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这里对齐真实图表资产提取链路。caption_source=embedded_table_cell 表示表注来自 Docling table cell，不会出现在 text block 审计差集里；caption_continuation_used_by_asset 表示某个 text block 已被图表 caption 吸收，不应按普通 metadata 解读。
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | figure | Fig. 1 | 2 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [86.93, 490.31, 426.74, 233.04] | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technologies that preserve and even upcycle material value. | ||||
| 2 | figure | Fig. 2 | 7 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [38.75, 108.87, 522.84, 251.83] | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the required additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | ||||
| 3 | figure | Fig. 3 | 27 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [36.88, 251.39, 522.84, 447.3] | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital photo of the S-LMO powder. e , SEM images of typical failure characteristics of the cathode material (from left Spent 2 Ah pouch cell LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell Spent LMO cathode powder Residual binder and impurities Broken particles Intragranular cracks to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collected from the spent Gr anode electrode. i , HRTEM analysis of S-LMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 4 | figure | Fig. 4 | 28 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [37.25, 109.69, 521.69, 301.09] | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); scale bars, 100 nm ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | ||||
| 5 | figure | Fig. 5 | 29 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.15, 110.61, 363.67, 269.56] | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at 1 C. c , Rate performance of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH at various current densities. | ||||
| 6 | figure | Fig. 6 | 30 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [37.3, 109.45, 522.29, 294.73] | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders). b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 7 | figure | Fig. 7 | 31 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.04, 111.03, 363.14, 263.74] | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at 1 C. c , The rate performance of U-LNMO and C-LNMO at various current densities. | ||||
| 8 | figure | Fig. 8 | 32 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [38.26, 109.52, 521.83, 295.74] | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.) b , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (scale bar, 5 nm). | ||||
| 9 | figure | Fig. 9 | 33 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [37.67, 110.21, 365.32, 269.83] | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corresponding d Q /d V curve). b , Cycling performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at 1 C. c , Rate performance of U-LRM and C-LRM at various current densities. | ||||
| 10 | table | Table 1 | 3 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.87, 139.09, 347.22, 60.53] | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | ||||
| 11 | table | Table 2 | 4 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [38.75, 129.7, 377.11, 85.24] | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | ||||
| 12 | table | Table 3 | 17 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.9, 138.84, 357.34, 81.5] | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | ||||
| 13 | table | Table 4 | 25 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [39.06, 138.99, 306.19, 51.54] | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | ||||
| 14 | table | Table 5 | 25 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [38.78, 569.04, 522.87, 174.5] | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | ||||
| 15 | table | Docling Table 15 | 26 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [38.41, 128.68, 523.65, 463.52] | |||||
| 16 | table | Docling Table 16 | 35 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [38.93, 107.4, 523.12, 94.31] | |||||
| 17 | table | Docling Table 17 | 36 | missing_caption | 0.55 | [28.95, 531.12, 530.63, 89.47] |
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| 1 | 8 | text | body | True | body_before_non_intro_heading | body_before_non_intro_heading | p1:body_region:0 | p1:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 295.56, 389.6, 400.26] | The rapid acceleration of global electrification has increased demand for sustainable energy storage, making lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential for various applications. However, their limited lifespan presents chal… | The rapid acceleration of global electrification has increased demand for sustainable energy storage, making lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) essential for various applications. However, their limited lifespan presents chal… | |||
| 1 | 9 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [438.37, 294.77, 122.92, 50.02] | This protocol introduces two representative techniques to help readers easily adapt and optimize the methods for implementing a direct recycling process. | This protocol introduces two representative techniques to help readers easily adapt and optimize the methods for implementing a direct recycling process. | ||||
| 1 | 10 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p1:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [438.37, 357.03, 122.0, 71.53] | The success of direct recycling hinges on thorough pretreatment and addressing the challenges posed by the failure behavior of spent materials, including lithium replenishment and phase structure recovery. | The success of direct recycling hinges on thorough pretreatment and addressing the challenges posed by the failure behavior of spent materials, including lithium replenishment and phase structure recovery. | ||||
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| 2 | 37 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | False | [107.09, 548.3, 13.31, 4.82] | Pyro- | Pyro- | ||
| 2 | 38 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [140.69, 550.35, 6.37, 5.7] | or | or | ||
| 2 | 39 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [290.78, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] | + | |||
| 2 | 40 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [445.63, 551.48, 3.37, 5.7] | + | ||||
| 2 | 41 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [87.7, 588.26, 125.37, 5.7] | Extracting valuable metal elements from | Extracting valuable metal elements from | ||
| 2 | 42 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [119.93, 596.06, 60.91, 5.7] | spent LIBs materials | spent LIBs materials | ||
| 2 | 43 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [228.74, 588.26, 130.44, 5.7] | Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li | Regeneration of spent LIBs materials via Li | ||
| 2 | 44 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [244.79, 596.06, 98.35, 5.7] | replenishment and defect repair | replenishment and defect repair | ||
| 2 | 45 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [386.98, 588.26, 125.81, 5.7] | Optimizing structure and composition to | Optimizing structure and composition to | |||
| 2 | 46 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [405.64, 596.06, 88.48, 5.7] | upgrade spent LIBs materials | upgrade spent LIBs materials | |||
| 2 | 47 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [95.44, 627.44, 109.97, 5.7] | Return back to production materials | Return back to production materials | ||
| 2 | 48 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [248.74, 627.44, 90.45, 5.7] | Recycled into virgin materials | Recycled into virgin materials | ||
| 2 | 49 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [390.63, 627.3, 118.5, 5.7] | Upgraded to next-generation materials | Upgraded to next-generation materials | |||
| 2 | 50 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [143.33, 663.08, 3.37, 5.7] | + | |||
| 2 | 51 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [448.22, 662.13, 6.37, 5.7] | or | or | |||
| 2 | 52 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [105.44, 694.98, 17.7, 5.7] | Li salt | Li salt | ||
| 2 | 53 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [149.28, 694.98, 55.07, 5.7] | Alloy or precursor | Alloy or precursor | ||
| 2 | 54 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [281.4, 694.98, 25.12, 7.38] | LiMn 2 O4 | LiMn 2 O4 | ||
| 2 | 55 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [395.72, 694.98, 11.5, 5.7] | LiNi | LiNi | ||
| 2 | 56 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [407.21, 698.41, 6.97, 3.95] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| 2 | 57 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [414.17, 694.98, 23.2, 7.38] | Mn 1.5 O4 | Mn 1.5 O4 | ||
| 2 | 58 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [455.66, 694.98, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | |||
| 2 | 59 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | False | [460.78, 698.41, 5.55, 3.95] | 1.2 | 1.2 | |||
| 2 | 60 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [466.33, 694.98, 6.36, 5.7] | Ni | Ni | |||
| 2 | 61 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:gray | [232, 232, 232] gray | False | [472.7, 698.41, 6.82, 3.95] | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| 2 | 62 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [479.51, 694.98, 24.33, 7.38] | Mn 0.6 O2 | Mn 0.6 O2 | |||
| 2 | 63 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [128.71, 716.44, 43.19, 5.7] | 'Downcycling' | 'Downcycling' | ||
| 2 | 64 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [276.49, 716.44, 34.94, 5.7] | 'Recycling' | 'Recycling' | ||
| 2 | 65 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p2:body_zone:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [432.65, 716.44, 34.29, 5.7] | 'Upcycling' | 'Upcycling' | |||
| 2 | 66 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p2:body_region:0 | p2:bottom_margin:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 728.46, 506.1, 16.5] | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… | Fig. 1 | A comparison of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development. Metallurgical recycling processes typically downcycle materials, underscoring the need for next-generation recycling technolo… | ||
| 2 | 67 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p2:body_region:0 | p2:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 2 | 68 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p2:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.31, 763.81, 18.89, 6.99] | 2414 | 2414 | |||
| 3 | 69 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 3 | 70 | section_header | caption | False | low | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.3, 326.14, 17.87] | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | Table 1 | Comparison of key parameters of spent LIB recycling technologies at different stages of development | ||
| 3 | 71 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 203.01, 343.1, 13.76] | ● Poor, ●● moderate, ●●● excellent. The evaluation is based on the average performance of various recycling technologies, although it may fluctuate depending on the specific characteristics of the recycling method emplo… | ● Poor, ●● moderate, ●●● excellent. The evaluation is based on the average performance of various recycling technologies, although it may fluctuate depending on the specific characteristics of the recycling method emplo… | |||
| 3 | 72 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 239.94, 389.9, 136.43] | electrode material through chemical reactions in high-temperature or liquid environments 16,17 . The material is then recombined and undergoes a series of operations before being recrystallized to produce the target pro… | electrode material through chemical reactions in high-temperature or liquid environments 16,17 . The material is then recombined and undergoes a series of operations before being recrystallized to produce the target pro… | |||
| 3 | 73 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 379.54, 387.2, 100.61] | In contrast, direct recycling focuses on repairing the structure of spent LIB electrode materials back to their original state. This process preserves the complete crystal structure of the electrode material, effectivel… | In contrast, direct recycling focuses on repairing the structure of spent LIB electrode materials back to their original state. This process preserves the complete crystal structure of the electrode material, effectivel… | |||
| 3 | 74 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 483.33, 373.7, 66.01] | Compared with metallurgical recycling methods, direct recycling is simpler, with higher efficiency. The regeneration of spent electrode materials can be achieved through straightforward separation, pretreatment and lith… | Compared with metallurgical recycling methods, direct recycling is simpler, with higher efficiency. The regeneration of spent electrode materials can be achieved through straightforward separation, pretreatment and lith… | |||
| 3 | 75 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 552.52, 388.02, 169.81] | However, the pace of technological progress is accelerating, and the industry's performance benchmarks for LIBs are continuously evolving. In a period of rapid technological iteration, even if spent LIBs are directly re… | However, the pace of technological progress is accelerating, and the industry's performance benchmarks for LIBs are continuously evolving. In a period of rapid technological iteration, even if spent LIBs are directly re… | |||
| 3 | 76 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 725.5, 374.07, 19.88] | Table 1 provides a comprehensive evaluation of three recycling technologies at different stages of development across various dimensions, such as economic performance, | Table 1 provides a comprehensive evaluation of three recycling technologies at different stages of development across various dimensions, such as economic performance, | |||
| 3 | 77 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p3:body_region:0 | p3:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 3 | 78 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p3:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.42, 763.81, 18.55, 6.99] | 2415 | 2415 | |||
| 4 | 79 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:0 | p4:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 4 | 80 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p4:body_region:0 | p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.29, 315.92, 7.87] | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | Table 2 | Comparison of key parameters of five direct regeneration methods | ||
| 4 | 81 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.07, 104.72, 6.0] | ● Poor, ●● , moderate, ●●● excellent. | ● Poor, ●● , moderate, ●●● excellent. | |||
| 4 | 82 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 241.16, 389.26, 42.94] | environmental impact and technical efficiency. The assessment is based on the results of a techno-economic analysis of the direct recycling and upcycling cases described in this protocol, with hydrometallurgy serving as… | environmental impact and technical efficiency. The assessment is based on the results of a techno-economic analysis of the direct recycling and upcycling cases described in this protocol, with hydrometallurgy serving as… | |||
| 4 | 83 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 287.28, 369.99, 54.47] | Our results indicate that direct recycling and upcycling offer higher economic returns, reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with existing techniques. Their shorter, more streamlined pr… | Our results indicate that direct recycling and upcycling offer higher economic returns, reduced energy consumption and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared with existing techniques. Their shorter, more streamlined pr… | |||
| 4 | 84 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p4:body_region:0 | p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 355.94, 288.03, 9.04] | Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials | Methods for direct regeneration of spent LIB cathode materials | ||
| 4 | 85 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 368.01, 387.38, 112.14] | For LIBs, cathode materials are the most expensive components, containing high-value metals such as Li, Co and Ni, making them the most valuable for recycling. As a result, battery recycling efforts focus mainly on the … | For LIBs, cathode materials are the most expensive components, containing high-value metals such as Li, Co and Ni, making them the most valuable for recycling. As a result, battery recycling efforts focus mainly on the … | |||
| 4 | 86 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 483.33, 380.17, 77.55] | However, due to the complex failure mechanisms of spent cathode materials and the varying phase transition paths during both the repair and synthesis processes, the conversion behavior of exogenous Li salts becomes more… | However, due to the complex failure mechanisms of spent cathode materials and the varying phase transition paths during both the repair and synthesis processes, the conversion behavior of exogenous Li salts becomes more… | |||
| 4 | 87 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 564.06, 389.61, 89.08] | Moreover, advancements in material synthesis technology have paved the way for innovations in direct regeneration. Recently, researchers have introduced a fast Joule heating synthesis method, which utilizes the heat gen… | Moreover, advancements in material synthesis technology have paved the way for innovations in direct regeneration. Recently, researchers have introduced a fast Joule heating synthesis method, which utilizes the heat gen… | |||
| 4 | 88 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 656.31, 386.8, 89.06] | Table 2 compares the key parameters of the five direct regeneration methods, including their applicability, recycling effectiveness, process efficiency, environmental impact, cost and processing capacity. Overall, the d… | Table 2 compares the key parameters of the five direct regeneration methods, including their applicability, recycling effectiveness, process efficiency, environmental impact, cost and processing capacity. Overall, the d… | |||
| 4 | 89 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:body_region:0 | p4:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 4 | 90 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.3, 763.81, 18.9, 6.99] | 2416 | 2416 | |||
| 5 | 91 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 5 | 92 | text | body | True | body | body | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 370.13, 19.88] | regeneration method as representative techniques to illustrate the overall process of direct recycling for spent LIBs cathode materials. | regeneration method as representative techniques to illustrate the overall process of direct recycling for spent LIBs cathode materials. | |||
| 5 | 93 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 148.37, 236.82, 9.04] | Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials | Upcycling pathways of spent LIBs cathode materials | ||
| 5 | 94 | text | body | True | body | body | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 160.44, 389.94, 169.8] | The main upcycling pathways for spent cathode materials can be categorized into two types. The first involves cases in which the structure and composition of the spent materials are largely similar to the target product… | The main upcycling pathways for spent cathode materials can be categorized into two types. The first involves cases in which the structure and composition of the spent materials are largely similar to the target product… | |||
| 5 | 95 | text | body | True | body | body | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 333.42, 385.04, 192.86] | In another scenario, the spent material differs from the target product not only in characteristics and performance indicators but also in structure or composition. The conventional approach in such cases is to first do… | In another scenario, the spent material differs from the target product not only in characteristics and performance indicators but also in structure or composition. The conventional approach in such cases is to first do… | |||
| 5 | 96 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p5:body_region:0 | p5:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 540.45, 129.16, 9.04] | Applications of the protocol | Applications of the protocol | ||
| 5 | 97 | text | body | True | body | body | p5:body_region:0 | p5:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 552.53, 389.87, 192.82] | The main applications of this technique are direct recycling and upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. This technique bridges the gap between waste management and material performance enhancement, providing practi… | The main applications of this technique are direct recycling and upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. This technique bridges the gap between waste management and material performance enhancement, providing practi… | |||
| 5 | 98 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p5:body_region:0 | p5:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 5 | 99 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p5:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.86, 763.81, 18.11, 6.99] | 2417 | 2417 | |||
| 6 | 100 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 6 | 101 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 113.77, 123.62, 9.04] | Limitations of the protocol | Limitations of the protocol | ||
| 6 | 102 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 125.84, 370.16, 19.88] | Although the direct regeneration strategy described in this protocol can be applied to most spent cathode materials, certain limitations remain. | Although the direct regeneration strategy described in this protocol can be applied to most spent cathode materials, certain limitations remain. | |||
| 6 | 103 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 148.9, 385.02, 66.0] | First, the current technology heavily relies on accurate analysis and judgment of the failure state of spent materials. Moreover, there is no universal direct recycling strategy applicable to cathode materials of differ… | First, the current technology heavily relies on accurate analysis and judgment of the failure state of spent materials. Moreover, there is no universal direct recycling strategy applicable to cathode materials of differ… | |||
| 6 | 104 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.07, 382.46, 54.47] | Second, as an industry-oriented research topic, direct regeneration technology for spent LIBs ultimately needs to be scaled for production applications at the tonnage level or beyond. Experience from scaling up laborato… | Second, as an industry-oriented research topic, direct regeneration technology for spent LIBs ultimately needs to be scaled for production applications at the tonnage level or beyond. Experience from scaling up laborato… | |||
| 6 | 105 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 275.72, 385.9, 31.41] | Third, no direct regeneration strategy currently exists that is broadly effective for complex mixed cathodes. We will continue to focus on developing a general direct regeneration strategy suitable for large-scale appli… | Third, no direct regeneration strategy currently exists that is broadly effective for complex mixed cathodes. We will continue to focus on developing a general direct regeneration strategy suitable for large-scale appli… | |||
| 6 | 106 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 310.31, 355.51, 19.88] | As an emerging technology, Joule heating still faces notable limitations in the direct regeneration of spent LIB materials. | As an emerging technology, Joule heating still faces notable limitations in the direct regeneration of spent LIB materials. | |||
| 6 | 107 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 333.36, 376.85, 77.53] | One major challenge is large-scale implementation. Although Joule heating has demonstrated industrial-level productivity for graphene, research on synthesizing inorganic materials with this method remains limited to gra… | One major challenge is large-scale implementation. Although Joule heating has demonstrated industrial-level productivity for graphene, research on synthesizing inorganic materials with this method remains limited to gra… | |||
| 6 | 108 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 414.07, 388.21, 54.47] | Moreover, optimizing Joule heating conditions presents another hurdle. The relevant parameters-such as heating temperature, heating/cooling rates and the number of pulses-can be adjusted across a wide range. However, be… | Moreover, optimizing Joule heating conditions presents another hurdle. The relevant parameters-such as heating temperature, heating/cooling rates and the number of pulses-can be adjusted across a wide range. However, be… | |||
| 6 | 109 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 471.71, 382.83, 42.94] | Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the direct upcycling strategy described in this protocol requires a case-by-case evaluation before designing a plan. This involves analyzing the feasibility of the phase transition pa… | Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the direct upcycling strategy described in this protocol requires a case-by-case evaluation before designing a plan. This involves analyzing the feasibility of the phase transition pa… | |||
| 6 | 110 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 528.92, 121.54, 9.04] | Overview of the procedure | Overview of the procedure | ||
| 6 | 111 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 540.99, 183.24, 8.35] | The procedure is divided into five main parts: | The procedure is divided into five main parts: | |||
| 6 | 112 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 552.52, 191.49, 8.35] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| 6 | 113 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 564.05, 181.95, 8.35] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | |||
| 6 | 114 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 575.58, 258.92, 8.35] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | |||
| 6 | 115 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 587.11, 202.86, 8.35] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| 6 | 116 | list_item | body_heading | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 598.64, 181.18, 8.35] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| 6 | 117 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 610.17, 385.1, 66.03] | The overall experimental design of this protocol is illustrated in Fig. 2. We selected LiMn 2 O4 as the representative material for two key reasons. First, most research papers often overlook the development of direct r… | The overall experimental design of this protocol is illustrated in Fig. 2. We selected LiMn 2 O4 as the representative material for two key reasons. First, most research papers often overlook the development of direct r… | |||
| 6 | 118 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 690.97, 192.72, 7.87] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| 6 | 119 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 702.44, 384.19, 42.94] | We began by obtaining a spent pouch cell with LiMn 2 O4 as the cathode material from a manufacturer that we are collaborating with. After fully discharging the cell by soaking it in salt water, it was manually disassemb… | We began by obtaining a spent pouch cell with LiMn 2 O4 as the cathode material from a manufacturer that we are collaborating with. After fully discharging the cell by soaking it in salt water, it was manually disassemb… | |||
| 6 | 120 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p6:body_region:0 | p6:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 6 | 121 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p6:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.44, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] | 2418 | 2418 | |||
| 7 | 122 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 7 | 123 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 247, 249] off_white | False | [63.78, 117.32, 38.08, 5.7] | Disassembly | Disassembly | ||
| 7 | 124 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 251] white | False | [191.45, 117.32, 31.52, 5.7] | Ingredient | Ingredient | ||
| 7 | 125 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [384.94, 117.46, 75.37, 5.7] | Recycling and upcycling | Recycling and upcycling | ||
| 7 | 126 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | False | [167.51, 141.25, 4.55, 2.63] | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 7 | 127 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [204, 204, 204] gray | True | [182.45, 141.85, 15.86, 2.63] | Theoretical | Theoretical | ||
| 7 | 128 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | False | [182.45, 145.97, 9.49, 2.63] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| 7 | 129 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [293.06, 142.55, 64.1, 5.7] | Solid phase sintering | Solid phase sintering | ||
| 7 | 130 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [191, 188, 185] gray | True | [423.64, 144.91, 21.66, 3.51] | Convection | Convection | |||
| 7 | 131 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [503.23, 145.83, 47.06, 5.7] | repair products | repair products | |||
| 7 | 132 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [505.5, 138.03, 42.52, 5.7] | Conventional | Conventional | |||
| 7 | 133 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 149.78, 5.7, 57.57] | Spent LMO battery | Spent LMO battery | ||
| 7 | 134 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [155.53, 152.28, 5.7, 51.37] | Failure diagnosis | Failure diagnosis | ||
| 7 | 135 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [211, 211, 211] gray | True | [167.41, 169.82, 4.65, 2.63] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| 7 | 136 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | False | [167.98, 160.29, 4.09, 2.63] | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 7 | 137 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [224, 224, 224] gray | False | [168.26, 150.78, 3.8, 2.63] | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
| 7 | 138 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | True | [170.02, 179.33, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 7 | 139 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [216, 216, 216] gray | True | [173.05, 191.23, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 7 | 140 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [196, 196, 196] gray | False | [175.35, 214.14, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 7 | 141 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [214, 214, 214] gray | True | [178.34, 193.73, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 7 | 142 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [207, 207, 207] gray | False | [180.63, 216.35, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 7 | 143 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [216, 216, 216] gray | False | [183.7, 196.29, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 7 | 144 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | False | [184.0, 183.04, 2.37, 2.63] | Li | Li | ||
