29, 6.27] | Randomization | Randomization | ||
| low | 37 | 1578 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [32.04, 688.98, 25.79, 6.27] | Blinding | Blinding | ||
| low | 37 | 1580 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| low | 37 | 1581 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:bottom_margin:right:colored | [245, 143, 146] colored | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 2 | 2 | ||
| low | 38 | 1582 | section_header | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [23.52, 67.22, 435.19, 15.63] | Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods | Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods | ||
| low | 38 | 1584 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [26.16, 140.58, 94.74, 7.02] | n/a Involved in the study | n/a Involved in the study | ||
| low | 38 | 1585 | text | body_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [27.84, 124.52, 150.58, 8.61] | Materials & experimental systems | Materials & experimental systems | ||
| low | 38 | 1586 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [32.04, 26.46, 118.01, 7.02] | Did the study involve field work? | Did the study involve field work? | ||
| low | 38 | 1587 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 154.26, 34.43, 6.27] | Antibodies | Antibodies | ||
| low | 38 | 1588 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 168.42, 63.02, 6.27] | Eukaryotic cell lines | Eukaryotic cell lines | ||
| low | 38 | 1589 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 182.58, 100.66, 6.27] | Palaeontology and archaeology | Palaeontology and archaeology | ||
| low | 38 | 1590 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [177.0, 28.98, 10.81, 6.27] | Yes | Yes | ||
| low | 38 | 1591 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [219.24, 140.58, 12.15, 7.02] | n/a | n/a | ||
| low | 38 | 1592 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [219.48, 28.98, 9.3, 6.27] | No | No | ||
| low | 38 | 1593 | text | body_heading | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [220.8, 124.52, 39.86, 8.61] | Methods | Methods | ||
| low | 38 | 1594 | text | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [238.68, 140.58, 75.21, 7.02] | Involved in the study | Involved in the study | ||
| low | 38 | 1595 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | [252.12, 154.26, 28.04, 6.27] | ChIP-seq | ChIP-seq | ||
| low | 38 | 1596 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [252.12, 168.42, 49.94, 6.27] | Flow cytometry | Flow cytometry | ||
| low | 38 | 1597 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [252.12, 182.58, 80.87, 6.27] | MRI-based neuroimaging | MRI-based neuroimaging | ||
| low | 38 | 1598 | page_header | page_header | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| low | 38 | 1599 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 196.86, 93.58, 6.27] | Animals and other organisms | Animals and other organisms | ||
| low | 38 | 1600 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 211.02, 38.78, 6.27] | Clinical data | Clinical data | ||
| low | 38 | 1601 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 225.18, 93.52, 6.27] | Dual use research of concern | Dual use research of concern | ||
| low | 38 | 1602 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | [59.04, 239.34, 19.55, 6.27] | Plants | Plants | ||
| low | 38 | 1603 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| low | 38 | 1604 | page_footer | page_footer | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:bottom_margin:right:colored | [243, 115, 119] colored | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 3 | 3 |