| 7 | 145 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | False | [186.58, 219.01, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 7 | 146 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | True | [189.67, 198.51, 2.63, 19.87] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 7 | 147 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [185, 185, 185] gray | True | [192.07, 221.96, 2.16, 1.75] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 7 | 148 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | True | [199.55, 221.96, 2.47, 1.75] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 7 | 149 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | False | [201.69, 183.04, 4.36, 2.63] | Mn | Mn | ||
| 7 | 150 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [201, 201, 201] gray | False | [204.84, 200.24, 9.49, 2.63] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| 7 | 151 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | True | [206.91, 221.96, 2.57, 1.75] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 7 | 152 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | True | [214.23, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 7 | 153 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [170, 170, 170] gray | True | [215.39, 225.03, 1.66, 2.63] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 7 | 154 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [179, 179, 179] gray | True | [217.06, 225.07, 1.84, 2.58] | θ | |||
| 7 | 155 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [232, 232, 232] gray | False | [218.9, 225.03, 4.01, 2.63] | (°) | |||
| 7 | 156 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | True | [221.81, 221.96, 2.54, 1.75] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 7 | 157 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | False | [229.04, 221.96, 2.6, 1.75] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 7 | 158 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | True | [229.69, 199.97, 9.18, 1.75] | Observed | Observed | ||
| 7 | 159 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [195, 195, 195] gray | True | [229.69, 202.1, 10.22, 1.75] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| 7 | 160 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | False | [229.69, 204.37, 4.6, 1.75] | Error | Error | ||
| 7 | 161 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | False | [229.69, 206.58, 13.67, 1.75] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| 7 | 162 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [201, 201, 201] gray | False | [236.67, 221.96, 2.41, 1.75] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 7 | 163 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [168, 168, 168] gray | True | [244.01, 221.96, 2.58, 1.75] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 7 | 164 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [292.79, 168.45, 5.7, 37.76] | Heating rod | Heating rod | ||
| 7 | 165 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | False | [387.82, 196.73, 3.51, 32.44] | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°C) | ||
| 7 | 166 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [206, 206, 206] gray | True | [391.79, 197.93, 8.17, 2.63] | 1,000 | 1,000 | ||
| 7 | 167 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [184, 184, 184] gray | True | [394.02, 210.06, 5.94, 2.63] | 600 | 600 | ||
| 7 | 168 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [198, 198, 198] gray | True | [394.03, 216.13, 5.94, 2.63] | 400 | 400 | ||
| 7 | 169 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [190, 190, 190] gray | True | [394.06, 204.0, 5.91, 2.63] | 800 | 800 | ||
| 7 | 170 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [198, 198, 198] gray | True | [394.22, 222.18, 5.75, 2.63] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 7 | 171 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [220, 220, 220] gray | False | [397.92, 228.25, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 7 | 172 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [142, 142, 142] gray | True | [403.18, 151.36, 3.51, 17.61] | Radiation | Radiation | ||
| 7 | 173 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [405.44, 187.6, 57.02, 5.7] | Thermal flow drive | Thermal flow drive | |||
| 7 | 174 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [421.8, 211.25, 16.84, 5.7] | ~ 16 h | ~ 16 h | ||
| 7 | 175 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [138, 135, 133] gray | True | [423.56, 172.24, 22.14, 3.51] | Conduction | Conduction | |||
| 7 | 176 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [197, 197, 197] gray | False | [502.09, 219.89, 4.82, 11.1] | LMR | LMR | |||
| 7 | 177 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [502.14, 187.07, 4.82, 16.09] | LNMO | LNMO | |||
| 7 | 178 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [502.35, 161.11, 4.82, 12.11] | LMO | LMO | |||
| 7 | 179 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | False | [401.2, 232.32, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 7 | 180 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | False | [408.95, 232.32, 1.66, 2.63] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 7 | 181 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [416.42, 232.32, 1.85, 2.63] | 4 | 4 | ||
| 7 | 182 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | True | [423.96, 232.32, 1.86, 2.63] | 6 | 6 | ||
| 7 | 183 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | False | [428.62, 236.82, 15.2, 3.51] | Time (h) | Time (h) | |||
| 7 | 184 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [189, 189, 189] gray | True | [431.54, 232.32, 1.82, 2.63] | 8 | 8 | ||
| 7 | 185 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [194, 194, 194] gray | True | [438.38, 232.32, 3.24, 2.63] | 10 | 10 | |||
| 7 | 186 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | True | [446.14, 232.32, 2.86, 2.63] | 12 | 12 | |||
| 7 | 187 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | True | [453.58, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] | 14 | 14 | |||
| 7 | 188 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [192, 192, 192] gray | True | [461.14, 232.32, 3.05, 2.63] | 16 | 16 | |||
| 7 | 189 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | True | [468.73, 232.32, 3.02, 2.63] | 18 | 18 | |||
| 7 | 190 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [168.05, 267.54, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | ||
| 7 | 191 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [173.18, 271.34, 5.67, 3.95] | 1-x | 1-x | ||
| 7 | 192 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [178.86, 267.54, 15.83, 7.74] | Mn 2-y | Mn 2-y | ||
| 7 | 193 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [194.69, 267.54, 8.05, 7.74] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| 7 | 194 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [200.38, 257.29, 24.75, 5.7] | Li ? Ni ? | Li ? Ni ? | ||
| 7 | 195 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [225.8, 267.66, 11.5, 5.7] | LiNi | LiNi | ||
| 7 | 196 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [233.75, 257.29, 14.59, 5.7] | LiMn | LiMn | ||
| 7 | 197 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [237.3, 271.46, 6.98, 3.95] | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
| 7 | 198 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [244.27, 267.66, 15.16, 7.75] | Mn 1.5 | Mn 1.5 | ||
| 7 | 199 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:gray | [224, 224, 224] gray | False | [248.33, 261.09, 2.49, 3.95] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 7 | 200 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [250.83, 257.29, 8.05, 7.74] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| 7 | 201 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [259.43, 267.66, 8.05, 7.75] | O 4 | O 4 | ||
| 7 | 202 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [293.06, 261.43, 40.85, 5.7] | Joule heating | Joule heating | ||
| 7 | 203 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [348.35, 272.45, 41.0, 5.7] | Temperature | Temperature | ||
| 7 | 204 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [209, 213, 213] gray | False | [408.81, 273.36, 3.42, 5.7] | - | |||
| 7 | 205 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [202, 203, 203] gray | True | [427.81, 259.25, 14.21, 3.51] | Electric | Electric | |||
| 7 | 206 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [168, 170, 169] gray | True | [430.74, 264.05, 8.36, 3.51] | field | field | |||
| 7 | 207 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:colored | [210, 195, 146] colored | True | [438.09, 273.39, 2.76, 2.92] | e - | e - | |||
| 7 | 208 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [208, 212, 211] gray | True | [456.29, 274.01, 3.37, 5.7] | + | ||||
| 7 | 209 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [499.99, 257.38, 49.04, 5.7] | Nonequilibrium | Nonequilibrium | |||
| 7 | 210 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [500.98, 265.18, 47.06, 5.7] | repair products | repair products | |||
| 7 | 211 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 274.33, 5.7, 59.17] | Spent LMO powder | Spent LMO powder | ||
| 7 | 212 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [55.01, 312.73, 5.7, 38.62] | Li deficiency | Li deficiency | ||
| 7 | 213 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [124.01, 310.57, 5.7, 42.93] | Mn deficiency | Mn deficiency | ||
| 7 | 214 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [155.53, 283.65, 5.7, 56.49] | Mixing ingredients | Mixing ingredients | ||
| 7 | 215 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [222.76, 277.11, 5.13, 5.7] | Li | Li | ||
| 7 | 216 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [227.89, 280.9, 5.56, 3.95] | 1.2 | 1.2 | ||
| 7 | 217 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [233.45, 277.11, 6.36, 5.7] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 7 | 218 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | True | [239.81, 280.9, 6.83, 3.95] | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
| 7 | 219 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [246.64, 277.11, 16.57, 7.74] | Mn 0.6 | Mn 0.6 | ||
| 7 | 220 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [263.21, 277.11, 7.77, 7.74] | O 2 | O 2 | ||
| 7 | 221 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [290.49, 296.8, 5.7, 47.87] | Power interface | Power interface | ||
| 7 | 222 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [358.75, 280.25, 20.19, 5.7] | sensor | sensor | ||
| 7 | 223 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [214, 214, 214] gray | False | [386.38, 315.28, 3.51, 32.44] | Temperature (°C) | Temperature (°C) | ||
| 7 | 224 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [206, 206, 206] gray | False | [392.29, 317.37, 7.79, 2.63] | 1,200 | 1,200 | ||
| 7 | 225 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [185, 185, 185] gray | True | [394.14, 324.44, 5.95, 2.63] | 900 | 900 | ||
| 7 | 226 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [179, 179, 179] gray | True | [394.14, 331.5, 5.94, 2.63] | 600 | 600 | ||
| 7 | 227 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | True | [394.19, 338.57, 5.9, 2.63] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 7 | 228 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [188, 188, 188] gray | True | [398.04, 345.64, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 7 | 229 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | False | [401.81, 349.7, 2.04, 2.63] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 7 | 230 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [415.45, 306.73, 39.46, 5.58] | Electric drive | Electric drive | |||
| 7 | 231 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | False | [415.53, 349.7, 1.81, 2.63] | 3 | 3 | ||
| 7 | 232 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:gray | [196, 196, 196] gray | True | [429.11, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] | 6 | 6 | ||
| 7 | 233 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:right:colored | [212, 194, 148] colored | False | [429.45, 275.13, 2.76, 2.92] | e - | e - | ||
| 7 | 234 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | True | [442.7, 349.7, 1.86, 2.63] | 9 | 9 | |||
| 7 | 235 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [444.18, 322.75, 14.14, 5.7] | ~15 s | ~15 s | |||
| 7 | 236 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [217, 217, 217] gray | False | [455.8, 349.7, 2.86, 2.63] | 12 | 12 | |||
| 7 | 237 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [187, 187, 187] gray | False | [469.36, 349.7, 2.96, 2.63] | 15 | 15 | |||
| 7 | 238 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [502.09, 280.75, 4.82, 12.11] | LMO | LMO | |||
| 7 | 239 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | False | [502.09, 306.71, 4.82, 16.09] | LNMO | LNMO | |||
| 7 | 240 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [502.09, 339.53, 4.82, 11.1] | LMR | LMR | |||
| 7 | 241 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | False | [550.0, 277.93, 4.82, 68.46] | Beneficial defect structure | Beneficial defect structure | |||
| 7 | 242 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p7:page_body:right:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [428.07, 353.76, 14.73, 3.51] | Time (s) | Time (s) | |||
| 7 | 243 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 367.97, 242.92, 26.5] | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… | Fig. 2 | The overall experimental design of this protocol. The main experimental process includes the following: (1) disassembling spent LIBs to collect and pre-treat the spent cathode materials; (2) calculating the req… | ||
| 7 | 244 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p7:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 367.97, 240.94, 26.5] | additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | additives on the basis of failure analysis results and the target product composition; and (3) selecting an appropriate method for direct recycling or upcycling. | |||
| 7 | 245 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 425.67, 388.2, 54.47] | reaction products, and the cathode material powder was physically separated from the Al foil current collector. The powder was then ground, sieved to remove large particles and impurities, and washed with 1-methyl-2-pyr… | reaction products, and the cathode material powder was physically separated from the Al foil current collector. The powder was then ground, sieved to remove large particles and impurities, and washed with 1-methyl-2-pyr… | |||
| 7 | 246 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 494.92, 183.55, 7.87] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| 7 | 247 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 506.39, 385.16, 77.53] | To optimize the regeneration process and minimize material waste, failure analysis was performed on the powders using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) tes… | To optimize the regeneration process and minimize material waste, failure analysis was performed on the powders using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) tes… | |||
| 7 | 248 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 598.69, 264.17, 7.87] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| 7 | 249 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:0 | p7:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 610.16, 383.85, 135.23] | The spent materials were then directly recycled using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat-assisted regeneration methods, employing a muffle furnace and Joule heat device, respectively. For the solid-phase method, ad… | The spent materials were then directly recycled using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat-assisted regeneration methods, employing a muffle furnace and Joule heat device, respectively. For the solid-phase method, ad… | |||
| 7 | 250 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p7:body_region:0 | p7:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 7 | 251 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p7:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.11, 763.81, 18.86, 6.99] | 2419 | 2419 | |||
| 8 | 252 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 8 | 253 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.37, 204.38, 7.87] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| 8 | 254 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 125.84, 353.53, 66.0] | The regenerated cathode materials were characterized using multiple techniques: ICP-OES to confirm elemental replenishment, XRD to assess phase evolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze microscopic morpho… | The regenerated cathode materials were characterized using multiple techniques: ICP-OES to confirm elemental replenishment, XRD to assess phase evolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze microscopic morpho… | |||
| 8 | 255 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 206.61, 180.81, 7.87] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| 8 | 256 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.08, 384.26, 54.47] | Finally, to evaluate the regeneration and upcycling performance, the recycled material powder was mixed with NMP and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), coated onto Al foil to fabricate electrodes and assembled into half-… | Finally, to evaluate the regeneration and upcycling performance, the recycled material powder was mixed with NMP and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), coated onto Al foil to fabricate electrodes and assembled into half-… | |||
| 8 | 257 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 286.75, 113.12, 9.04] | Key steps of the protocol | Key steps of the protocol | ||
| 8 | 258 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 298.82, 379.46, 19.88] | Based on experimental experience, the key steps affecting the direct regeneration process for interdisciplinary researchers new to this field are as follows: | Based on experimental experience, the key steps affecting the direct regeneration process for interdisciplinary researchers new to this field are as follows: | |||
| 8 | 259 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 321.88, 220.5, 8.35] | Thoroughly discharge the spent batteries (Step 3). | Thoroughly discharge the spent batteries (Step 3). | |||
| 8 | 260 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 333.41, 378.72, 19.88] | Effectively clean the collected cathode material powder to completely remove impurities (Steps 11-17). | Effectively clean the collected cathode material powder to completely remove impurities (Steps 11-17). | |||
| 8 | 261 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 356.47, 387.56, 19.88] | Accurately determine the lithium replenishment amount on the basis of failure analysis and the lithium replenishment mechanism (Steps 40, 42). | Accurately determine the lithium replenishment amount on the basis of failure analysis and the lithium replenishment mechanism (Steps 40, 42). | |||
| 8 | 262 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 379.53, 377.99, 19.88] | Optimize the heat treatment process by setting the environment, temperature, duration, and procedure according to the material's condition (Steps 51, 67, 73, 76). | Optimize the heat treatment process by setting the environment, temperature, duration, and procedure according to the material's condition (Steps 51, 67, 73, 76). | |||
| 8 | 263 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 402.58, 225.67, 8.35] | Water washing and re-sintering steps (Steps 52-56). | Water washing and re-sintering steps (Steps 52-56). | |||
| 8 | 264 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 425.71, 74.16, 7.87] | Special reminder | Special reminder | ||
| 8 | 265 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:front_matter:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 437.21, 388.69, 89.06] | Before adopting the processes described in research papers claiming to achieve direct recycling of spent cathode materials, carefully examine the charge and discharge curves of the spent cathode materials presented in t… | Before adopting the processes described in research papers claiming to achieve direct recycling of spent cathode materials, carefully examine the charge and discharge curves of the spent cathode materials presented in t… | |||
| 8 | 266 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 551.98, 49.91, 9.84] | Materials | Materials | ||
| 8 | 267 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 586.58, 42.83, 9.04] | Reagents | Reagents | ||
| 8 | 268 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 598.65, 387.18, 100.58] | ▲ CAUTION Some reagents used in this protocol are volatile solvents or strong acids that can corrode the skin or damage the respiratory system. The experiment must be conducted in a qualified chemical laboratory equippe… | ▲ CAUTION Some reagents used in this protocol are volatile solvents or strong acids that can corrode the skin or damage the respiratory system. The experiment must be conducted in a qualified chemical laboratory equippe… | |||
| 8 | 269 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:body_zone:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 702.42, 234.96, 9.44] | Spent lithium manganate pouch cell (LiMn 2 O4, Ronbay) | Spent lithium manganate pouch cell (LiMn 2 O4, Ronbay) | |||
| 8 | 270 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p8:body_region:0 | p8:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 713.97, 366.19, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Spent lithium-ion pouch cells pose a fire hazard. When heated, ruptured or exhibiting abnormal phenomena such as bloating, they can burn or explode. Store them in explosion-proof boxes whenever possible. | ▲ CAUTION Spent lithium-ion pouch cells pose a fire hazard. When heated, ruptured or exhibiting abnormal phenomena such as bloating, they can burn or explode. Store them in explosion-proof boxes whenever possible. | |||
| 8 | 271 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:body_region:0 | p8:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 8 | 272 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.48, 763.81, 20.72, 6.99] | 2420 | 2420 | |||
| 9 | 273 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p9:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 9 | 274 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 114.31, 238.81, 8.35] | Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. S805275) | Sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. S805275) | ||||
| 9 | 275 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 125.84, 165.91, 8.35] | DMC (98%, Macklin, cat. no. D807386) | DMC (98%, Macklin, cat. no. D807386) | ||||
| 9 | 276 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 137.37, 354.52, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION DMC is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… | ▲ CAUTION DMC is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… | ||||
| 9 | 277 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 183.49, 175.64, 8.35] | NMP (>99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. M813015) | NMP (>99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. M813015) | ||||
| 9 | 278 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 195.03, 366.76, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION NMP is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… | ▲ CAUTION NMP is a slightly toxic organic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes and prevent inhalation of vapors and fumes. Keep it away from heat sourc… | ||||
| 9 | 279 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 229.62, 186.26, 8.35] | Phytic acid (50%, Macklin, cat. no. P816021) | Phytic acid (50%, Macklin, cat. no. P816021) | ||||
| 9 | 280 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 241.16, 362.64, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION Phytic acid is strongly acidic. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in a cool and dry place. | ▲ CAUTION Phytic acid is strongly acidic. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in a cool and dry place. | ||||
| 9 | 281 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 264.22, 228.83, 8.35] | Anhydrous ethanol (99.7%, Macklin, cat. no. E809061) | Anhydrous ethanol (99.7%, Macklin, cat. no. E809061) | ||||
| 9 | 282 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 275.76, 357.39, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION Anhydrous ethanol is highly volatile and extremely flammable. Keep it away from heat sources during both use and storage. | ▲ CAUTION Anhydrous ethanol is highly volatile and extremely flammable. Keep it away from heat sources during both use and storage. | ||||
| 9 | 283 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 298.82, 246.19, 8.35] | Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%, Macklin, cat. no. S835850) | Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 95%, Macklin, cat. no. S835850) | ||||
| 9 | 284 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 310.35, 360.75, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION NaOH is a strong alkali with serious irritant and corrosive properties. Its dust or fumes can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause burns. Always wear protec… | ▲ CAUTION NaOH is a strong alkali with serious irritant and corrosive properties. Its dust or fumes can irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause burns. Always wear protec… | ||||
| 9 | 285 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 356.47, 292.17, 8.35] | Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Aladdin, cat. no. H399657) | Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Aladdin, cat. no. H399657) | ||||
| 9 | 286 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 368.01, 370.71, 54.47] | ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HCl is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause… | ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HCl is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can cause… | ||||
| 9 | 287 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 425.66, 299.07, 9.43] | Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) | Concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3 , 65-67%, Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 84378) | |||
| 9 | 288 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 437.21, 370.71, 54.47] | ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HNO3 is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can caus… | ▲ CAUTION Concentrated HNO3 is a highly corrosive and volatile strong acid with strong irritant properties. Its fumes can severely irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, while direct contact with skin or eyes can caus… | ||||
| 9 | 289 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 494.85, 253.95, 9.43] | Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) | Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO3, 99.5%, Macklin, cat. no. L812282) | |||
| 9 | 290 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 506.4, 328.0, 8.35] | ▲ CAUTION Store in ventilated dry place, pay attention to prevent rain and water. | ▲ CAUTION Store in ventilated dry place, pay attention to prevent rain and water. | ||||
| 9 | 291 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 517.93, 241.12, 8.35] | Lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 98%, Macklin, cat. no. L812391) | Lithium hydroxide (LiOH, 98%, Macklin, cat. no. L812391) | ||||
| 9 | 292 | list_item | affiliation | False | medium | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 529.46, 348.75, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… | ▲ CAUTION Strong corrosion. Do not breathe dust. Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat sources. Keep i… | |||
| 9 | 293 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 564.05, 261.45, 9.42] | Lithium acetate (CH 3 COOLi, 99.99%, Aladdin, cat. no. L118858) | Lithium acetate (CH 3 COOLi, 99.99%, Aladdin, cat. no. L118858) | ||||
| 9 | 294 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 575.59, 4.88, 8.35] | · | ||||
| 9 | 295 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 575.59, 202.13, 8.35] | Nickel oxide (NiO, 99%, Aladdin, cat. no. N108314) | Nickel oxide (NiO, 99%, Aladdin, cat. no. N108314) | ||||
| 9 | 296 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 587.12, 355.52, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION May cause sensitization by skin contact. May cause cancer by inhalation. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat so… | ▲ CAUTION May cause sensitization by skin contact. May cause cancer by inhalation. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves when handling it. Store it in a dry and clean warehouse. Keep it away from fire and heat so… | ||||
| 9 | 297 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 621.71, 217.49, 8.35] | Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) | Graphite paper (0.05 mm, Hebei King Carbon Tech) | |||
| 9 | 298 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 633.24, 165.63, 8.35] | PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) | PVDF (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-BI-0023) | |||
| 9 | 299 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 644.78, 353.74, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION PVDF is prone to decomposition when exposed to water. Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ▲ CAUTION PVDF is prone to decomposition when exposed to water. Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ||||
| 9 | 300 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 667.84, 246.18, 8.35] | Acetylene black (99.9%, Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CO-040161) | Acetylene black (99.9%, Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CO-040161) | ||||
| 9 | 301 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 679.37, 228.43, 8.35] | Aluminum foil (99.999%, Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY05748) | Aluminum foil (99.999%, Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY05748) | ||||
| 9 | 302 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 690.9, 379.24, 19.89] | Lithium ion battery electrolyte (1 M LiPF 6 solution in EC:DMC:DEC of 1:1:1 vol%, DoDoChem, cat. no. 21324-40-3) | Lithium ion battery electrolyte (1 M LiPF 6 solution in EC:DMC:DEC of 1:1:1 vol%, DoDoChem, cat. no. 21324-40-3) | ||||
| 9 | 303 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p9:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 713.97, 345.95, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION Electrolyte is a slightly toxic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in glove box. | ▲ CAUTION Electrolyte is a slightly toxic solvent. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin and eyes. Store it in glove box. | ||||
| 9 | 304 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p9:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 737.03, 182.17, 8.35] | Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) | Polypropylene diaphragm (Celgard, 2500) | |||
| 9 | 305 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p9:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 9 | 306 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p9:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.51, 763.81, 18.46, 6.99] | 2421 | 2421 | |||
| 10 | 307 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p10:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 10 | 308 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 114.31, 208.11, 8.35] | Li metal chip (Li, China Aviation Lithium Battery) | Li metal chip (Li, China Aviation Lithium Battery) | ||||
| 10 | 309 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 125.84, 369.97, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Li metal is highly reactive and corrosive, capable of causing irritation or burns to the eyes and skin. It oxidizes and deteriorates quickly when exposed to air, releasing hydrogen and potentially producing sp… | ▲ CAUTION Li metal is highly reactive and corrosive, capable of causing irritation or burns to the eyes and skin. It oxidizes and deteriorates quickly when exposed to air, releasing hydrogen and potentially producing sp… | ||||
| 10 | 310 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 171.96, 309.75, 8.36] | Commercial LiMn2O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-001601) | Commercial LiMn2O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-001601) | ||||
| 10 | 311 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 183.5, 301.71, 8.35] | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ||||
| 10 | 312 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 195.03, 329.69, 9.41] | Commercial Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-0043) | Commercial Li1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-0043) | ||||
| 10 | 313 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 206.57, 301.71, 8.35] | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ||||
| 10 | 314 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 218.1, 331.94, 9.41] | Commercial LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-000103) | Commercial LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 cathode powder (Canrd, cat. no. MA-EN-CA-000103) | ||||
| 10 | 315 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 229.63, 301.7, 8.35] | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ▲ CAUTION Keep it away from moisture and store it in a dryer or glove box. | ||||
| 10 | 316 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 252.15, 51.43, 9.04] | Equipment | Equipment | |||
| 10 | 317 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 264.23, 280.29, 8.35] | Deionized pure water machine (Ulupure, model no. UPH-11-10TNP) | Deionized pure water machine (Ulupure, model no. UPH-11-10TNP) | ||||
| 10 | 318 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 275.76, 343.57, 19.88] | Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) | Vibration dehydrator (Dongguan Bochang Environmental Protection Technology, model no. BC-1) | |||
| 10 | 319 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 298.81, 199.12, 8.35] | Digital multimeter (Victor, model no. VC890C) | Digital multimeter (Victor, model no. VC890C) | ||||
| 10 | 320 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 310.34, 286.45, 8.35] | Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) | Muffle furnace (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. KSL-1100X-S) | |||
| 10 | 321 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 321.89, 367.79, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use and ensure the environment is ventilated to avoid affect the sintering process. Always wear h… | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use and ensure the environment is ventilated to avoid affect the sintering process. Always wear h… | ||||
| 10 | 322 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 368.0, 324.84, 8.35] | Constant temperature blast oven (Shanghai Jinghong, model no. DHG-9031A) | Constant temperature blast oven (Shanghai Jinghong, model no. DHG-9031A) | ||||
| 10 | 323 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 379.55, 372.96, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ||||
| 10 | 324 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 414.13, 339.58, 8.35] | Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) | Vacuum blast oven (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. DZF-6050) | |||
| 10 | 325 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 425.67, 372.96, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ||||
| 10 | 326 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 460.26, 195.58, 8.35] | Filtration device (Delvstlab, model no. 250ml) | Filtration device (Delvstlab, model no. 250ml) | ||||
| 10 | 327 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 471.79, 267.47, 8.35] | Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) | Magnetic stirrer (Hunan Lichen Instrument, model no. H55-pro) | |||
| 10 | 328 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 483.32, 254.39, 8.35] | Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) | Fume hood (Covok, model no. 1800 mm*800 mm*2350 mm) | |||
| 10 | 329 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 494.85, 285.71, 8.35] | Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) | Glove box (Shanghai Mikrouna Mech. Tech., model no. Super series) | |||
| 10 | 330 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 506.4, 353.22, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Inert gas protection equipment. Water content less than 0.01 ppm, oxygen content less than 0.01 ppm. During the operation, care should be taken to protect the working gloves from being damaged. | ▲ CAUTION Inert gas protection equipment. Water content less than 0.01 ppm, oxygen content less than 0.01 ppm. During the operation, care should be taken to protect the working gloves from being damaged. | ||||
| 10 | 331 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 540.99, 328.63, 8.35] | Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) | Drying cabinet (Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument, model no. BPG-9070A) | |||
| 10 | 332 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 552.51, 355.16, 8.35] | Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) | Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (Arcos, model no. 2-MV) | |||
| 10 | 333 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 564.04, 230.88, 8.35] | X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, model no. MiniFlex600) | X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, model no. MiniFlex600) | ||||
| 10 | 334 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 575.59, 361.36, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION X-ray radiation equipment, do not open the protective cover door during the experiment. Take precautions to avoid direct exposure to X-rays and, if possible, wear protective equipment to minimize radiation exp… | ▲ CAUTION X-ray radiation equipment, do not open the protective cover door during the experiment. Take precautions to avoid direct exposure to X-rays and, if possible, wear protective equipment to minimize radiation exp… | ||||
| 10 | 335 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 610.18, 228.27, 8.35] | Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) | Microwave digester (Shanghai Sineo, model no. Tank) | |||
| 10 | 336 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 621.72, 369.59, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the cavity temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the cavity temperature has stabilized at a safe level before opening the door during use. Always wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ||||
| 10 | 337 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 656.31, 193.88, 8.35] | Planetary ball mill (Mitr, model no. YXQM-1L) | Planetary ball mill (Mitr, model no. YXQM-1L) | ||||
| 10 | 338 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 667.85, 354.48, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION Rotary grinding equipment. Ensure that the device has come to a complete stop and has reached a safe level before opening the door during use. | ▲ CAUTION Rotary grinding equipment. Ensure that the device has come to a complete stop and has reached a safe level before opening the door during use. | ||||
| 10 | 339 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 690.9, 4.88, 8.35] | · | ||||
| 10 | 340 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p10:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 690.9, 366.64, 31.42] | Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always | Joule heat equipment (Shenzhen Zhongke Jingyan Technology, model no. HTS) level and the energized circuit is disconnected before opening the door during use. Always | |||
| 10 | 341 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 702.44, 356.07, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ▲ CAUTION Heating equipment, ensure the furnace temperature has stabilized at a safe wear heat-insulating gloves when handling samples to prevent burns. | ||||
| 10 | 342 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p10:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 737.03, 312.19, 8.35] | Field-emission scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, model no. SUPRA-55) | Field-emission scanning electron microscope (ZEISS, model no. SUPRA-55) | ||||
| 10 | 343 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p10:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 10 | 344 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p10:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.34, 763.81, 19.86, 6.99] | 2422 | 2422 | |||
| 11 | 345 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 11 | 346 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 114.31, 338.52, 8.35] | Field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, model no. JEOL-3200FS) | Field-emission transmission electron microscope (JEOL, model no. JEOL-3200FS) | |||
| 11 | 347 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 125.84, 204.12, 8.35] | TEM sample holder (JEOL, model no. EM-31640) | TEM sample holder (JEOL, model no. EM-31640) | |||
| 11 | 348 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 137.37, 146.47, 8.35] | EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) | EPR (CIQET, model no. EPR200M) | ||
| 11 | 349 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 148.9, 360.76, 8.35] | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Thermo Fisher, model no. ESCA LAB 220I-XL) | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Thermo Fisher, model no. ESCA LAB 220I-XL) | |||
| 11 | 350 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 160.43, 304.46, 8.35] | Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. BSA224S-CW, 0.1 mg resolution) | Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. BSA224S-CW, 0.1 mg resolution) | |||
| 11 | 351 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 171.96, 323.13, 8.35] | Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. QUINTIX65-1CN, 0.01 mg resolution) | Analytical balance (Sartorius, model no. QUINTIX65-1CN, 0.01 mg resolution) | |||
| 11 | 352 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 183.48, 243.88, 8.35] | Slurry defoaming machine (Sienox, model no. SIE-MIX90) | Slurry defoaming machine (Sienox, model no. SIE-MIX90) | |||
| 11 | 353 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 195.01, 356.39, 8.35] | Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) | Automatic thick film coater (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-AFA-H200A) | ||
| 11 | 354 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 206.57, 362.15, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … | ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … | |||
| 11 | 355 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 252.68, 334.38, 8.35] | Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) | Precision disc cutting machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-T10) | ||
| 11 | 356 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 264.21, 306.55, 8.35] | Battery sealing machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-110) | Battery sealing machine (Shenzhen Kejing Star Tech., model no. MSK-110) | |||
| 11 | 357 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 275.74, 232.52, 8.35] | Battery test system (NEWARE, model no. CT-4008T-5V) | Battery test system (NEWARE, model no. CT-4008T-5V) | |||
| 11 | 358 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 287.27, 172.61, 8.35] | 500 mesh sieve (Lvruo, model no. 52152) | 500 mesh sieve (Lvruo, model no. 52152) | |||
| 11 | 359 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 298.8, 234.03, 8.35] | Pipette (DLAB Scientific, model no. YEA2BAH0062949) | Pipette (DLAB Scientific, model no. YEA2BAH0062949) | |||
| 11 | 360 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 310.33, 251.75, 8.35] | 200 mesh copper mesh (Canrd, model no. MA-EN-CU-0018) | 200 mesh copper mesh (Canrd, model no. MA-EN-CU-0018) | |||
| 11 | 361 | list_item | affiliation | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.77, 321.86, 268.38, 9.44] | Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) | Single side polished Si/SiO 2 wafer (Cailiaoren, cat. no. KY01004) | ||
| 11 | 362 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 344.41, 41.71, 9.04] | Software | Software | ||
| 11 | 363 | text | unknown_text | False | high | outside_body_flow | outside_body_flow | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 356.48, 350.1, 77.53] | EverBatt2023 (https://www.anl.gov/amd/everbatt) OriginPro (https://www.originlab.com) MDI Jade (https://www.icdd.com/mdi-jade) FullProf (https://www.ill.eu/sites/fullprof/php/downloads.html) Digital Micrograp (https://w… | EverBatt2023 ( OriginPro ( MDI Jade ( FullProf ( Digital Micrograp ( suite-software) NEWARE BTS9.0 ( | ||
| 11 | 364 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 448.2, 65.85, 9.04] | Reagent setup | Reagent setup | ||
| 11 | 365 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 460.33, 69.85, 7.87] | Deionized water | Deionized water | ||
| 11 | 366 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 471.8, 386.78, 31.41] | In this protocol, the deionized water was self-produced by the laboratory Ulupure de-ion pure water system (tap water source), with a resistivity of 13-17.5 MΩ/cm at 25 °C and heavy metal ion <0.1 ppb. | In this protocol, the deionized water was self-produced by the laboratory Ulupure de-ion pure water system (tap water source), with a resistivity of 13-17.5 MΩ/cm at 25 °C and heavy metal ion <0.1 ppb. | |||
| 11 | 367 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 517.99, 29.75, 7.87] | Others | Others | ||
| 11 | 368 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 529.45, 366.51, 19.88] | The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. | The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. | |||
| 11 | 369 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 563.52, 78.97, 9.04] | Equipment setup | Equipment setup | ||
| 11 | 370 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 575.65, 105.72, 7.87] | Glass/plastic equipment | Glass/plastic equipment | ||
| 11 | 371 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 587.12, 389.79, 31.41] | All glass or plastic utensils used in this protocol must be thoroughly cleaned with detergent before use. Rinse them sequentially with tap water, deionized water and anhydrous ethanol. Then, dry the utensils in blast ov… | All glass or plastic utensils used in this protocol must be thoroughly cleaned with detergent before use. Rinse them sequentially with tap water, deionized water and anhydrous ethanol. Then, dry the utensils in blast ov… | |||
| 11 | 372 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 633.31, 29.75, 7.87] | Others | Others | ||
| 11 | 373 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 644.77, 366.51, 19.88] | The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. | The setup process for other reagents involved in this protocol is detailed in the 'Procedure' section. | |||
| 11 | 374 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 678.84, 69.25, 9.04] | Software setup | Software setup | ||
| 11 | 375 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p11:body_region:0 | p11:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 690.97, 141.34, 7.87] | Techno-economic analysis setup | Techno-economic analysis setup | ||
| 11 | 376 | text | body | True | body | body | p11:body_region:0 | p11:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 702.44, 386.74, 42.95] | In this protocol, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of various recycling technology routes using a standardized benchmark of one ton of spent LiMn 2 O4//graphite pouch batteries. Costs are categorized into raw mater… | In this protocol, we conduct a techno-economic analysis of various recycling technology routes using a standardized benchmark of one ton of spent LiMn 2 O4//graphite pouch batteries. Costs are categorized into raw mater… | |||
| 11 | 377 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p11:body_region:0 | p11:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 11 | 378 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p11:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.86, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] | 2423 | 2423 | |||
| 12 | 379 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 12 | 380 | text | body | True | body | body | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 384.59, 100.58] | equipment depreciation, labor and other factors-are difficult to estimate directly, we use data from the EverBatt 2023 database (provided by Argonne National Laboratory) to derive specific values. To calculate potential… | equipment depreciation, labor and other factors-are difficult to estimate directly, we use data from the EverBatt 2023 database (provided by Argonne National Laboratory) to derive specific values. To calculate potential… | |||
| 12 | 381 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 229.67, 110.22, 7.87] | FullProf refinement setup | FullProf refinement setup | ||
| 12 | 382 | text | body | True | body | body | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 241.16, 387.15, 19.88] | In this protocol, XRD patterns of the powdered sample were refined using the FullProf program. The specific refinement sequence is as follows: | In this protocol, XRD patterns of the powdered sample were refined using the FullProf program. The specific refinement sequence is as follows: | |||
| 12 | 383 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 264.22, 98.87, 8.35] | Zero point and scale | Zero point and scale | ||
| 12 | 384 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 275.75, 142.5, 8.35] | Cell parameters of the material | Cell parameters of the material | ||
| 12 | 385 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 287.28, 110.82, 8.35] | Peak shape parameters | Peak shape parameters | ||
| 12 | 386 | list_item | body_heading | False | low | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 298.81, 131.64, 8.35] | Background of the XRD data | Background of the XRD data | ||
| 12 | 387 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 310.34, 158.54, 8.35] | Preferred orientation of the crystal | Preferred orientation of the crystal | ||
| 12 | 388 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 321.87, 68.89, 8.35] | Shape factor | Shape factor | ||
| 12 | 389 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 333.39, 97.78, 8.35] | Atomic coordinates | Atomic coordinates | ||
| 12 | 390 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 344.92, 108.45, 8.35] | Symmetry parameters | Symmetry parameters | ||
| 12 | 391 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 356.45, 93.31, 8.35] | Atomic occupancy | Atomic occupancy | ||
| 12 | 392 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 367.98, 210.69, 8.35] | Atomic displacement parameters for each atom | Atomic displacement parameters for each atom | |||
| 12 | 393 | text | body | True | body | body | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 379.51, 357.39, 8.35] | During the refinement steps 1-9, new parameters are added sequentially in the specified | During the refinement steps 1-9, new parameters are added sequentially in the specified | |||
| 12 | 394 | text | body | True | body | body | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 391.04, 381.09, 66.0] | order for synchronous refinement. Once the atomic occupancy refinement converges, that parameter is deselected and each atom's displacement parameters are refined independently. If a parameter substantially deviates fro… | order for synchronous refinement. Once the atomic occupancy refinement converges, that parameter is deselected and each atom's displacement parameters are refined independently. If a parameter substantially deviates fro… | |||
| 12 | 395 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 482.79, 55.81, 9.84] | Procedure | Procedure | ||
| 12 | 396 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 517.39, 205.01, 9.04] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | ||
| 12 | 397 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 530.24, 58.2, 7.0] | ● TIMING 45 h | ● TIMING 45 h | ||
| 12 | 398 | text | body | True | body | body | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 539.77, 380.44, 55.69] | ▲ CRITICAL There are two main methods for obtaining spent LIB electrode materials 29,51 . One involves manually disassembling the batteries to obtain spent cathode/anode material powder (Steps 1-8). The other involves s… | ▲ CRITICAL There are two main methods for obtaining spent LIB electrode materials 29,51 . One involves manually disassembling the batteries to obtain spent cathode/anode material powder (Steps 1-8). The other involves s… | |||
| 12 | 399 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 598.64, 384.55, 54.5] | Evaluate the basic information and condition of spent LIBs, including battery type, state of health and state of charge. This evaluation relies mainly on information from sources such as the battery nameplate, battery p… | Evaluate the basic information and condition of spent LIBs, including battery type, state of health and state of charge. This evaluation relies mainly on information from sources such as the battery nameplate, battery p… | |||
| 12 | 400 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 656.31, 379.26, 19.88] | Prepare an aqueous NaCl solution and adjust the brine concentration to 10-15% (wt/vol%) by controlling the amount of NaCl added. | Prepare an aqueous NaCl solution and adjust the brine concentration to 10-15% (wt/vol%) by controlling the amount of NaCl added. | |||
| 12 | 401 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p12:body_region:0 | p12:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 679.37, 387.93, 42.94] | Transfer the spent LIBs into the prepared NaCl solution for chemical discharge, the solution should be added in a volume sufficient to fully submerge the spent LIBs. Adjust the soaking time on the basis of the battery t… | Transfer the spent LIBs into the prepared NaCl solution for chemical discharge, the solution should be added in a volume sufficient to fully submerge the spent LIBs. Adjust the soaking time on the basis of the battery t… | |||
| 12 | 402 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p12:body_region:0 | p12:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 725.51, 367.17, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION The saltwater discharge process utilizes the battery's positive and negative electrodes as the cathode and anode, respectively, to consume the residual power through | ▲ CAUTION The saltwater discharge process utilizes the battery's positive and negative electrodes as the cathode and anode, respectively, to consume the residual power through | |||
| 12 | 403 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p12:body_region:0 | p12:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 12 | 404 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p12:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.95, 763.81, 20.25, 6.99] | 2424 | 2424 | |||
| 13 | 405 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p13:body_region:0 | p13:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 13 | 406 | text | body | True | body | body | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 114.31, 372.68, 123.64] | electrolysis in the solution. This process may generate harmful exhaust gases, so it is essential to implement protective measures and conduct the operation in professional equipment, such as fume hoods. Additionally, t… | electrolysis in the solution. This process may generate harmful exhaust gases, so it is essential to implement protective measures and conduct the operation in professional equipment, such as fume hoods. Additionally, t… | |||
| 13 | 407 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 241.16, 371.42, 123.64] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The discharge process must be fully completed. If necessary, a combination of physical and chemical discharge should be employed to ensure complete discharge of the spent battery. Physical discharge refe… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The discharge process must be fully completed. If necessary, a combination of physical and chemical discharge should be employed to ensure complete discharge of the spent battery. Physical discharge refe… | |||
| 13 | 408 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 367.98, 354.24, 19.88] | After discharge, transfer the spent LIBs to a vibration dehydrator to remove surface moisture, reducing it to less than 5%. | After discharge, transfer the spent LIBs to a vibration dehydrator to remove surface moisture, reducing it to less than 5%. | |||
| 13 | 409 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 391.08, 372.19, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Before operating the vibration dehydrator, ensure that the safety door is properly closed. During use, carefully monitor the equipment's overall vibration amplitude. Excessive vibration can damage the equipmen… | ▲ CAUTION Before operating the vibration dehydrator, ensure that the safety door is properly closed. During use, carefully monitor the equipment's overall vibration amplitude. Excessive vibration can damage the equipmen… | |||
| 13 | 410 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 437.19, 381.39, 66.0] | Select the appropriate tools to remove the aluminum plastic film or steel shell on the basis of the battery type. The main commercial types of LIBs include pouch cells, cylindrical cells and prismatic cells. Pouch cells… | Select the appropriate tools to remove the aluminum plastic film or steel shell on the basis of the battery type. The main commercial types of LIBs include pouch cells, cylindrical cells and prismatic cells. Pouch cells… | |||
| 13 | 411 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 506.4, 287.23, 8.35] | ▲ CAUTION Take safety precautions to prevent cuts from sharp blades. | ▲ CAUTION Take safety precautions to prevent cuts from sharp blades. | |||
| 13 | 412 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 517.93, 382.78, 31.41] | Separate the components inside the battery cell, including the Al foil current collector coated with cathode material, the Cu foil current collector coated with anode material and the diaphragm (Supplementary Fig. 5). | Separate the components inside the battery cell, including the Al foil current collector coated with cathode material, the Cu foil current collector coated with anode material and the diaphragm (Supplementary Fig. 5). | |||
| 13 | 413 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 552.53, 367.4, 89.06] | ▲ CAUTION This step requires personal safety protection and should be carried out in a glove box whenever possible. If operating in a glove box is not feasible, ensure that gloves and masks are worn and the environment … | ▲ CAUTION This step requires personal safety protection and should be carried out in a glove box whenever possible. If operating in a glove box is not feasible, ensure that gloves and masks are worn and the environment … | |||
| 13 | 414 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 644.76, 387.94, 19.88] | Soak the electrode coated with active material in DMC solvent to remove residual electrolyte and side reaction products. Take it out after standing for 20 min, wipe it and dry it. | Soak the electrode coated with active material in DMC solvent to remove residual electrolyte and side reaction products. Take it out after standing for 20 min, wipe it and dry it. | |||
| 13 | 415 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 667.85, 367.15, 42.94] | ■ PAUSE POINT Long-term storage in a normal atmospheric environment can lead to further embrittlement and phase changes of the electrodes and active materials, making recycling more challenging. It is recommended to tra… | ■ PAUSE POINT Long-term storage in a normal atmospheric environment can lead to further embrittlement and phase changes of the electrodes and active materials, making recycling more challenging. It is recommended to tra… | |||
| 13 | 416 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p13:body_region:0 | p13:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 713.96, 387.64, 19.89] | Strip the active material of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder from the current collector. Three methods can be chosen on the basis of the electrode characteristics. In most cases, mechanical | Strip the active material of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder from the current collector. Three methods can be chosen on the basis of the electrode characteristics. In most cases, mechanical | |||
| 13 | 417 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p13:body_region:0 | p13:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 13 | 418 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p13:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.02, 763.81, 19.95, 6.99] | 2425 | 2425 | |||
| 14 | 419 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p14:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 14 | 420 | text | body | True | body | body | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 114.31, 363.15, 54.47] | separation is broadly applicable, but the process is relatively labor intensive and unsuitable for large-scale applications. Heat treatment separation requires careful consideration of the cathode material's thermal sta… | separation is broadly applicable, but the process is relatively labor intensive and unsuitable for large-scale applications. Heat treatment separation requires careful consideration of the cathode material's thermal sta… | ||||
| 14 | 421 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 171.96, 359.02, 19.88] | Mechanical separation: use a knife, spoon, or other hard objects to separate the active material powder from the current collector | Mechanical separation: use a knife, spoon, or other hard objects to separate the active material powder from the current collector | ||||
| 14 | 422 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 195.01, 348.88, 31.41] | Heat treatment separation: transfer the electrode to a muffle furnace and heat it to 400 °C for 20 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material from the current collector | Heat treatment separation: transfer the electrode to a muffle furnace and heat it to 400 °C for 20 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material from the current collector | ||||
| 14 | 423 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 229.6, 356.4, 42.98] | Solution treatment separation: prepare a solution using phytic acid or other substances, and soak the electrode for 5 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material 54 . If the binder is water based, sepa… | Solution treatment separation: prepare a solution using phytic acid or other substances, and soak the electrode for 5 min to inactivate the binder and separate the active material 54 . If the binder is water based, sepa… | ||||
| 14 | 424 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p14:page_body:left:colored | [197, 220, 234] colored | True | [73.7, 275.91, 89.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 14 | 425 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 287.29, 370.17, 19.88] | Transfer the collected spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to an agate mortar and grind it to separate the agglomerated and flaked particles. | Transfer the collected spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to an agate mortar and grind it to separate the agglomerated and flaked particles. | ||||
| 14 | 426 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 310.35, 350.96, 19.88] | Sieve the ground powder through a 500 mesh sieve to remove large impurities and agglomerates. | Sieve the ground powder through a 500 mesh sieve to remove large impurities and agglomerates. | ||||
| 14 | 427 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 333.41, 384.21, 19.88] | Transfer the spent cathode powder to an NMP reagent for cleaning, with a solid:liquid ratio of ~1:20. Stir the mixture for 3 h at 500 rpm. | Transfer the spent cathode powder to an NMP reagent for cleaning, with a solid:liquid ratio of ~1:20. Stir the mixture for 3 h at 500 rpm. | ||||
| 14 | 428 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 356.48, 357.24, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation and exposure to fire. | ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation and exposure to fire. | ||||
| 14 | 429 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 379.55, 367.1, 54.47] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The cleaning process directly affects the performance of the subsequent direct regeneration of materials. Residual fluorine-containing organic impurities may diffuse into the bulk phase and react on the … | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The cleaning process directly affects the performance of the subsequent direct regeneration of materials. Residual fluorine-containing organic impurities may diffuse into the bulk phase and react on the … | ||||
| 14 | 430 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 437.19, 377.8, 42.94] | Separate the material by suction filtration and then wash three times with ethanol. Each wash follows a standard procedure: ethanol is gently poured along a glass rod onto the sediment on the filter paper until it is fu… | Separate the material by suction filtration and then wash three times with ethanol. Each wash follows a standard procedure: ethanol is gently poured along a glass rod onto the sediment on the filter paper until it is fu… | ||||
| 14 | 431 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 483.31, 371.0, 19.88] | Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. | Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. | ||||
| 14 | 432 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 506.37, 379.51, 19.88] | Prepare an aqueous NaOH solution and adjust the concentration to 1 mol/L by controlling the amount of NaOH added. | Prepare an aqueous NaOH solution and adjust the concentration to 1 mol/L by controlling the amount of NaOH added. | ||||
| 14 | 433 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 529.46, 330.86, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION NaOH is highly irritating and corrosive; therefore, safety precautions should be followed during this step, including wearing masks, protective glasses, and rubber gloves. | ▲ CAUTION NaOH is highly irritating and corrosive; therefore, safety precautions should be followed during this step, including wearing masks, protective glasses, and rubber gloves. | ||||
| 14 | 434 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 564.05, 378.59, 31.42] | Transfer the spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to the prepared NaOH solution and stirred to remove impurities, such as residual current collector debris. During the stirring process, the solid:liquid ratio is ~1:25, and th… | Transfer the spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder to the prepared NaOH solution and stirred to remove impurities, such as residual current collector debris. During the stirring process, the solid:liquid ratio is ~1:25, and th… | ||||
| 14 | 435 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 598.65, 385.67, 31.41] | Separate the powder and treated liquid by suction filtration and then wash three times with deionized water to completely remove the residual alkali solution. Except for the change of washing reagents, the operation pro… | Separate the powder and treated liquid by suction filtration and then wash three times with deionized water to completely remove the residual alkali solution. Except for the change of washing reagents, the operation pro… | ||||
| 14 | 436 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 633.23, 371.0, 19.88] | Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. | Transfer the treated cathode powder to a blast oven at 100 °C and leave it there until it is completely dry. | ||||
| 14 | 437 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 656.29, 370.73, 19.91] | Collect all pretreated spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder and transfer it to a drying room or glove box for storage. | Collect all pretreated spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode powder and transfer it to a drying room or glove box for storage. | ||||
| 14 | 438 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p14:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 679.38, 356.67, 66.01] | ■ PAUSE POINT Cathode materials readily absorb moisture, leading to hydrolysis reactions that generate surface impurities such as residual lithium and promote powder agglomeration. These materials may also react with O … | ■ PAUSE POINT Cathode materials readily absorb moisture, leading to hydrolysis reactions that generate surface impurities such as residual lithium and promote powder agglomeration. These materials may also react with O … | ||||
| 14 | 439 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p14:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 14 | 440 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p14:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.94, 763.81, 20.26, 6.99] | 2426 | 2426 | |||
| 15 | 441 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 15 | 442 | text | body | True | body | body | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 114.31, 372.93, 100.58] | regeneration processes, necessitating strict control of storage conditions. These conditions should also be tailored to the specific type of cathode material. For example, lithium iron phosphate is relatively insensitiv… | regeneration processes, necessitating strict control of storage conditions. These conditions should also be tailored to the specific type of cathode material. For example, lithium iron phosphate is relatively insensitiv… | |||
| 15 | 443 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 229.09, 194.14, 9.04] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| 15 | 444 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 241.94, 52.78, 7.0] | ● TIMING 2 h | ● TIMING 2 h | ||
| 15 | 445 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 252.69, 376.11, 19.88] | ▲ CRITICAL To achieve effective direct regeneration or upcycling of spent cathode materials and minimize material waste, it is essential to understand the material's failure state, | ▲ CRITICAL To achieve effective direct regeneration or upcycling of spent cathode materials and minimize material waste, it is essential to understand the material's failure state, | |||
| 15 | 446 | text | body | True | body | body | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 275.75, 323.42, 8.35] | particularly the extent of lithium loss and the degradation of its phase structure. | particularly the extent of lithium loss and the degradation of its phase structure. | |||
| 15 | 447 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 287.28, 366.43, 19.89] | Weigh 0.3 g of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder using an analytical balance and transfer it to a polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank. | Weigh 0.3 g of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder using an analytical balance and transfer it to a polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank. | |||
| 15 | 448 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 310.35, 379.55, 42.94] | Prepare aqua regia by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a 3:1 (vol/vol) ratio to digest the sample. The specific operation in this process is to slowly pour one volume of concentrated… | Prepare aqua regia by mixing concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in a 3:1 (vol/vol) ratio to digest the sample. The specific operation in this process is to slowly pour one volume of concentrated… | |||
| 15 | 449 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 356.48, 365.8, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Both reagents are highly corrosive, and the chlorine gas they emit is toxic, making vapor contact extremely dangerous. Always conduct the preparation process in a fume hood and wear strong acid-resistant rubbe… | ▲ CAUTION Both reagents are highly corrosive, and the chlorine gas they emit is toxic, making vapor contact extremely dangerous. Always conduct the preparation process in a fume hood and wear strong acid-resistant rubbe… | |||
| 15 | 450 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 391.07, 379.92, 19.88] | Slowly add 3 mL of concentrated aqua regia to the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank and securely cap it. | Slowly add 3 mL of concentrated aqua regia to the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank and securely cap it. | |||
| 15 | 451 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 414.13, 388.19, 19.88] | Place the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank into the sleeve position of the rotor frame, insert the frame into the microwave digester and connect the temperature sensor. | Place the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank into the sleeve position of the rotor frame, insert the frame into the microwave digester and connect the temperature sensor. | |||
| 15 | 452 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 437.19, 357.66, 19.88] | Set the digestion program and start the microwave digestion process. Configure the temperature to 120 °C, the heating time to 5 min and the digestion time to 15 min. | Set the digestion program and start the microwave digestion process. Configure the temperature to 120 °C, the heating time to 5 min and the digestion time to 15 min. | |||
| 15 | 453 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 460.27, 369.26, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Microwave digestion instruments emit microwave radiation during operation, which can pose health risks if used improperly or for extended periods. They also generate high pressures and temperatures, and in the… | ▲ CAUTION Microwave digestion instruments emit microwave radiation during operation, which can pose health risks if used improperly or for extended periods. They also generate high pressures and temperatures, and in the… | |||
| 15 | 454 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 506.39, 385.03, 31.41] | After completing digestion, remove the rotor frame and place it on a rotatable base inside a fume hood. Use a cap screwdriver to unscrew the pressure relief module, then remove the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank… | After completing digestion, remove the rotor frame and place it on a rotatable base inside a fume hood. Use a cap screwdriver to unscrew the pressure relief module, then remove the polytetrafluoroethylene digestion tank… | |||
| 15 | 455 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 540.99, 360.78, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Remove the rotor frame only after the microwave digester cavity has sufficiently cooled to prevent risks such as burns to the experimenters or overpressure in the digestion tank. | ▲ CAUTION Remove the rotor frame only after the microwave digester cavity has sufficiently cooled to prevent risks such as burns to the experimenters or overpressure in the digestion tank. | |||
| 15 | 456 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 575.58, 386.86, 31.41] | Unscrew the digestion tank cap and check if the solution is clear and transparent to confirm that digestion is complete. Once confirmed, rinse any sample residue on the cap with deionized water and return it to the tank. | Unscrew the digestion tank cap and check if the solution is clear and transparent to confirm that digestion is complete. Once confirmed, rinse any sample residue on the cap with deionized water and return it to the tank. | |||
| 15 | 457 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 610.17, 378.55, 42.94] | Transfer the digestion solution into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the digestion tank multiple times with small amounts of deionized water and combine the rinses in the flask. Dilute the solution to the mark with deio… | Transfer the digestion solution into a 50 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the digestion tank multiple times with small amounts of deionized water and combine the rinses in the flask. Dilute the solution to the mark with deio… | |||
| 15 | 458 | list_item | affiliation | False | medium | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 656.28, 369.41, 19.88] | Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. | Start the ICP-OES equipment and ensure the gas cylinder pressure meets the standard. Turn on the Ar gas and exhaust switches, then purge the system for 20 min. | ||
| 15 | 459 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 679.34, 381.27, 19.88] | Tighten the peristaltic pump tube, turn on the circulating cooling water. Ignite the plasma once the detector temperature reaches -40 °C. | Tighten the peristaltic pump tube, turn on the circulating cooling water. Ignite the plasma once the detector temperature reaches -40 °C. | |||
| 15 | 460 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 702.4, 385.66, 19.88] | Preheat for 10 min, then set the experimental method and configure the parameters for the test elements, conditions and standards. | Preheat for 10 min, then set the experimental method and configure the parameters for the test elements, conditions and standards. | |||
| 15 | 461 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p15:body_region:0 | p15:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 725.46, 387.94, 19.88] | Measure the spectral intensity of each element in a series of standard solutions with varying concentrations and plot a standard curve. | Measure the spectral intensity of each element in a series of standard solutions with varying concentrations and plot a standard curve. | |||
| 15 | 462 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p15:body_region:0 | p15:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 15 | 463 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p15:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.5, 763.81, 19.47, 6.99] | 2427 | 2427 | |||
| 16 | 464 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 16 | 465 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 386.84, 31.41] | Introduce the blank solution and the sample solution into the ICP-OES equipment for analysis. Measure the spectral intensity of each element in both solutions, and calculate the element concentration from the working cu… | Introduce the blank solution and the sample solution into the ICP-OES equipment for analysis. Measure the spectral intensity of each element in both solutions, and calculate the element concentration from the working cu… | |||
| 16 | 466 | text | body | True | body | body | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 148.91, 371.13, 31.41] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Analyzing the deficiency of various elements, especially Li, in the cathode material powder after cycling is a critical step in direct recycling, because it influences the choice of recycling method and … | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Analyzing the deficiency of various elements, especially Li, in the cathode material powder after cycling is a critical step in direct recycling, because it influences the choice of recycling method and … | |||
| 16 | 467 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 183.49, 299.39, 8.35] | Calculate the content of each element and the ratio using the formula: | Calculate the content of each element and the ratio using the formula: | |||
| 16 | 468 | text | body | True | body | body | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 229.63, 370.79, 31.41] | where w is the element content; ρ1 and ρ0 are the concentrations of the element in the test and blank solutions, respectively; V is the volume of the test solution; f is the dilution factor; and m is the mass of the sam… | where w is the element content; ρ1 and ρ0 are the concentrations of the element in the test and blank solutions, respectively; V is the volume of the test solution; f is the dilution factor; and m is the mass of the sam… | |||
| 16 | 469 | text | body | True | body | body | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 264.23, 363.31, 112.13] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP ICP-OES typically analyzes the relative proportions of various elements. When assessing the loss of elements in failed cathode powder, it is generally assumed that Li loss is substantially greater than t… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP ICP-OES typically analyzes the relative proportions of various elements. When assessing the loss of elements in failed cathode powder, it is generally assumed that Li loss is substantially greater than t… | |||
| 16 | 470 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left:gray | [236, 243, 248] gray | False | [56.69, 379.69, 89.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| 16 | 471 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 391.08, 387.76, 19.88] | Clean the amorphous glass sample stage, slide and medicine spoon with anhydrous ethanol to remove contaminants, then dry them by blowing with an ear bulb. | Clean the amorphous glass sample stage, slide and medicine spoon with anhydrous ethanol to remove contaminants, then dry them by blowing with an ear bulb. | |||
| 16 | 472 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 414.14, 366.73, 31.41] | Turn on the XRD equipment and the circulating cooling water system. Activate the high-voltage generator, set the voltage, current and other parameters, and wait for the equipment to reach the specified power. | Turn on the XRD equipment and the circulating cooling water system. Activate the high-voltage generator, set the voltage, current and other parameters, and wait for the equipment to reach the specified power. | |||
| 16 | 473 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 448.72, 389.93, 31.41] | Use a laboratory spoon to transfer the powder sample into the depression of the amorphous glass sample stage. Spread the sample evenly with a glass slide and press it to create a smooth plane. Remove any excess powder f… | Use a laboratory spoon to transfer the powder sample into the depression of the amorphous glass sample stage. Spread the sample evenly with a glass slide and press it to create a smooth plane. Remove any excess powder f… | |||
| 16 | 474 | text | body | True | body | body | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 483.33, 343.75, 42.94] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP During sample preparation, the powder sample should completely fill the depressions in the amorphous glass sample stage, ensuring the sample plane is level with the stage to maximize reflected X-rays and… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP During sample preparation, the powder sample should completely fill the depressions in the amorphous glass sample stage, ensuring the sample plane is level with the stage to maximize reflected X-rays and… | |||
| 16 | 475 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 529.45, 380.08, 31.41] | Install the glass sample stage in the designated position of the XRD diffractometer. Adjust the stage so that the sample is aligned with the center of the X-ray beam, then tighten the stage and close the test chamber do… | Install the glass sample stage in the designated position of the XRD diffractometer. Adjust the stage so that the sample is aligned with the center of the X-ray beam, then tighten the stage and close the test chamber do… | |||
| 16 | 476 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 564.04, 383.82, 66.03] | Set the test parameters: the 2θ angle range to 10°-80°, the step size to 0.01°, and the time per step to 0.2 s. Use Cu Kα1 radiation ( λ = 1.5406 Å) for XRD measurements. ▲ CAUTION X-rays are highly harmful and can pose… | Set the test parameters: the 2θ angle range to 10°-80°, the step size to 0.01°, and the time per step to 0.2 s. Use Cu Kα1 radiation ( λ = 1.5406 Å) for XRD measurements. ▲ CAUTION X-rays are highly harmful and can pose… | |||
| 16 | 477 | text | body | True | body | body | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 621.86, 338.08, 31.27] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP require refinement are typically collected using a slow scan method, which involves reducing the step size and extending the collection time per step. | ▲ CRITICAL STEP require refinement are typically collected using a slow scan method, which involves reducing the step size and extending the collection time per step. | |||
| 16 | 478 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 656.31, 379.47, 8.35] | Once the measurement is complete, open the test chamber door and recover the samples. | Once the measurement is complete, open the test chamber door and recover the samples. | |||
| 16 | 479 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 667.83, 374.56, 31.41] | Analyse the collected XRD data for phase identification and use the FullProf program for refinement to extract information such as unit cell parameters, atomic occupancy and defect levels. Use this information to evalua… | Analyse the collected XRD data for phase identification and use the FullProf program for refinement to extract information such as unit cell parameters, atomic occupancy and defect levels. Use this information to evalua… | |||
| 16 | 480 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p16:body_region:0 | p16:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | False | [56.7, 702.57, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| 16 | 481 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p16:body_region:0 | p16:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 713.97, 378.73, 31.41] | On the basis of the results of a basic failure analysis of the spent cathode material powder, assess the degree of material degradation. Use this information to select an appropriate direct regeneration method and deter… | On the basis of the results of a basic failure analysis of the spent cathode material powder, assess the degree of material degradation. Use this information to select an appropriate direct regeneration method and deter… | |||
| 16 | 482 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p16:body_region:0 | p16:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 16 | 483 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p16:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.08, 763.81, 20.12, 6.99] | 2428 | 2428 | |||
| 17 | 484 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 17 | 485 | section_header | caption | False | low | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.3, 354.75, 17.87] | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | Table 3 | The proportion of primary materials used in various direct regeneration and upcycling processes | ||
| 17 | 486 | text | body | True | body | body | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 224.04, 353.12, 22.27] | Note that all four procedures use the same starting material. The numbers presented in the table are the molar feed ratios of each reagent, calculated with the spent cathode materials set as the statistical baseline. Fo… | Note that all four procedures use the same starting material. The numbers presented in the table are the molar feed ratios of each reagent, calculated with the spent cathode materials set as the statistical baseline. Fo… | |||
| 17 | 487 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 263.69, 280.56, 9.04] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| 17 | 488 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 276.54, 80.61, 7.0] | ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h | ● TIMING 35 h or 5 h | ||
| 17 | 489 | text | body | True | body | body | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 287.29, 382.32, 169.8] | ▲ CRITICAL On the basis of the type and degree of failure of spent cathode materials, common direct regeneration methods include solid-phase sintering 28-30 , hydrothermalassisted regeneration 31,32 , molten salt-assist… | ▲ CRITICAL On the basis of the type and degree of failure of spent cathode materials, common direct regeneration methods include solid-phase sintering 28-30 , hydrothermalassisted regeneration 31,32 , molten salt-assist… | |||
| 17 | 490 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 471.87, 150.42, 7.87] | Solid-phase sintering regeneration | Solid-phase sintering regeneration | ||
| 17 | 491 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 483.33, 375.36, 19.88] | Weigh a specific amount of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder and transfer it to the preprepared agate ball mill tank. | Weigh a specific amount of spent LiMn 2 O4 cathode material powder and transfer it to the preprepared agate ball mill tank. | |||
| 17 | 492 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p17:body_region:0 | p17:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 506.39, 386.04, 169.79] | On the basis of the Li loss calculated from the ICP test, weigh the lithium salt corresponding to two to three times the element molar ratio of the actual Li loss. Add the weighed lithium salt into the agate ball mill t… | On the basis of the Li loss calculated from the ICP test, weigh the lithium salt corresponding to two to three times the element molar ratio of the actual Li loss. Add the weighed lithium salt into the agate ball mill t… | |||
| 17 | 493 | text | body | True | body | body | p17:body_region:0 | p17:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 679.38, 369.47, 66.0] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Excess lithium salt is crucial in most direct regeneration processes due to differences in the intrinsic structural evolution between direct synthesis and direct regeneration. At lower temperatures, the … | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Excess lithium salt is crucial in most direct regeneration processes due to differences in the intrinsic structural evolution between direct synthesis and direct regeneration. At lower temperatures, the … | |||
| 17 | 494 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p17:body_region:0 | p17:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 17 | 495 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p17:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.67, 763.81, 20.3, 6.99] | 2429 | 2429 | |||
| 18 | 496 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p18:body_region:0 | p18:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 18 | 497 | text | body | True | body | body | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 114.31, 359.9, 42.95] | there are two main approaches: (1) enhance lithium replenishment kinetics by improving interfacial lithium salt adsorption, optimizing surface structure reconstruction and adjusting the reaction equilibrium state 37 and… | there are two main approaches: (1) enhance lithium replenishment kinetics by improving interfacial lithium salt adsorption, optimizing surface structure reconstruction and adjusting the reaction equilibrium state 37 and… | |||
| 18 | 498 | text | body | True | body | body | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 160.43, 371.61, 66.0] | As the scale of single direct regeneration of spent cathode materials increases, such as from gram scale in the laboratory to kilogram scale in industry, the proportion of Li source burnout decreases, allowing for a red… | As the scale of single direct regeneration of spent cathode materials increases, such as from gram scale in the laboratory to kilogram scale in industry, the proportion of Li source burnout decreases, allowing for a red… | |||
| 18 | 499 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 229.61, 382.36, 19.88] | Gradually introduce anhydrous ethanol as a grinding aid, maintaining a powder to ethanol mass ratio of 1:2. | Gradually introduce anhydrous ethanol as a grinding aid, maintaining a powder to ethanol mass ratio of 1:2. | |||
| 18 | 500 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 252.66, 366.26, 31.41] | Add zirconia grinding beads to the agate ball mill tank as grinding media at a powder to grinding beads mass ratio of 1:3. Distribute the grinding beads as follows: 30% large, 50% medium and 20% small beads. | Add zirconia grinding beads to the agate ball mill tank as grinding media at a powder to grinding beads mass ratio of 1:3. Distribute the grinding beads as follows: 30% large, 50% medium and 20% small beads. | |||
| 18 | 501 | text | body | True | body | body | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 287.29, 360.44, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION To ensure safety during the ball milling process, the total volume of grinding beads and material should not exceed 80% of the ball mill tank's capacity. A fill ratio of 40-60% is typically optimal. | ▲ CAUTION To ensure safety during the ball milling process, the total volume of grinding beads and material should not exceed 80% of the ball mill tank's capacity. A fill ratio of 40-60% is typically optimal. | |||
| 18 | 502 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 321.88, 389.93, 66.01] | Install an equal number of preweighed ball mill tanks into the diagonal positions of the planetary ball mill. Secure all the tanks by rotating the spiral buckle, then close the hatch. ▲ CAUTION Before starting ball mill… | Install an equal number of preweighed ball mill tanks into the diagonal positions of the planetary ball mill. Secure all the tanks by rotating the spiral buckle, then close the hatch. ▲ CAUTION Before starting ball mill… | |||
| 18 | 503 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 391.07, 386.77, 31.41] | Set up a brief program to run the ball mill at the experimental speed for a few minutes. Observe its operation closely, paying special attention to any unusual sounds, such as loose buckles, to ensure the ball mill is f… | Set up a brief program to run the ball mill at the experimental speed for a few minutes. Observe its operation closely, paying special attention to any unusual sounds, such as loose buckles, to ensure the ball mill is f… | |||
| 18 | 504 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 425.65, 372.19, 31.41] | Set the ball milling program according to the experimental conditions: adjust the speed to 400 rpm, set the total milling time to 4 h and alternate between forward and reverse rotation every 15 min. | Set the ball milling program according to the experimental conditions: adjust the speed to 400 rpm, set the total milling time to 4 h and alternate between forward and reverse rotation every 15 min. | |||
| 18 | 505 | text | body | True | body | body | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 460.27, 361.65, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION During ball mill operation, the high-speed rotation and vibration can cause mechanical parts to wear, loosen or even break. As a result, objects may be ejected with substantial force, posing a safety risk. If … | ▲ CAUTION During ball mill operation, the high-speed rotation and vibration can cause mechanical parts to wear, loosen or even break. As a result, objects may be ejected with substantial force, posing a safety risk. If … | |||
| 18 | 506 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 506.39, 382.81, 31.41] | After the ball milling process is completely stopped, loosen the buckle and remove the ball mill tanks. Observe the powder to ensure it is in a normal condition-fine, evenly dispersed and free of flakes or severe agglom… | After the ball milling process is completely stopped, loosen the buckle and remove the ball mill tanks. Observe the powder to ensure it is in a normal condition-fine, evenly dispersed and free of flakes or severe agglom… | |||
| 18 | 507 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | False | [56.69, 541.13, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ||
| 18 | 508 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 552.53, 355.81, 19.88] | Scrape the dried powder out of the ball mill tanks. Transfer part of the material to an alumina porcelain boat and store the remaining material in a blast oven for later use. | Scrape the dried powder out of the ball mill tanks. Transfer part of the material to an alumina porcelain boat and store the remaining material in a blast oven for later use. | |||
| 18 | 509 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 575.58, 389.41, 19.88] | Transfer the alumina porcelain boat to the muffle furnace, position it correctly and close the furnace chamber. | Transfer the alumina porcelain boat to the muffle furnace, position it correctly and close the furnace chamber. | |||
| 18 | 510 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 598.65, 369.96, 31.41] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP When the sintering volume of a single batch is large, avoid tightly packing the powder, as it can negatively impact the quality of the recycled material. To improve airflow, introduce a controlled gas fl… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP When the sintering volume of a single batch is large, avoid tightly packing the powder, as it can negatively impact the quality of the recycled material. To improve airflow, introduce a controlled gas fl… | |||
| 18 | 511 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p18:body_region:0 | p18:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 633.24, 368.37, 42.94] | Set the solid-phase sintering program and activate the heating switch. Set the overall heating rate to 3 °C/min. Raise the temperature to 450 °C and maintain it for 2 h. Then, increase the temperature to 850 °C and hold… | Set the solid-phase sintering program and activate the heating switch. Set the overall heating rate to 3 °C/min. Raise the temperature to 450 °C and maintain it for 2 h. Then, increase the temperature to 850 °C and hold… | |||
| 18 | 512 | text | body | True | body | body | p18:body_region:0 | p18:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 679.38, 360.78, 66.0] | ▲ CAUTION When a muffle furnace operates at high temperatures, flammable materials such as paper or plastic can ignite. Therefore, always inspect the experimental area for such materials before use. During operation, th… | ▲ CAUTION When a muffle furnace operates at high temperatures, flammable materials such as paper or plastic can ignite. Therefore, always inspect the experimental area for such materials before use. During operation, th… | |||
| 18 | 513 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p18:body_region:0 | p18:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 18 | 514 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p18:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.14, 763.81, 21.06, 6.99] | 2430 | 2430 | |||
| 19 | 515 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p19:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 19 | 516 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 114.31, 366.67, 66.01] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The specific sintering conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere and time, must be determined on the basis of the type of spent cathode material. Typically, the temperature is set close to or slightly … | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The specific sintering conditions, such as temperature, atmosphere and time, must be determined on the basis of the type of spent cathode material. Typically, the temperature is set close to or slightly … | ||||
| 19 | 517 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 183.49, 345.04, 8.35] | Remove the sintered material and transfer it to a beaker. Add deionized water at a | Remove the sintered material and transfer it to a beaker. Add deionized water at a | ||||
| 19 | 518 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 195.02, 370.8, 146.74] | solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and wash for 10-15 min to remove residual lithium salt. ▲ CRITICAL STEP To compensate for the substantial loss of lithium from the source caused by slow lithium replenishment kinetics, exc… | solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and wash for 10-15 min to remove residual lithium salt. ▲ CRITICAL STEP To compensate for the substantial loss of lithium from the source caused by slow lithium replenishment kinetics, exc… | ||||
| 19 | 519 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 344.94, 371.59, 19.88] | Complete the solid-liquid separation by suction filtration and then transfer the washed material powder to a blast oven for drying. | Complete the solid-liquid separation by suction filtration and then transfer the washed material powder to a blast oven for drying. | ||||
| 19 | 520 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 367.99, 385.21, 112.11] | Transfer the dried material powder to an agate mortar and add 0.5-2% LiOH based on the mass ratio. The purpose of adding lithium salt at this stage is to compensate for partial lithium loss that may occur during the pre… | Transfer the dried material powder to an agate mortar and add 0.5-2% LiOH based on the mass ratio. The purpose of adding lithium salt at this stage is to compensate for partial lithium loss that may occur during the pre… | ||||
| 19 | 521 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 483.28, 359.9, 31.41] | Grind the mixture carefully by hand for 20 min until the lithium salt and regenerated cathode material powder are fully and evenly mixed. Then, transfer the mixture to an alumina porcelain boat and place it in a muffle … | Grind the mixture carefully by hand for 20 min until the lithium salt and regenerated cathode material powder are fully and evenly mixed. Then, transfer the mixture to an alumina porcelain boat and place it in a muffle … | ||||
| 19 | 522 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 517.87, 382.8, 19.88] | Set the re-sintering program to heat up to 850 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min and maintain it for 2 h and activate the heating switch. Store the powder for subsequent testing. | Set the re-sintering program to heat up to 850 °C at a heating rate of 3 °C/min and maintain it for 2 h and activate the heating switch. Store the powder for subsequent testing. | ||||
| 19 | 523 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p19:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 552.53, 179.72, 7.87] | Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration | Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration | |||
| 19 | 524 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 564.0, 365.54, 31.41] | Follow Steps 43-49 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. The only difference is that less lithium salt is used; use 1.2-1.5 times the intrinsic lithium deficiency of the material. | Follow Steps 43-49 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. The only difference is that less lithium salt is used; use 1.2-1.5 times the intrinsic lithium deficiency of the material. | ||||
| 19 | 525 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 598.58, 356.31, 19.88] | Clean the quartz tube used in the Joule heating experiment with anhydrous ethanol, then dry it with a hair dryer. | Clean the quartz tube used in the Joule heating experiment with anhydrous ethanol, then dry it with a hair dryer. | ||||
| 19 | 526 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 621.64, 385.63, 42.94] | Place a 0.05-mm-thick layer of graphite paper at the bottom of the tube, and secure it to the tube's mouth using copper foil tape (Supplementary Fig. 7). If graphite paper is unavailable or the operation is considered t… | Place a 0.05-mm-thick layer of graphite paper at the bottom of the tube, and secure it to the tube's mouth using copper foil tape (Supplementary Fig. 7). If graphite paper is unavailable or the operation is considered t… | ||||
| 19 | 527 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p19:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 667.85, 357.14, 77.53] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Although spent cathode material powder has inherent conductivity (it typically contains 2-5 wt% conductive carbon, and some industrial-grade cathode material black mass may even include a proportion of s… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Although spent cathode material powder has inherent conductivity (it typically contains 2-5 wt% conductive carbon, and some industrial-grade cathode material black mass may even include a proportion of s… | ||||
| 19 | 528 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p19:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 19 | 529 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p19:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.22, 763.81, 18.76, 6.99] | 2431 | 2431 | |||
| 20 | 530 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p20:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 20 | 531 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 373.96, 31.41] | Weigh a specific amount of the preprepared spent cathode material powder and lithium salt mixture. The maximum laboratory scale typically does not exceed 1 g, with the exact amount determined by the size of the quartz t… | Weigh a specific amount of the preprepared spent cathode material powder and lithium salt mixture. The maximum laboratory scale typically does not exceed 1 g, with the exact amount determined by the size of the quartz t… | ||||
| 20 | 532 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 148.9, 374.14, 31.41] | Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… | Install a conductive graphite plug at one end of the quartz tube. Load the mixed reactant powder from the other end, then install another conductive graphite plug to create a relatively sealed tubular reaction space. We… | |||
| 20 | 533 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 183.48, 364.9, 19.88] | Tighten the nut, secure the quartz tube onto the Joule heat reaction rack and place the entire assembly into the reaction chamber. | Tighten the nut, secure the quartz tube onto the Joule heat reaction rack and place the entire assembly into the reaction chamber. | ||||
| 20 | 534 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 206.54, 380.21, 19.88] | Connect the positive and negative wires in the chamber to the corresponding terminals at both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack. | Connect the positive and negative wires in the chamber to the corresponding terminals at both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack. | ||||
| 20 | 535 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 229.6, 375.71, 19.88] | Adjust the position of the Joule heat reaction rack so that the reactants in the quartz tube align with the infrared temperature sensor probe. | Adjust the position of the Joule heat reaction rack so that the reactants in the quartz tube align with the infrared temperature sensor probe. | ||||
| 20 | 536 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 252.66, 385.06, 42.94] | Close the door of the Joule heating equipment's reaction chamber (refer to Supplementary Fig. 8 for a photo of the device). Turn on the current and verify that the current, voltage and resistance values are within a rea… | Close the door of the Joule heating equipment's reaction chamber (refer to Supplementary Fig. 8 for a photo of the device). Turn on the current and verify that the current, voltage and resistance values are within a rea… | ||||
| 20 | 537 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 298.77, 363.85, 31.41] | Rotate the temperature sensor control knob on the operation panel to select the hightemperature sensor, and adjust the voltage control knob to set the voltage to 30 V and adjust the current control knob to set the curre… | Rotate the temperature sensor control knob on the operation panel to select the hightemperature sensor, and adjust the voltage control knob to set the voltage to 30 V and adjust the current control knob to set the curre… | ||||
| 20 | 538 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 333.42, 372.14, 42.94] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The set voltage and current can influence the heating up time during the sintering process, the higher the value of voltage and current set, the faster the temperature rises. It is necessary to gradually… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP The set voltage and current can influence the heating up time during the sintering process, the higher the value of voltage and current set, the faster the temperature rises. It is necessary to gradually… | ||||
| 20 | 539 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 379.53, 310.27, 8.35] | Set the Joule heating experiment parameters on the main control screen: | Set the Joule heating experiment parameters on the main control screen: | ||||
| 20 | 540 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 391.06, 353.99, 19.88] | Select temperature control mode to control the sintering process as the pulsed Joule heating mode | Select temperature control mode to control the sintering process as the pulsed Joule heating mode | ||||
| 20 | 541 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 414.12, 164.92, 8.35] | Set the target temperature to 1,000 °C | Set the target temperature to 1,000 °C | ||||
| 20 | 542 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 425.65, 362.44, 42.94] | Specify one to three pulses. The number of pulses should be optimized on the basis of the specific material and degradation level. It is recommended to examine the material after each pulse to determine whether the desi… | Specify one to three pulses. The number of pulses should be optimized on the basis of the specific material and degradation level. It is recommended to examine the material after each pulse to determine whether the desi… | ||||
| 20 | 543 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [73.7, 471.8, 355.94, 54.47] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Another control mode is the time control mode, which performs Joule heating sintering for a specified duration. During the process, the temperature fluctuates according to the mold resistance and variati… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Another control mode is the time control mode, which performs Joule heating sintering for a specified duration. During the process, the temperature fluctuates according to the mold resistance and variati… | ||||
| 20 | 544 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 529.45, 387.86, 66.0] | Click the 'Start' button on the main control screen to initiate the Joule heating reaction according to the programmed settings. The system will control the energization and de-energization following the set process. Du… | Click the 'Start' button on the main control screen to initiate the Joule heating reaction according to the programmed settings. The system will control the energization and de-energization following the set process. Du… | ||||
| 20 | 545 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 598.65, 359.1, 54.47] | ▲ CAUTION The reaction process involves the use of high voltage and current, which can be hazardous. Although equipment manufacturers have minimized potential risks by integrating electronic circuits and designing prote… | ▲ CAUTION The reaction process involves the use of high voltage and current, which can be hazardous. Although equipment manufacturers have minimized potential risks by integrating electronic circuits and designing prote… | ||||
| 20 | 546 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p20:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | False | [56.69, 656.45, 89.43, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 20 | 547 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p20:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 667.85, 389.23, 42.94] | After the reaction is complete, wait for the temperature in the reaction chamber to decrease. Once it has cooled, put on asbestos gloves, unplug the wires from both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack, loosen the nuts … | After the reaction is complete, wait for the temperature in the reaction chamber to decrease. Once it has cooled, put on asbestos gloves, unplug the wires from both ends of the Joule heat reaction rack, loosen the nuts … | ||||
| 20 | 548 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p20:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 713.97, 362.74, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… | ▲ CAUTION Some models of Joule heating equipment only record dynamic temperature changes during the operation of the reaction program. Once the reaction is complete, the temperature recording stops. However, the tempera… | |||
| 20 | 549 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p20:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 20 | 550 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p20:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.04, 763.81, 20.16, 6.99] | 2432 | 2432 | |||
| 21 | 551 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 21 | 552 | text | body | True | body | body | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 114.31, 356.22, 54.47] | safe limits for human skin. Therefore, always wait for the chamber to cool down before handling it. Wear asbestos fireproof gloves when accessing the chamber. Additionally, high-temperature reactions can generate large … | safe limits for human skin. Therefore, always wait for the chamber to cool down before handling it. Wear asbestos fireproof gloves when accessing the chamber. Additionally, high-temperature reactions can generate large … | |||
| 21 | 553 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 171.96, 376.25, 19.88] | Remove the conductive graphite plug from one end of the quartz tube, then push out the reacted powder. Store the powder for subsequent testing. | Remove the conductive graphite plug from one end of the quartz tube, then push out the reacted powder. Store the powder for subsequent testing. | |||
| 21 | 554 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 206.61, 355.06, 9.11] | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5Mn1.5O4 | ||
| 21 | 555 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.1, 388.89, 44.01] | Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… | Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… | |||
| 21 | 556 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 264.22, 389.93, 42.94] | Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… | Complete the batching and uniform mixing as described in Step 57. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorp… | ||
| 21 | 557 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 310.34, 389.09, 77.53] | Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between four and eight on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical syn… | Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between four and eight on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical syn… | |||
| 21 | 558 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 402.64, 380.51, 9.13] | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 | ||
| 21 | 559 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 414.14, 388.89, 44.01] | Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… | Calculate the amount of additional chemical reagents required for the upcycling process on the basis of the chemical formulas of the spent material and the target upcycled product. The stoichiometric ratio for spent cat… | |||
| 21 | 560 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 460.27, 376.46, 42.94] | Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … | Follow Step 57 to complete the batching and uniform mixing. In addition to adding the necessary Li salt to compensate for Li deficiency as part of the normal Joule heat-assisted direct regeneration process, incorporate … | ||
| 21 | 561 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 506.38, 385.38, 42.94] | Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between 6 and 12 on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical synthesis… | Follow Steps 58-70 to achieve upcycling using the pulsed Joule heating method. Adjust the number of pulses between 6 and 12 on the basis of the basic physical properties of the target product and the classical synthesis… | |||
| 21 | 562 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 563.52, 218.45, 9.04] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| 21 | 563 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 576.37, 53.14, 7.0] | ● TIMING 8 h | ● TIMING 8 h | ||
| 21 | 564 | text | body | True | body | body | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 587.12, 387.06, 100.58] | ▲ CRITICAL To evaluate the phase structure and physical properties of the regenerated and upgraded cathode materials, several key characterizations are essential. First, it is recommended to perform ICP-OES testing (Ste… | ▲ CRITICAL To evaluate the phase structure and physical properties of the regenerated and upgraded cathode materials, several key characterizations are essential. First, it is recommended to perform ICP-OES testing (Ste… | |||
| 21 | 565 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 690.88, 366.34, 19.88] | PerformICP-OES according to Steps 19-32 to confirm the content of key elements and compare the results with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. | PerformICP-OES according to Steps 19-32 to confirm the content of key elements and compare the results with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. | |||
| 21 | 566 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p21:body_region:0 | p21:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 713.94, 377.79, 31.41] | Perform XRD according to Steps 33-39 to confirm the phase structure of the regenerated and upgraded material. Then, compare the refined parameters with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. | Perform XRD according to Steps 33-39 to confirm the phase structure of the regenerated and upgraded material. Then, compare the refined parameters with those of the spent materials and commercial materials. | |||
| 21 | 567 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p21:body_region:0 | p21:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 21 | 568 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p21:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.6, 763.81, 20.38, 6.99] | 2433 | 2433 | |||
| 22 | 569 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p22:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 22 | 570 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p22:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 113.77, 20.06, 9.04] | SEM | SEM | |||
| 22 | 571 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 125.84, 381.79, 19.88] | Cut the Si/SiO 2 wafer into 5 × 5 mm pieces, soak them in anhydrous ethanol, and treat them ultrasonically for ~5 min. | Cut the Si/SiO 2 wafer into 5 × 5 mm pieces, soak them in anhydrous ethanol, and treat them ultrasonically for ~5 min. | ||||
| 22 | 572 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 148.9, 313.27, 8.35] | Dry the cleaned wafer and use an ear bulb to blow away the contaminants. | Dry the cleaned wafer and use an ear bulb to blow away the contaminants. | ||||
| 22 | 573 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 160.43, 358.42, 19.88] | Weigh ~0.2 mg of the cathode material sample, transfer it into a sample tube and add anhydrous ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5. | Weigh ~0.2 mg of the cathode material sample, transfer it into a sample tube and add anhydrous ethanol at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5. | ||||
| 22 | 574 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 183.49, 250.27, 8.35] | Sonicate the sample tube for 10 min to form a suspension. | Sonicate the sample tube for 10 min to form a suspension. | ||||
| 22 | 575 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 195.03, 363.36, 19.88] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Do not shake the sample tube after sonication to avoid reaggregation of the dispersed particles. | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Do not shake the sample tube after sonication to avoid reaggregation of the dispersed particles. | ||||
| 22 | 576 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.09, 388.27, 19.88] | Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the wafer with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the wafer. | Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the wafer with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the wafer. | ||||
| 22 | 577 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.7, 241.16, 341.2, 19.88] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Check carefully to ensure that the suspension is added to the front (bright) side of the chip before proceeding. | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Check carefully to ensure that the suspension is added to the front (bright) side of the chip before proceeding. | ||||
| 22 | 578 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 264.22, 381.14, 31.41] | Paste the wafer onto a suitable sample stage using conductive tape or attach the electrode sheet or cathode material powder directly onto the conductive tape, depending on the test target. | Paste the wafer onto a suitable sample stage using conductive tape or attach the electrode sheet or cathode material powder directly onto the conductive tape, depending on the test target. | ||||
| 22 | 579 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 298.82, 361.63, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Ensure that the sample stage is the correct size for the instrument, paying particular attention to the overall height after the wafer is pasted on. This will prevent any potential damage to the equipment or o… | ▲ CAUTION Ensure that the sample stage is the correct size for the instrument, paying particular attention to the overall height after the wafer is pasted on. This will prevent any potential damage to the equipment or o… | ||||
| 22 | 580 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 333.41, 354.54, 19.88] | Wear gloves, assemble the sample stage into the corresponding position in the SEM equipment, close the door and evacuate the chamber to the required vacuum level. | Wear gloves, assemble the sample stage into the corresponding position in the SEM equipment, close the door and evacuate the chamber to the required vacuum level. | ||||
| 22 | 581 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 356.47, 380.23, 42.94] | Adjust the sample stage to the appropriate height, turn on the electron beam, and set the accelerating voltage within the range of 3-10 kV. Activate the image acquisition function and capture images of the sample at var… | Adjust the sample stage to the appropriate height, turn on the electron beam, and set the accelerating voltage within the range of 3-10 kV. Activate the image acquisition function and capture images of the sample at var… | ||||
| 22 | 582 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p22:page_body:left:colored | [213, 228, 239] colored | False | [56.69, 402.74, 89.43, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 22 | 583 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 414.14, 384.59, 19.88] | Increase the device's acceleration voltage to 12-15 kV, activate the EDS plug-in and perform energy spectrum analysis using point scan, line scan and surface scan techniques. | Increase the device's acceleration voltage to 12-15 kV, activate the EDS plug-in and perform energy spectrum analysis using point scan, line scan and surface scan techniques. | ||||
| 22 | 584 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p22:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 448.2, 34.6, 9.04] | HRTEM | HRTEM | |||
| 22 | 585 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 460.27, 258.74, 8.35] | Prepare the sample suspension as described in Steps 83-84. | Prepare the sample suspension as described in Steps 83-84. | ||||
| 22 | 586 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 471.8, 379.12, 31.41] | Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the ultrathin carbon film copper mesh or micro-grid copper mesh with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the copper mesh. | Dropcast 10 μL of the cathode material dispersion onto the ultrathin carbon film copper mesh or micro-grid copper mesh with a pipette. Turn on the baking lamp to evaporate the ethanol and dry the copper mesh. | ||||
| 22 | 587 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 506.39, 380.13, 19.88] | Remove the sleeve from the front end of the TEM sample rod, unscrew the sample fixation nut using a small slotted screwdriver and remove the small beryllium ring using a tweezer. | Remove the sleeve from the front end of the TEM sample rod, unscrew the sample fixation nut using a small slotted screwdriver and remove the small beryllium ring using a tweezer. | ||||
| 22 | 588 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 529.44, 389.64, 31.41] | Place the copper mesh face down into the O-ring of the sample rod, carefully position the small beryllium ring on the mesh, align its protruding part with the corresponding groove in the sample rod and then secure the f… | Place the copper mesh face down into the O-ring of the sample rod, carefully position the small beryllium ring on the mesh, align its protruding part with the corresponding groove in the sample rod and then secure the f… | ||||
| 22 | 589 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.69, 564.06, 371.32, 66.0] | ▲ CAUTION (1) The sample rod is a highly delicate component of the instrument. Handle it with care and gentleness, avoiding any rough handling. Do not touch any part of the sample rod, from the O-ring to the top, with y… | ▲ CAUTION (1) The sample rod is a highly delicate component of the instrument. Handle it with care and gentleness, avoiding any rough handling. Do not touch any part of the sample rod, from the O-ring to the top, with y… | ||||
| 22 | 590 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 633.23, 371.56, 42.94] | Operate the TEM equipment to ensure that the coordinates of each sample are set to zero. Align the limit pin with the Cose mark, then carefully insert the sample rod parallel to the axis. Slide the sample rod inward unt… | Operate the TEM equipment to ensure that the coordinates of each sample are set to zero. Align the limit pin with the Cose mark, then carefully insert the sample rod parallel to the axis. Slide the sample rod inward unt… | ||||
| 22 | 591 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p22:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 679.35, 375.8, 66.0] | Wait for the pre-evacuation to complete, then begin the injection process when the indicator light signals. During this procedure, hold the end of the sample rod and rotate it 90° counterclockwise around the axis. Align… | Wait for the pre-evacuation to complete, then begin the injection process when the indicator light signals. During this procedure, hold the end of the sample rod and rotate it 90° counterclockwise around the axis. Align… | ||||
| 22 | 592 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p22:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 22 | 593 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p22:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.58, 763.81, 20.62, 6.99] | 2434 | 2434 | |||
| 23 | 594 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p23:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 23 | 595 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 114.31, 332.25, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION When inserting the sample rod, handle it gently and avoid twisting it forcefully to prevent it from hitting the sample stage. | ▲ CAUTION When inserting the sample rod, handle it gently and avoid twisting it forcefully to prevent it from hitting the sample stage. | ||||
| 23 | 596 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [45.84, 137.37, 371.37, 31.41] | Adjust the height and position of the sample stage to align with the desired observation area. Set the test voltage to 300 kV and align the electron optical path system to ensure proper axis alignment. | Adjust the height and position of the sample stage to align with the desired observation area. Set the test voltage to 300 kV and align the electron optical path system to ensure proper axis alignment. | ||||
| 23 | 597 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.81, 171.96, 365.5, 31.41] | Locate the appropriate characterization area, activate the image acquisition function, and capture sample images at various magnifications. Adjust parameters such as magnification, focal length, astigmatism and contrast… | Locate the appropriate characterization area, activate the image acquisition function, and capture sample images at various magnifications. Adjust parameters such as magnification, focal length, astigmatism and contrast… | ||||
| 23 | 598 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p23:page_body:left:gray | [241, 246, 249] gray | False | [58.68, 206.7, 94.44, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 23 | 599 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [45.82, 218.1, 356.5, 19.88] | Adjust the equipment's aperture and active the specific plug-in and perform energy spectrum, electron loss energy spectrum, electron diffraction and other analyses. | Adjust the equipment's aperture and active the specific plug-in and perform energy spectrum, electron loss energy spectrum, electron diffraction and other analyses. | ||||
| 23 | 600 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p23:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 252.15, 18.27, 9.04] | EPR | EPR | |||
| 23 | 601 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [47.02, 264.23, 382.61, 31.41] | Grind the cathode material powder to prevent agglomeration and sieve it to remove large particles. Then, place the powder sample into a dedicated quartz tube, seal it and evacuate for testing. | Grind the cathode material powder to prevent agglomeration and sieve it to remove large particles. Then, place the powder sample into a dedicated quartz tube, seal it and evacuate for testing. | ||||
| 23 | 602 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [45.81, 298.81, 235.93, 8.35] | Turn on the EPR instrument and preheat it for ~10 min. | Turn on the EPR instrument and preheat it for ~10 min. | ||||
| 23 | 603 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.18, 310.34, 379.85, 19.88] | Set the magnetic field scanning range and scanning rate, and select the appropriate band, modulation frequency and amplitude. | Set the magnetic field scanning range and scanning rate, and select the appropriate band, modulation frequency and amplitude. | ||||
| 23 | 604 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 333.4, 373.87, 19.88] | Remove the dustproof cover from the instrument test port and place the sealed quartz tube sample into the EPR chamber. | Remove the dustproof cover from the instrument test port and place the sealed quartz tube sample into the EPR chamber. | ||||
| 23 | 605 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 356.46, 387.92, 19.88] | Start the scan on the basis of the set conditions, record the EPR spectrum and measure the spectral line intensity and g -factor. | Start the scan on the basis of the set conditions, record the EPR spectrum and measure the spectral line intensity and g -factor. | ||||
| 23 | 606 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 379.55, 364.85, 42.94] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Different samples may require distinct scanning parameters and quantitative methods, which should be optimized on the basis of the specific conditions. During the measurement, maintain a stable instrumen… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Different samples may require distinct scanning parameters and quantitative methods, which should be optimized on the basis of the specific conditions. During the measurement, maintain a stable instrumen… | ||||
| 23 | 607 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p23:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 436.67, 192.77, 19.85] | Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d | Electrochemical performance verification ● TIMING 30-40 d | |||
| 23 | 608 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 460.27, 384.23, 19.88] | Weigh 2 g of PVDF into a small glass bottle, add NMP at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, place a magnetic stirrer inside, tightly seal the bottle and stir at 500 rpm for 24 h. | Weigh 2 g of PVDF into a small glass bottle, add NMP at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:25, place a magnetic stirrer inside, tightly seal the bottle and stir at 500 rpm for 24 h. | ||||
| 23 | 609 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 483.33, 356.78, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, should avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation, and exposure to fire. | ▲ CAUTION NMP is volatile and irritating. During operation, should avoid contact with skin and eyes, inhalation, and exposure to fire. | ||||
| 23 | 610 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 506.4, 356.57, 19.88] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP To achieve more uniform dissolution and dispersion of PVDF in NMP, you can choose to flip the glass bottle and continue stirring after 12 h of initial stirring. | ▲ CRITICAL STEP To achieve more uniform dissolution and dispersion of PVDF in NMP, you can choose to flip the glass bottle and continue stirring after 12 h of initial stirring. | ||||
| 23 | 611 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 529.46, 380.92, 19.88] | Weigh 200 mg of cathode material powder and 25 mg of acetylene black. Add them to an agate mortar and grind manually for 15 min to achieve an initial mix. | Weigh 200 mg of cathode material powder and 25 mg of acetylene black. Add them to an agate mortar and grind manually for 15 min to achieve an initial mix. | ||||
| 23 | 612 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 552.53, 356.71, 31.41] | ▲ CAUTION Acetylene black powder is very light and tends to float during the early stages of grinding. Experimenters should wear dust masks to avoid inhalation into the mouth and nose. | ▲ CAUTION Acetylene black powder is very light and tends to float during the early stages of grinding. Experimenters should wear dust masks to avoid inhalation into the mouth and nose. | ||||
| 23 | 613 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 587.12, 364.43, 42.94] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Conduct the related experiments in a drying room to prevent moisture absorption from the air, which could affect the slurry's performance. If the laboratory humidity is high, grind the mixture under a ba… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Conduct the related experiments in a drying room to prevent moisture absorption from the air, which could affect the slurry's performance. If the laboratory humidity is high, grind the mixture under a ba… | ||||
| 23 | 614 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 633.24, 372.35, 19.88] | Transfer the mixed powder to a dedicated plastic jar. Add the preprepared PVDF-NMP solution dropwise, maintaining a mass ratio of cathode material to PVDF of 8:1. | Transfer the mixed powder to a dedicated plastic jar. Add the preprepared PVDF-NMP solution dropwise, maintaining a mass ratio of cathode material to PVDF of 8:1. | ||||
| 23 | 615 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 656.31, 347.94, 19.88] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP When adding the drops, control both the speed and position of the addition to prevent local slurry agglomeration or premature gelation. | ▲ CRITICAL STEP When adding the drops, control both the speed and position of the addition to prevent local slurry agglomeration or premature gelation. | ||||
| 23 | 616 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 679.37, 353.37, 30.66] | Place the dedicated plastic jar into the corresponding slurry defoaming machine, close the door and homogenize the mixture for 6 min according to the program. ▲ | Place the dedicated plastic jar into the corresponding slurry defoaming machine, close the door and homogenize the mixture for 6 min according to the program. ▲ | ||||
| 23 | 617 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p23:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [63.68, 702.44, 351.41, 31.41] | CAUTION Ensure the slurry in the plastic jar does not exceed the recommended capacity, as overloading can lead to overheating or reduced performance. Do not place any objects on the platform or allow foreign matter to e… | CAUTION Ensure the slurry in the plastic jar does not exceed the recommended capacity, as overloading can lead to overheating or reduced performance. Do not place any objects on the platform or allow foreign matter to e… | ||||
| 23 | 618 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p23:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 23 | 619 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p23:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.69, 763.81, 20.29, 6.99] | 2435 | 2435 | |||
| 24 | 620 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p24:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 24 | 621 | text | body | True | body | body | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [63.69, 114.31, 348.02, 19.88] | machine, as this may cause errors or equipment failure. Additionally, avoid prolonged operation and allow the machine to cool down to prevent overheating. | machine, as this may cause errors or equipment failure. Additionally, avoid prolonged operation and allow the machine to cool down to prevent overheating. | ||||
| 24 | 622 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 137.37, 369.47, 31.41] | Take the plastic jar out and observe slurry consistency. If necessary, add more NMP to adjust the viscosity, then return the slurry to the homogenizer and homogenize it for 8 min to complete the slurry preparation. | Take the plastic jar out and observe slurry consistency. If necessary, add more NMP to adjust the viscosity, then return the slurry to the homogenizer and homogenize it for 8 min to complete the slurry preparation. | ||||
| 24 | 623 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p24:page_body:left:gray | [241, 246, 249] gray | False | [58.68, 172.11, 94.44, 7.64] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 24 | 624 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 183.5, 384.78, 31.41] | Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … | Spray a small amount of anhydrous ethanol onto the surface, use a vacuum suction cup to adsorb the Al foil onto the coating machine and then wipe the surface of the Al foil with anhydrous ethanol to remove any adsorbed … | |||
| 24 | 625 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.09, 383.15, 42.94] | In this protocol, a 200 μm coating scraper is typically used for applying the slurry to the aluminum foil. Position the coating scraper parallel to one end of the Al foil, then use the coating machine to push the scrape… | In this protocol, a 200 μm coating scraper is typically used for applying the slurry to the aluminum foil. Position the coating scraper parallel to one end of the Al foil, then use the coating machine to push the scrape… | ||||
| 24 | 626 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 264.23, 367.15, 42.94] | ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … | ▲ CAUTION Operate it inside a fume hood to facilitate the extraction and adsorption of a large amount of volatile organic solvents. Always wear appropriate protective equipment when handling it, avoid contact with skin … | ||||
| 24 | 627 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p24:page_body:left:gray | [242, 246, 250] gray | False | [58.68, 310.5, 94.44, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 24 | 628 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 321.89, 389.57, 42.94] | Transfer the Al foil with the coated slurry into a vacuum blast oven and dry it at 90 °C for 8 h. 110. Clamp the Al foil coated with cathode material using weighing paper, and use a cutting machine to cut it into Φ12 di… | Transfer the Al foil with the coated slurry into a vacuum blast oven and dry it at 90 °C for 8 h. 110. Clamp the Al foil coated with cathode material using weighing paper, and use a cutting machine to cut it into Φ12 di… | ||||
| 24 | 629 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 368.01, 344.89, 19.88] | ▲ CAUTION During the experiment, take care to avoid injuring your fingers with the cutting machine. | ▲ CAUTION During the experiment, take care to avoid injuring your fingers with the cutting machine. | ||||
| 24 | 630 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 391.07, 368.3, 19.88] | Prepare the various components required for battery assembly and bring them into a glove box filled with argon to assemble the half cell. | Prepare the various components required for battery assembly and bring them into a glove box filled with argon to assemble the half cell. | ||||
| 24 | 631 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 414.14, 368.91, 77.53] | ▲ CAUTION It is best to dry the items in a blast oven before bringing them into the glove box. Additionally, in order not to pollute the atmosphere inside the glovebox (H 2 O <0.01 ppm, O2 <0.01 ppm), any material which… | ▲ CAUTION It is best to dry the items in a blast oven before bringing them into the glove box. Additionally, in order not to pollute the atmosphere inside the glovebox (H 2 O <0.01 ppm, O2 <0.01 ppm), any material which… | ||||
| 24 | 632 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 494.85, 373.19, 42.96] | Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of the cathode electrode sheet used in the battery assembly. Calculate the mass of the active material subtracting the mass of the empty aluminum foil and applying the specifi… | Use an analytical balance to weigh the mass of the cathode electrode sheet used in the battery assembly. Calculate the mass of the active material subtracting the mass of the empty aluminum foil and applying the specifi… | ||||
| 24 | 633 | list_item | body_candidate_excluded | False | high | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | outside_body_flow_body_candidate | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 540.99, 377.18, 19.88] | Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. | Place the negative electrode shell on the dust-free paper. Then, put in the Li metal sheet (Φ14) and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte. | |||
| 24 | 634 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 564.05, 375.4, 19.88] | Next, place a polypropylene diaphragm with a diameter of Φ16 and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte again. | Next, place a polypropylene diaphragm with a diameter of Φ16 and use a pipette to add 25 μL of electrolyte again. | ||||
| 24 | 635 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 587.11, 378.81, 31.41] | Carefully position the cathode electrode sheet at the center of the diaphragm, then sequentially put in a Φ14 stainless-steel gasket and shrapnel. Finally, cover the assembly with the positive electrode shell. | Carefully position the cathode electrode sheet at the center of the diaphragm, then sequentially put in a Φ14 stainless-steel gasket and shrapnel. Finally, cover the assembly with the positive electrode shell. | ||||
| 24 | 636 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 621.69, 382.48, 42.19] | Use insulated tweezers to place the assembled battery, with the negative electrode side facing up, onto the button battery sealing machine mold. Adjust the pressure (typically 800 Pa) and press for 5 s to complete the a… | Use insulated tweezers to place the assembled battery, with the negative electrode side facing up, onto the button battery sealing machine mold. Adjust the pressure (typically 800 Pa) and press for 5 s to complete the a… | ||||
| 24 | 637 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [63.69, 656.31, 363.36, 54.47] | CRITICAL STEP The pressing pressure depends on the model of the sealing machine and the appropriate pressure should be confirmed on the basis of experience. Excessive pressure may deform the battery or even cause a shor… | CRITICAL STEP The pressing pressure depends on the model of the sealing machine and the appropriate pressure should be confirmed on the basis of experience. Excessive pressure may deform the battery or even cause a shor… | ||||
| 24 | 638 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p24:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 713.96, 374.15, 19.88] | Remove the battery using insulated tweezers, check whether the assembly is complete and wipe off any excess electrolyte using dust-free paper. | Remove the battery using insulated tweezers, check whether the assembly is complete and wipe off any excess electrolyte using dust-free paper. | ||||
| 24 | 639 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p24:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 24 | 640 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p24:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.61, 763.81, 20.59, 6.99] | 2436 | 2436 | |||
| 25 | 641 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p25:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 25 | 642 | section_header | caption | False | low | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.32, 270.18, 17.87] | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | Table 4 | Basic parameter settings for electrochemical testing of different materials in this protocol | |||
| 25 | 643 | text | body | True | body | body | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 194.51, 297.24, 13.76] | C-rate (C) is a standard unit that describes the charge or discharge current relative to the battery's nominal capacity. | C-rate (C) is a standard unit that describes the charge or discharge current relative to the battery's nominal capacity. | ||||
| 25 | 644 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 229.63, 389.98, 31.41] | Take out the pressed button battery, check that the open circuit voltage is ~3.0 V and then place it with the negative electrode facing up for ~4 h to allow the electrolyte to thoroughly soak the electrode. | Take out the pressed button battery, check that the open circuit voltage is ~3.0 V and then place it with the negative electrode facing up for ~4 h to allow the electrolyte to thoroughly soak the electrode. | ||||
| 25 | 645 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | False | [58.68, 264.37, 94.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 25 | 646 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 275.76, 363.0, 19.88] | Connect the assembled button cell to the external fixture of the battery test system, ensuring proper alignment and secure contact between the cell and the fixture. | Connect the assembled button cell to the external fixture of the battery test system, ensuring proper alignment and secure contact between the cell and the fixture. | ||||
| 25 | 647 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 298.82, 381.76, 42.94] | Set the relevant parameters for the electrochemical performance test in the operation terminal on the basis of the characteristics of different cathode materials. These parameters include test type, voltage range, nomin… | Set the relevant parameters for the electrochemical performance test in the operation terminal on the basis of the characteristics of different cathode materials. These parameters include test type, voltage range, nomin… | ||||
| 25 | 648 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 344.93, 377.66, 19.88] | Start the test and observe the electrochemical curves of half cells, assembled with different materials, during the first cycle of charge and discharge at low current density. | Start the test and observe the electrochemical curves of half cells, assembled with different materials, during the first cycle of charge and discharge at low current density. | ||||
| 25 | 649 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | False | [58.68, 368.14, 94.43, 7.65] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 25 | 650 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 379.55, 380.32, 19.88] | Conduct long-term cycle tests and rate tests as required to evaluate the battery's service life and its ability to charge and discharge rapidly. | Conduct long-term cycle tests and rate tests as required to evaluate the battery's service life and its ability to charge and discharge rapidly. | ||||
| 25 | 651 | list_item | body | True | recovered_body_outside_flow | recovered_body_outside_flow | p25:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.68, 402.61, 367.48, 42.94] | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Ensure that the entire testing process is conducted at a constant temperature (typically 25 °C or 30 °C) to facilitate the comparison for different materials. When necessary, adjust the temperature of th… | ▲ CRITICAL STEP Ensure that the entire testing process is conducted at a constant temperature (typically 25 °C or 30 °C) to facilitate the comparison for different materials. When necessary, adjust the temperature of th… | ||||
| 25 | 652 | list_item | unknown_text | False | medium | outside_body_flow_list_item | outside_body_flow_list_item | p25:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 254] white | False | [58.69, 448.88, 94.43, 7.63] | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | ◆ TROUBLESHOOTING | |||
| 25 | 653 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p25:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 482.79, 88.45, 9.84] | Troubleshooting | Troubleshooting | |||
| 25 | 654 | text | body | True | body | body | p25:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 517.93, 192.85, 8.35] | Troubleshooting advice can be found in Table 5. | Troubleshooting advice can be found in Table 5. | ||||
| 25 | 655 | section_header | caption | False | low | visual_caption_heading | visual_caption_heading | p25:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 554.27, 106.67, 7.87] | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | Table 5 | Troubleshooting | |||
| 25 | 656 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p25:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 25 | 657 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p25:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.21, 763.81, 19.77, 6.99] | 2437 | 2437 | |||
| 26 | 658 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p26:top_margin:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 26 | 659 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 157.13, 7.87] | Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting | Table 5 (continued) | Troubleshooting | |||
| 26 | 660 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | False | [39.69, 632.71, 36.82, 9.84] | Timing | Timing | |||
| 26 | 661 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p26:page_body:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | False | [39.69, 667.31, 205.01, 9.04] | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | Spent battery disassembly and pretreatment | |||
| 26 | 662 | text | body | True | body | body | p26:bottom_margin:left_crossing:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | False | [39.69, 679.38, 387.48, 66.0] | Step 1, gathering information: ~5 min (depends on the amount of data available before the spent battery is discarded) Steps 2-4, spent battery discharge: ~12 h Step 5-6, spent battery disassembly: 15 min Step 7, spent e… | Step 1, gathering information: ~5 min (depends on the amount of data available before the spent battery is discarded) Steps 2-4, spent battery discharge: ~12 h Step 5-6, spent battery disassembly: 15 min Step 7, spent e… | ||||
| 26 | 663 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p26:bottom_margin:left:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 26 | 664 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p26:bottom_margin:right:off_white | [255, 255, 255] off_white | True | [540.71, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] | 2438 | 2438 | |||
| 27 | 665 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p27:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | |||
| 27 | 666 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 114.31, 389.91, 19.88] | Step 8, separation of current collector and active material powder: 1 h (depends on the electrode type and separation method) | Step 8, separation of current collector and active material powder: 1 h (depends on the electrode type and separation method) | ||||
| 27 | 667 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 137.37, 227.65, 8.35] | Steps 9-10, large particle screening and removal: 20 min | Steps 9-10, large particle screening and removal: 20 min | ||||
| 27 | 668 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 148.9, 212.55, 8.35] | Steps 11-13, binder and some impurities removal: 9 h | Steps 11-13, binder and some impurities removal: 9 h | ||||
| 27 | 669 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 160.43, 169.96, 8.35] | Steps 14-18, Al foil impurities removal: 9 h | Steps 14-18, Al foil impurities removal: 9 h | ||||
| 27 | 670 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 182.96, 194.14, 9.04] | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials | |||
| 27 | 671 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 195.03, 178.96, 8.35] | Steps 19-32, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min | Steps 19-32, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min | ||||
| 27 | 672 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 206.56, 161.21, 8.35] | Steps 33-39, XRD measurement: 30 min | Steps 33-39, XRD measurement: 30 min | ||||
| 27 | 673 | text | body | True | body | body | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 218.09, 207.56, 8.35] | Steps 33-39, regeneration plan formulation: 10 min | Steps 33-39, regeneration plan formulation: 10 min | ||||
| 27 | 674 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 254.01, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | |||
| 27 | 675 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | True | [149.35, 254.01, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | |||
| 27 | 676 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [270.79, 254.01, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | |||
| 27 | 677 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [127, 141, 161] colored | True | [288.72, 279.88, 74.12, 5.7] | LMO cathode layer (~65 | LMO cathode layer (~65 | |||
| 27 | 678 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [127, 143, 164] colored | True | [362.84, 279.83, 4.03, 6.03] | µ | ||||
| 27 | 679 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [112, 127, 146] colored | True | [366.87, 279.88, 8.01, 5.7] | m) | m) | |||
| 27 | 680 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [55.23, 351.02, 67.46, 5.7] | Spent 2 Ah pouch cell | Spent 2 Ah pouch cell | |||
| 27 | 681 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [160.69, 344.85, 86.54, 13.5] | LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell | LMO cathode disassembled from spent pouch cell | |||
| 27 | 682 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [105, 121, 144] colored | True | [287.46, 348.08, 71.05, 5.7] | Al foil current collector | Al foil current collector | |||
| 27 | 683 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 370.4, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | |||
| 27 | 684 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [149.35, 370.4, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | |||
| 27 | 685 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [98, 122, 140] colored | True | [413.19, 385.51, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| 27 | 686 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [99, 130, 148] colored | True | [479.68, 390.81, 39.23, 4.82] | Broken particle | Broken particle | |||
| 27 | 687 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:colored | [122, 140, 158] colored | True | [203.67, 419.6, 23.38, 4.82] | Residual | Residual | |||
| 27 | 688 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [110, 130, 148] colored | True | [283.7, 414.04, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| 27 | 689 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:colored | [112, 137, 143] colored | True | [164.75, 427.37, 25.83, 4.82] | Impurities | Impurities | |||
| 27 | 690 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [146, 156, 164] gray | True | [206.24, 426.2, 18.24, 4.82] | binder | binder | |||
| 27 | 691 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [105, 128, 147] colored | True | [407.58, 426.49, 17.67, 4.82] | Cracks | Cracks | |||
| 27 | 692 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.08, 464.78, 50.2, 13.5] | Spent LMO cathode powder | Spent LMO cathode powder | |||
| 27 | 693 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [172.94, 464.78, 49.18, 13.5] | Residual binder and impurities | Residual binder and impurities | |||
| 27 | 694 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [292.1, 472.58, 19.84, 5.7] | cracks | cracks | |||
| 27 | 695 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [293.21, 464.78, 17.61, 5.7] | Shear | Shear | |||
| 27 | 696 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [385.77, 464.78, 41.31, 13.5] | Intragranular cracks | Intragranular cracks | |||
| 27 | 697 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [497.62, 464.78, 26.42, 13.5] | Broken particles | Broken particles | |||
| 27 | 698 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 494.74, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | |||
| 27 | 699 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [99.48, 500.38, 20.56, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | |||
| 27 | 700 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [173.04, 499.87, 25.25, 4.82] | Observed | Observed | |||
| 27 | 701 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | True | [235.89, 496.74, 2.82, 7.95] | i | i | |||
| 27 | 702 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [53.31, 505.47, 5.7, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | |||
| 27 | 703 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [84.07, 509.27, 34.74, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | |||
| 27 | 704 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [118.81, 509.35, 7.94, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | |||
| 27 | 705 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | True | [126.75, 509.27, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | |||
| 27 | 706 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [130.07, 509.35, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | |||
| 27 | 707 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [173.04, 506.89, 28.1, 4.82] | Calculated | Calculated | |||
| 27 | 708 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [173.04, 513.9, 12.64, 4.82] | Error | Error | |||
| 27 | 709 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | False | [173.04, 520.92, 37.59, 4.82] | Bragg position | Bragg position | |||
| 27 | 710 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [98, 126, 148] colored | True | [301.75, 533.34, 30.48, 5.7] | Structural | Structural | |||
| 27 | 711 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right_crossing:colored | [97, 123, 141] colored | True | [302.31, 541.14, 29.37, 5.7] | distortion | distortion | |||
| 27 | 712 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [110, 149, 180] colored | True | [406.91, 539.38, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| 27 | 713 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | True | [442.77, 508.07, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| 27 | 714 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [138, 112, 96] colored | True | [445.39, 534.05, 10.11, 6.5] | Mn 3 | Mn 3 | |||
| 27 | 715 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [144, 117, 100] colored | True | [447.38, 540.65, 12.76, 4.82] | (103) | (103) | |||
| 27 | 716 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [141, 115, 99] colored | True | [455.5, 534.05, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| 27 | 717 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [117, 153, 180] colored | True | [504.21, 505.56, 45.8, 4.82] | Li-deficient phase | Li-deficient phase | |||
| 27 | 718 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [58.63, 570.99, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | |||
| 27 | 719 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [80.9, 570.99, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | |||
| 27 | 720 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | False | [103.42, 570.99, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | |||
| 27 | 721 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.07, 570.99, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | |||
| 27 | 722 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [148.81, 570.99, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | |||
| 27 | 723 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | True | [171.41, 570.99, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | |||
| 27 | 724 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [194.32, 570.99, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | |||
| 27 | 725 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | True | [216.78, 570.99, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | |||
| 27 | 726 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [136, 136, 136] gray | True | [441.37, 565.36, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| 27 | 727 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [118, 130, 152] colored | True | [472.73, 562.75, 12.33, 4.82] | LiMn | LiMn | |||
| 27 | 728 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [107, 118, 138] colored | True | [475.99, 569.35, 14.38, 4.82] | (040) | (040) | |||
| 27 | 729 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [98, 108, 127] colored | True | [485.07, 566.18, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| 27 | 730 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [103, 114, 133] colored | True | [487.01, 562.75, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| 27 | 731 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [122, 133, 141] colored | True | [502.64, 564.25, 36.74, 4.82] | Regular phase | Regular phase | |||
| 27 | 732 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [132.85, 579.83, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | |||
| 27 | 733 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [218, 218, 218] gray | True | [136.45, 579.93, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | ||||
| 27 | 734 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [140.43, 579.83, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | ||||
| 27 | 735 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [128, 141, 152] colored | True | [334.72, 584.71, 37.23, 5.7] | degradation | degradation | |||
| 27 | 736 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [108, 126, 141] colored | True | [338.09, 576.91, 30.48, 5.7] | Structural | Structural | |||
| 27 | 737 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | True | [39.69, 589.75, 5.99, 7.95] | g | g | |||
| 27 | 738 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [140.03, 589.75, 5.85, 7.95] | h | h | |||
| 27 | 739 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [109, 124, 134] colored | True | [284.27, 588.23, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| 27 | 740 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [51.04, 597.99, 11.75, 4.82] | 0.55 | 0.55 | |||
| 27 | 741 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [72.22, 602.65, 48.49, 4.82] | Cathode electrode | Cathode electrode | |||
| 27 | 742 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [154.23, 602.42, 50.26, 4.82] | Gr anode electrode | Gr anode electrode | |||
| 27 | 743 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 617.17, 5.71, 32.77] | Li/Mn ratio | Li/Mn ratio | |||
| 27 | 744 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [50.53, 620.22, 12.27, 4.82] | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||
| 27 | 745 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [50.88, 642.43, 11.92, 4.82] | 0.45 | 0.45 | |||
| 27 | 746 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [73.98, 611.52, 15.61, 4.82] | 0.508 | 0.508 | |||
| 27 | 747 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [101.64, 638.64, 14.97, 4.82] | 0.447 | 0.447 | |||
| 27 | 748 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [140.96, 609.16, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | |||
| 27 | 749 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [127, 140, 151] colored | True | [382.49, 607.48, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| 27 | 750 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [193, 193, 193] gray | True | [441.11, 626.41, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| 27 | 751 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [116, 127, 148] colored | True | [473.47, 624.11, 12.33, 4.82] | LiMn | LiMn | |||
| 27 | 752 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [109, 120, 141] colored | True | [476.72, 630.71, 14.38, 4.82] | (040) | (040) | |||
| 27 | 753 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [82, 90, 105] colored | True | [485.8, 627.54, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| 27 | 754 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [104, 114, 133] colored | True | [487.74, 624.11, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| 27 | 755 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [101, 131, 153] colored | True | [503.89, 623.21, 32.94, 4.82] | Li-rich phase | Li-rich phase | |||
| 27 | 756 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [50.36, 664.66, 12.44, 4.82] | 0.40 | 0.40 | |||
| 27 | 757 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [155.25, 668.26, 10.2, 4.82] | 664 | 664 | |||
| 27 | 758 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [155.34, 652.84, 9.45, 4.82] | Mn | Mn | |||
| 27 | 759 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [164.79, 652.92, 6.5, 4.72] | 2p | 2p | |||
| 27 | 760 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [235, 235, 235] gray | True | [175.89, 668.26, 10.04, 4.82] | 656 | 656 | |||
| 27 | 761 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [196.41, 668.26, 10.14, 4.82] | 648 | 648 | |||
| 27 | 762 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [216.75, 668.26, 10.54, 4.82] | 640 | 640 | |||
| 27 | 763 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:gray | [171, 174, 177] gray | True | [261.25, 662.51, 20.56, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | |||
| 27 | 764 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [159, 162, 164] gray | True | [358.53, 662.73, 30.02, 5.7] | mismatch | mismatch | |||
| 27 | 765 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [155, 157, 159] gray | True | [363.21, 654.93, 20.66, 5.7] | Lattice | Lattice | |||
| 27 | 766 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [130, 139, 126] gray | True | [442.63, 659.27, 4.33, 4.82] | Li | Li | |||
| 27 | 767 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [89, 95, 86] gray | True | [446.97, 662.7, 1.94, 3.07] | 2 | 2 | |||
| 27 | 768 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [132, 140, 127] gray | True | [447.38, 665.87, 13.34, 4.82] | (022) | (022) | |||
| 27 | 769 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:gray | [130, 138, 130] gray | True | [448.9, 659.27, 9.94, 6.5] | Mn 2 | Mn 2 | |||
| 27 | 770 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:right:colored | [109, 123, 131] colored | True | [458.84, 659.27, 6.62, 6.5] | O 4 | O 4 | |||
| 27 | 771 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [56.27, 671.83, 30.49, 30.49] | Commercial | Commercial | |||
| 27 | 772 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [96.89, 671.32, 16.78, 16.78] | Spent | Spent | |||
| 27 | 773 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p27:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [162.43, 678.42, 60.09, 5.7] | Binding energy (eV) | Binding energy (eV) | |||
| 27 | 774 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p27:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.67, 708.46, 247.3, 36.51] | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … | Fig. 3 | Failure analysis of spent cathode materials. a , b , Digital photos of the S-LMO pouch cell ( a ) and electrodes ( b ). c , An SEM image of the cross section of S-LMO electrode (scale bar, 2 μm). d , A digital … | |||
| 27 | 775 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p27:bottom_margin:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.46, 708.47, 252.55, 36.51] | to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… | to right: scale bars, 2 μm, 300 nm, 1 μm and 500 nm, respectively). f , Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern of S-LMO. g , A comparison of Li content in S-LMO and C-LMO analyzed via ICP-OES. h , Mn 2 p XPS spectra collect… | |||
| 27 | 776 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p27:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |||
| 27 | 777 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p27:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.34, 763.81, 20.64, 6.99] | 2439 | 2439 | |||
| 28 | 778 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 28 | 779 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 115.15, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 28 | 780 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [221.87, 115.15, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 28 | 781 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [401.66, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 28 | 782 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [80.99, 130.92, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| 28 | 783 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [147.23, 127.22, 29.84, 5.7] | Observed | Observed | ||
| 28 | 784 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [147.23, 135.07, 33.22, 5.7] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| 28 | 785 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [262.59, 130.81, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| 28 | 786 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [328.5, 127.11, 29.84, 5.7] | Observed | Observed | ||
| 28 | 787 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [328.5, 134.97, 33.21, 5.7] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| 28 | 788 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [434.1, 129.81, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | |||
| 28 | 789 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [147.23, 142.92, 14.94, 5.7] | Error | Error | ||
| 28 | 790 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [328.5, 142.82, 14.94, 5.7] | Error | Error | ||
| 28 | 791 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [434.1, 138.63, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | |||
| 28 | 792 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [71.42, 150.19, 36.2, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| 28 | 793 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [107.62, 150.27, 6.48, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | ||
| 28 | 794 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | True | [114.1, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | ||
| 28 | 795 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [117.42, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| 28 | 796 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [147.23, 150.77, 44.43, 5.7] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| 28 | 797 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [252.02, 150.19, 34.74, 4.82] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| 28 | 798 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [286.76, 150.27, 7.94, 4.72] | Fd | Fd | ||
| 28 | 799 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [211, 211, 211] gray | True | [294.7, 150.19, 3.32, 4.82] | 3 | 3 | ||
| 28 | 800 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [298.02, 150.27, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| 28 | 801 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [328.5, 150.67, 44.43, 5.7] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| 28 | 802 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 158.83, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 28 | 803 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [222.8, 158.72, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 28 | 804 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [402.58, 156.93, 5.71, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 28 | 805 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [493.92, 193.19, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 28 | 806 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [497.97, 193.09, 24.8, 5.7] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| 28 | 807 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | False | [46.79, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 28 | 808 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | False | [66.88, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 28 | 809 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | False | [87.27, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 28 | 810 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [107.76, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 28 | 811 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [128.37, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 28 | 812 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | True | [148.81, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 28 | 813 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [169.59, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 28 | 814 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [189.89, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 28 | 815 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [228.4, 244.9, 5.94, 4.82] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 28 | 816 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [248.51, 244.9, 6.79, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 28 | 817 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | True | [268.88, 244.9, 7.07, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 28 | 818 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [289.38, 244.9, 7.14, 4.82] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 28 | 819 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [309.97, 244.9, 6.97, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 28 | 820 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [330.42, 244.9, 7.15, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 28 | 821 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [351.19, 244.9, 6.63, 4.82] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 28 | 822 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [218, 218, 218] gray | True | [371.5, 244.9, 7.08, 4.82] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 28 | 823 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | True | [417.97, 245.58, 10.49, 4.82] | 1.98 | 1.98 | |||
| 28 | 824 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | True | [442.12, 245.58, 10.57, 4.82] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| 28 | 825 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [465.5, 245.58, 12.09, 4.82] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 28 | 826 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [490.45, 245.58, 10.54, 4.82] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| 28 | 827 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | False | [514.16, 245.58, 11.38, 4.82] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| 28 | 828 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | False | [538.19, 245.58, 11.67, 4.82] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| 28 | 829 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [113.47, 254.51, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 28 | 830 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | True | [117.07, 254.61, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | |||
| 28 | 831 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [121.06, 254.51, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | |||
| 28 | 832 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [295.08, 255.32, 3.6, 5.7] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 28 | 833 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [215, 215, 215] gray | True | [298.68, 255.42, 3.98, 5.58] | θ | |||
| 28 | 834 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [302.67, 255.32, 8.68, 5.7] | (°) | |||
| 28 | 835 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [471.01, 255.13, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 28 | 836 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [475.05, 255.04, 21.16, 5.7] | Factor | Factor | |||
| 28 | 837 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 270.92, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| 28 | 838 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [305.81, 270.92, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| 28 | 839 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [148, 148, 148] gray | True | [198.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| 28 | 840 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [87, 99, 110] colored | True | [221.81, 284.58, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 841 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [117, 127, 138] colored | True | [245.99, 280.34, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| 28 | 842 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | True | [465.41, 280.72, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | |||
| 28 | 843 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [106, 121, 134] colored | True | [490.89, 286.65, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 844 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [111, 127, 142] colored | True | [513.34, 280.4, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 28 | 845 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [220, 223, 225] gray | True | [99.47, 295.23, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| 28 | 846 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [89, 101, 113] colored | True | [198.03, 303.72, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 847 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [110, 126, 141] colored | True | [224.35, 289.98, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| 28 | 848 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [150, 154, 157] gray | True | [346.71, 299.47, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| 28 | 849 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [170, 175, 178] gray | True | [377.56, 300.57, 66.66, 5.7] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| 28 | 850 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [105, 124, 141] colored | True | [469.66, 298.36, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 851 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [101, 119, 134] colored | True | [470.58, 303.76, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 28 | 852 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [107, 121, 135] colored | True | [493.43, 292.05, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 28 | 853 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [105, 119, 132] colored | True | [198.94, 309.12, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| 28 | 854 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [173, 178, 182] gray | True | [379.9, 308.37, 62.0, 5.7] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| 28 | 855 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [130, 141, 152] colored | True | [95.83, 332.24, 66.66, 5.7] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| 28 | 856 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [176, 176, 176] gray | True | [198.41, 325.7, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | ||
| 28 | 857 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | True | [222.39, 328.71, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 858 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [99, 113, 125] colored | True | [224.92, 334.11, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| 28 | 859 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [119, 131, 140] colored | True | [245.98, 324.8, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| 28 | 860 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [136, 136, 136] gray | True | [465.41, 325.69, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| 28 | 861 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [88, 100, 111] colored | True | [491.39, 330.53, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 862 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [108, 123, 137] colored | True | [493.92, 335.93, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 28 | 863 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [113, 136, 153] colored | True | [513.34, 324.85, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 28 | 864 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [149, 156, 159] gray | True | [64.58, 353.87, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| 28 | 865 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [137, 148, 154] gray | True | [98.16, 340.04, 62.0, 5.7] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| 28 | 866 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [89, 101, 112] colored | True | [198.51, 349.92, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 867 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [91, 104, 115] colored | True | [199.43, 355.32, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| 28 | 868 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [158, 167, 174] gray | True | [433.99, 350.94, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | |||
| 28 | 869 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [97, 112, 129] colored | True | [467.13, 342.36, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 870 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [102, 120, 133] colored | True | [468.05, 347.76, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 28 | 871 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [112, 125, 134] colored | True | [155.31, 371.09, 3.6, 5.7] | II | II | ||
| 28 | 872 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | True | [198.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | ||
| 28 | 873 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [104, 118, 131] colored | True | [222.85, 374.5, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 874 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:colored | [114, 131, 144] colored | True | [245.99, 369.52, 44.05, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | ||
| 28 | 875 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [162, 168, 173] gray | True | [345.29, 368.07, 41.17, 5.7] | stacking fault | stacking fault | ||
| 28 | 876 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [164, 168, 172] gray | True | [356.06, 360.27, 19.63, 5.7] | Slight | Slight | ||
| 28 | 877 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:gray | [143, 143, 143] gray | True | [465.41, 370.63, 5.4, 5.7] | III | III | |||
| 28 | 878 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [89, 101, 112] colored | True | [491.17, 374.58, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 879 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [119, 135, 147] colored | True | [513.34, 369.58, 44.06, 3.95] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 28 | 880 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [108, 124, 140] colored | True | [225.39, 379.9, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | ||
| 28 | 881 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [206, 209, 212] gray | True | [327.32, 382.92, 1.8, 5.7] | I | I | ||
| 28 | 882 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [100, 117, 131] colored | True | [467.87, 387.02, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 28 | 883 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 128] colored | True | [493.7, 379.98, 8.28, 3.95] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 28 | 884 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [114, 151, 178] colored | True | [51.45, 398.19, 30.89, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| 28 | 885 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [84, 96, 111] colored | True | [200.6, 395.0, 13.36, 3.95] | Spinel | Spinel | ||
| 28 | 886 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:colored | [100, 114, 126] colored | True | [201.52, 400.4, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | ||
| 28 | 887 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:right:gray | [175, 179, 182] gray | True | [317.07, 398.62, 30.21, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| 28 | 888 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p28:page_body:right:colored | [107, 125, 139] colored | True | [468.79, 392.42, 11.52, 3.95] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 28 | 889 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 416.02, 251.94, 26.5] | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… | Fig. 4 | Structural characterization of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , b , Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMOJH ( b ) (insets, SEM images of R-LMO-SS ( a ) and R-LMO-JH ( b ); s… | ||
| 28 | 890 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p28:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 416.02, 245.51, 16.5] | ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | ( a ) and 200 nm ( b )). c , EPR spectrums of R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH. d , e , HRTEM analysis of R-LMO-SS ( d ) and R-LMO-JH ( e ) (scale bars ( d , e ), 5 nm). | |||
| 28 | 891 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 471.26, 280.56, 9.04] | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration and upcycling of spent cathode materials | ||
| 28 | 892 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 483.33, 308.55, 8.35] | Steps 41-49 or Steps 57 or Steps 72 or Steps 75, raw material ball milling: 4.5 h | Steps 41-49 or Steps 57 or Steps 72 or Steps 75, raw material ball milling: 4.5 h | |||
| 28 | 893 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 494.86, 214.82, 8.35] | Steps 50-56, solid-phase sintering regeneration: 28 h | Steps 50-56, solid-phase sintering regeneration: 28 h | |||
| 28 | 894 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 506.39, 252.85, 8.35] | Steps 58-70, Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration: 20 min | Steps 58-70, Joule heat-assisted ultrafast regeneration: 20 min | |||
| 28 | 895 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 517.92, 375.74, 19.89] | Step 73, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4: 20 min | Step 73, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4: 20 min | |||
| 28 | 896 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 540.99, 338.38, 20.95] | Steps 76, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2: 20 min | Steps 76, directly upcycle the spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6 O2: 20 min | |||
| 28 | 897 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 575.05, 218.45, 9.04] | Regenerated cathode material characterization | Regenerated cathode material characterization | ||
| 28 | 898 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 587.12, 159.89, 8.35] | Step 77, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min | Step 77, ICP-OES measurement: 90 min | |||
| 28 | 899 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 598.65, 142.6, 8.35] | Step 78, XRD measurement: 30 min | Step 78, XRD measurement: 30 min | |||
| 28 | 900 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 610.18, 144.33, 8.35] | Steps 79-87, SEM measurement: 2 h | Steps 79-87, SEM measurement: 2 h | |||
| 28 | 901 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 621.71, 354.65, 8.35] | Steps 88-96, TEM measurement: 2.5 h (depends on the specific measurement situation) | Steps 88-96, TEM measurement: 2.5 h (depends on the specific measurement situation) | |||
| 28 | 902 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 633.24, 144.88, 8.35] | Steps 97-101, EPR measurement: 1 h | Steps 97-101, EPR measurement: 1 h | |||
| 28 | 903 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 655.77, 192.77, 9.04] | Electrochemical performance verification | Electrochemical performance verification | ||
| 28 | 904 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 667.85, 151.52, 8.35] | Steps 102-106, slurry preparation: 1 h | Steps 102-106, slurry preparation: 1 h | |||
| 28 | 905 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 679.38, 144.6, 8.35] | Steps 107-108, slurry coating: 5 min | Steps 107-108, slurry coating: 5 min | |||
| 28 | 906 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 690.9, 122.35, 8.35] | Step 109, electrode drying: 8 h | Step 109, electrode drying: 8 h | |||
| 28 | 907 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 702.43, 138.99, 8.35] | Step 110, electrode cutting: 10 min | Step 110, electrode cutting: 10 min | |||
| 28 | 908 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 713.96, 162.1, 8.35] | Steps 111-118, half-cell assembly: 30 min | Steps 111-118, half-cell assembly: 30 min | |||
| 28 | 909 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 725.49, 377.89, 8.35] | Steps 119-122, electrochemical performance test: 30-40 d (depends on the material type and | Steps 119-122, electrochemical performance test: 30-40 d (depends on the material type and | |||
| 28 | 910 | text | body | True | body | body | p28:body_region:0 | p28:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 737.02, 53.78, 8.35] | the test type) | the test type) | |||
| 28 | 911 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p28:body_region:0 | p28:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 28 | 912 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p28:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [539.9, 763.81, 21.3, 6.99] | 2440 | 2440 | |||
| 29 | 913 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 29 | 914 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 29 | 915 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [50.35, 121.5, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| 29 | 916 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [123.34, 124.67, 52.42, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell | LMO || Li half cell | ||
| 29 | 917 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [228.21, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 29 | 918 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [289.14, 123.56, 71.82, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| 29 | 919 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 155.94, 5.7, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| 29 | 920 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [49.85, 152.14, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| 29 | 921 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [50.42, 182.79, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| 29 | 922 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [124.43, 132.47, 50.25, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| 29 | 923 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [131.71, 175.82, 20.57, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| 29 | 924 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [131.71, 184.79, 30.91, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| 29 | 925 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [131.71, 193.77, 30.23, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| 29 | 926 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [232.14, 133.33, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 29 | 927 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [242.88, 130.68, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 29 | 928 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [243.06, 148.53, 8.96, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 29 | 929 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [244.87, 166.37, 7.15, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 29 | 930 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [244.88, 184.22, 7.14, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 29 | 931 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [244.96, 202.07, 7.06, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 29 | 932 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [263.07, 139.19, 12.9, 4.82] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| 29 | 933 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [283.1, 140.39, 13.93, 4.82] | 0.5 C | 0.5 C | ||
| 29 | 934 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [285.93, 165.99, 20.46, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| 29 | 935 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [285.93, 174.77, 30.86, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| 29 | 936 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [285.93, 183.54, 30.22, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| 29 | 937 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [297.14, 131.36, 55.84, 5.7] | voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | ||
| 29 | 938 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [303.67, 142.14, 7.64, 4.82] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 29 | 939 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [323.55, 146.77, 8.49, 4.82] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| 29 | 940 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [342.89, 158.1, 8.67, 4.82] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| 29 | 941 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [362.0, 171.74, 11.35, 4.82] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| 29 | 942 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [384.09, 142.54, 7.64, 4.82] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 29 | 943 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [49.92, 213.44, 8.62, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 29 | 944 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [248.27, 219.92, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 945 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [70.3, 233.56, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 946 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [95.07, 233.56, 7.08, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 29 | 947 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | True | [121.44, 233.56, 7.16, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 29 | 948 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | False | [147.85, 233.56, 7.17, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 29 | 949 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | True | [173.33, 233.56, 9.0, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 29 | 950 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [199.65, 233.56, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 29 | 951 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [254.87, 232.81, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 952 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | False | [274.87, 232.81, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| 29 | 953 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | False | [294.8, 232.81, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| 29 | 954 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [313.69, 232.81, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| 29 | 955 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [223, 223, 223] gray | True | [333.42, 232.81, 5.58, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| 29 | 956 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [352.64, 232.81, 6.78, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 29 | 957 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | True | [372.64, 232.81, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| 29 | 958 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [392.58, 232.81, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| 29 | 959 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [94.36, 242.38, 81.01, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 29 | 960 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [307.23, 243.06, 42.96, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 29 | 961 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 257.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 29 | 962 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [58.38, 268.08, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 29 | 963 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [231, 233, 243] gray | False | [377.48, 268.3, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 29 | 964 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [48.15, 272.31, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 29 | 965 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [58.56, 285.94, 9.02, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 29 | 966 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [60.4, 303.79, 7.18, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 29 | 967 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | False | [60.41, 321.64, 7.17, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 29 | 968 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [60.49, 339.5, 7.09, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 29 | 969 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [136.02, 306.99, 20.5, 5.7] | S-LMO | S-LMO | ||
| 29 | 970 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [136.02, 318.28, 30.88, 5.7] | R-LMO-SS | R-LMO-SS | ||
| 29 | 971 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [136.02, 329.57, 30.22, 5.7] | R-LMO-JH | R-LMO-JH | ||
| 29 | 972 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [261.56, 325.2, 83.5, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.0-4.5 V | ||
| 29 | 973 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [267.57, 317.4, 71.48, 5.7] | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| 29 | 974 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [251, 252, 253] white | False | [338.08, 282.91, 18.3, 5.7] | 89.7% | 89.7% | ||
| 29 | 975 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:off_white | [240, 249, 248] off_white | False | [339.25, 306.11, 18.82, 5.7] | 84.3% | 84.3% | ||
| 29 | 976 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [224, 226, 240] gray | False | [377.48, 298.05, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 977 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [391.08, 273.99, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| 29 | 978 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [63.83, 357.35, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 979 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [72.09, 365.31, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 29 | 980 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | False | [119.29, 365.31, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 29 | 981 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | True | [166.74, 365.31, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 29 | 982 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | False | [215.82, 365.31, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 29 | 983 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [263.95, 365.31, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 29 | 984 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [313.02, 365.31, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| 29 | 985 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:right:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [361.44, 365.31, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 29 | 986 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [200.74, 375.23, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 29 | 987 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 387.25, 373.59, 26.5] | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… | Fig. 5 | Electrochemical performance of regenerated LiMn 2O4 cathode materials. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of S-LMO, R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-JH in the voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1 C. b , Cycling performan… | ||
| 29 | 988 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 448.2, 88.1, 9.04] | Anticipated results | Anticipated results | ||
| 29 | 989 | text | body | True | body | body | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 460.27, 385.29, 31.41] | In this section, we use spent LiMn 2 O4 as an example to showcase key structural characterization and performance verification results. These results demonstrate that the direct regeneration and upcycling of spent catho… | In this section, we use spent LiMn 2 O4 as an example to showcase key structural characterization and performance verification results. These results demonstrate that the direct regeneration and upcycling of spent catho… | |||
| 29 | 990 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 505.86, 266.41, 9.04] | Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials | Acquisition and failure analysis of spent cathode materials | ||
| 29 | 991 | text | body | True | body | body | p29:body_region:0 | p29:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 517.93, 385.02, 89.06] | The spent LiMn2 O4//graphite (LMO//Gr) pouch cell, shown in Fig. 3a, was disassembled to separate its components, including the cathode electrode, anode electrode and separator (Supplementary Fig. 5). The cathode electr… | The spent LiMn2 O4//graphite (LMO//Gr) pouch cell, shown in Fig. 3a, was disassembled to separate its components, including the cathode electrode, anode electrode and separator (Supplementary Fig. 5). The cathode electr… | |||
| 29 | 992 | text | body | True | body | body | p29:body_region:0 | p29:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 610.16, 381.54, 135.17] | As shown in Fig. 3e, the microscopic morphology of this group of failed cathode materials reveals spherical single crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 3 μm. After prolonged cycling, typical mechanical failure behavior… | As shown in Fig. 3e, the microscopic morphology of this group of failed cathode materials reveals spherical single crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 3 μm. After prolonged cycling, typical mechanical failure behavior… | |||
| 29 | 993 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p29:body_region:0 | p29:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 29 | 994 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p29:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [542.05, 763.81, 18.93, 6.99] | 2441 | 2441 | |||
| 30 | 995 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p30:body_region:0 | p30:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 30 | 996 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 117.35, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 30 | 997 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [227.85, 116.35, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 30 | 998 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [400.92, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 30 | 999 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [72.04, 129.74, 25.75, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| 30 | 1000 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [268.07, 132.1, 21.78, 4.72] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| 30 | 1001 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [326.43, 127.94, 33.41, 5.58] | Observed | Observed | ||
| 30 | 1002 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [326.43, 134.77, 36.79, 5.58] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| 30 | 1003 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [431.63, 129.76, 25.75, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | |||
| 30 | 1004 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [431.63, 137.48, 25.97, 5.58] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | |||
| 30 | 1005 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | False | [256.51, 144.26, 50.61, 4.72] | Space group: Fd3m | Space group: Fd3m | ||
| 30 | 1006 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [326.43, 141.59, 18.5, 5.58] | Error | Error | ||
| 30 | 1007 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [326.43, 148.42, 48.02, 5.58] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| 30 | 1008 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.71, 157.73, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 30 | 1009 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [70.08, 177.06, 41.5, 7.26] | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | ||
| 30 | 1010 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [111.58, 177.06, 12.75, 7.26] | CO 3 | CO 3 | ||
| 30 | 1011 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [124.33, 177.06, 32.41, 5.58] | = 1:2/3:1/6 | = 1:2/3:1/6 | ||
| 30 | 1012 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 247] gray | False | [154.45, 160.86, 33.45, 4.72] | PDF#80-2162 | PDF#80-2162 | ||
| 30 | 1013 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [228.88, 156.85, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 30 | 1014 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [401.95, 156.72, 5.59, 43.04] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 30 | 1015 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [490.24, 189.12, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 30 | 1016 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [494.3, 189.12, 24.84, 5.58] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| 30 | 1017 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [154.48, 205.29, 33.99, 4.72] | PDF#87-0729 | PDF#87-0729 | ||
| 30 | 1018 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 247] gray | False | [154.48, 216.02, 32.67, 4.72] | PDF#73-1523 | PDF#73-1523 | ||
| 30 | 1019 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [255, 233, 233] colored | False | [154.56, 225.61, 32.36, 4.72] | PDF#81-1953 | PDF#81-1953 | ||
| 30 | 1020 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | False | [46.48, 238.97, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 30 | 1021 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [66.06, 238.97, 6.8, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 30 | 1022 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [231, 231, 231] gray | False | [85.93, 238.97, 7.08, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 30 | 1023 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [105.91, 238.97, 7.15, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 30 | 1024 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [126.0, 238.97, 6.98, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 30 | 1025 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | False | [145.92, 238.97, 7.16, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 30 | 1026 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [166.18, 238.97, 6.64, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 30 | 1027 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | False | [185.97, 238.97, 7.09, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 30 | 1028 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | False | [234.21, 238.88, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 30 | 1029 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [253.53, 238.88, 6.8, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 30 | 1030 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [273.11, 238.88, 7.07, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 30 | 1031 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | False | [292.83, 238.88, 7.15, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 30 | 1032 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | False | [312.63, 238.88, 6.98, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 30 | 1033 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [332.3, 238.88, 7.16, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 30 | 1034 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [352.28, 238.88, 6.64, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 30 | 1035 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [371.8, 238.88, 7.09, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 30 | 1036 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [416.99, 238.88, 10.51, 4.72] | 1.98 | 1.98 | ||
| 30 | 1037 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | True | [440.2, 238.88, 10.58, 4.72] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| 30 | 1038 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [462.64, 238.88, 12.11, 4.72] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 30 | 1039 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [486.67, 238.88, 10.55, 4.72] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| 30 | 1040 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [509.46, 238.88, 11.41, 4.72] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| 30 | 1041 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [532.57, 238.88, 11.68, 4.72] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| 30 | 1042 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [111.52, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 30 | 1043 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | True | [115.13, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| 30 | 1044 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [118.73, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| 30 | 1045 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [298.32, 248.36, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 30 | 1046 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | True | [301.92, 248.22, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| 30 | 1047 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [305.52, 248.36, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| 30 | 1048 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [467.71, 248.5, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 30 | 1049 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [471.76, 248.5, 21.19, 5.58] | Factor | Factor | |||
| 30 | 1050 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 263.8, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| 30 | 1051 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [302.44, 263.8, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | ||
| 30 | 1052 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [111, 136, 151] colored | True | [512.76, 270.8, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 30 | 1053 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [128, 128, 128] gray | True | [462.53, 272.99, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | |||
| 30 | 1054 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [104, 118, 131] colored | True | [489.73, 276.56, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1055 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [98, 112, 126] colored | True | [492.26, 281.96, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 30 | 1056 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 116, 130] colored | True | [466.94, 290.11, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1057 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | True | [467.86, 295.51, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 30 | 1058 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [149, 74, 0] colored | True | [149.52, 315.65, 6.36, 5.58] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 30 | 1059 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:unknown | None unknown | True | [204.16, 315.7, 9.45, 5.58] | Mn | Mn | ||
| 30 | 1060 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:colored | [0, 113, 112] colored | True | [263.64, 315.74, 5.27, 5.58] | O | O | ||
| 30 | 1061 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [133, 142, 148] gray | True | [375.07, 308.98, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | ||
| 30 | 1062 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [131, 131, 131] gray | True | [462.53, 316.26, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| 30 | 1063 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [121, 136, 152] colored | True | [512.76, 316.04, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 30 | 1064 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 330.93, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| 30 | 1065 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [171, 177, 181] gray | True | [350.38, 328.94, 66.66, 5.58] | Uniformly distributed | Uniformly distributed | ||
| 30 | 1066 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [104, 119, 133] colored | True | [466.94, 335.34, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1067 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | True | [490.34, 321.38, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1068 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [95, 109, 121] colored | True | [492.87, 326.78, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 30 | 1069 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [63.38, 342.07, 15.2, 5.58] | Mn K | Mn K | ||
| 30 | 1070 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [78.58, 341.93, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| 30 | 1071 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | True | [82.72, 342.07, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30 | 1072 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [164, 168, 173] gray | True | [352.71, 336.74, 62.0, 5.58] | regular spinel phase | regular spinel phase | ||
| 30 | 1073 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 127] colored | True | [467.86, 340.74, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 30 | 1074 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.18, 343.27, 5.59, 39.16] | Itensity (a.u.) | Itensity (a.u.) | ||
| 30 | 1075 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [63.38, 349.86, 12.11, 5.58] | Ni K | Ni K | ||
| 30 | 1076 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [75.49, 349.72, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| 30 | 1077 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [78.43, 353.24, 15.88, 23.4] | Surface | Surface | ||
| 30 | 1078 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [221, 221, 221] gray | False | [79.63, 349.86, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| 30 | 1079 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [125.65, 355.7, 97.37, 10.86] | Ni element gradient distribution | Ni element gradient distribution | ||
| 30 | 1080 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [265.02, 352.87, 5.58, 13.16] | Bulk | Bulk | ||
| 30 | 1081 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [167, 169, 170] gray | True | [338.44, 354.06, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | ||
| 30 | 1082 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [157, 162, 165] gray | True | [428.98, 357.73, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | ||
| 30 | 1083 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:gray | [140, 140, 140] gray | True | [462.53, 363.11, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | |||
| 30 | 1084 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [101, 115, 128] colored | True | [490.35, 366.78, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1085 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [96, 110, 123] colored | True | [492.89, 372.18, 8.28, 3.86] | (111) | (111) | |||
| 30 | 1086 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [110, 136, 151] colored | True | [512.77, 361.54, 44.06, 3.86] | Regular spinel phase | Regular spinel phase | |||
| 30 | 1087 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 117, 130] colored | True | [466.94, 380.84, 13.36, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 30 | 1088 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:page_body:right:colored | [102, 117, 130] colored | True | [467.86, 386.24, 11.52, 3.86] | (002) | (002) | |||
| 30 | 1089 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [64.17, 394.47, 3.75, 4.72] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 30 | 1090 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [104.63, 394.47, 12.4, 4.72] | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| 30 | 1091 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [150.16, 394.47, 10.91, 4.72] | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||
| 30 | 1092 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [194.52, 394.47, 11.75, 4.72] | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||
| 30 | 1093 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [239.34, 394.47, 11.68, 4.72] | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||
| 30 | 1094 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:right:gray | [154, 155, 156] gray | True | [312.28, 393.77, 25.71, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| 30 | 1095 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [147.06, 403.79, 30.26, 5.58] | Distance ( | Distance ( | ||
| 30 | 1096 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [177.32, 403.65, 4.04, 6.03] | µ | |||
| 30 | 1097 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [181.35, 403.79, 8.02, 5.58] | m) | m) | ||
| 30 | 1098 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 415.86, 246.66, 36.5] | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… | Fig. 6 | Structural characterization of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (powder diffraction file (PDF); insets show digital photos of the co… | ||
| 30 | 1099 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p30:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 415.86, 251.7, 26.5] | of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | of U-LNMO and C-LNMO. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LNMO (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LNMO. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LNMO (scale bar, 5 nm). | |||
| 30 | 1100 | text | body | True | body | body | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 482.11, 386.45, 101.83] | of material 57 . ICP-OES testing revealed a specific lithium deficiency of 10.6% in the material (Fig. 3g and Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, XPS analysis of the Gr anode electrode detected Mn signals (Fig. 3h), c… | of material 57 . ICP-OES testing revealed a specific lithium deficiency of 10.6% in the material (Fig. 3g and Supplementary Table 2). Additionally, XPS analysis of the Gr anode electrode detected Mn signals (Fig. 3h), c… | |||
| 30 | 1101 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p30:body_region:0 | p30:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 598.11, 214.54, 9.04] | Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials | Direct regeneration of spent cathode materials | ||
| 30 | 1102 | text | body | True | body | body | p30:body_region:0 | p30:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 610.19, 389.3, 135.17] | After identifying the failure characteristics of the spent cathode material, direct recycling was achieved using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat ultrafast regeneration methods, designated as R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-J… | After identifying the failure characteristics of the spent cathode material, direct recycling was achieved using solid-phase regeneration and Joule heat ultrafast regeneration methods, designated as R-LMO-SS and R-LMO-J… | |||
| 30 | 1103 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p30:body_region:0 | p30:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 30 | 1104 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p30:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.87, 763.81, 20.33, 6.99] | 2442 | 2442 | |||
| 31 | 1105 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p31:body_region:0 | p31:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 31 | 1106 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 31 | 1107 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [103.75, 122.42, 63.76, 5.7] | U-LNMO || Li half cell | U-LNMO || Li half cell | ||
| 31 | 1108 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [227.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 31 | 1109 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [290.48, 123.65, 76.46, 5.7] | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| 31 | 1110 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 155.98, 5.7, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| 31 | 1111 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [50.77, 175.41, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| 31 | 1112 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [50.93, 132.5, 8.53, 4.82] | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| 31 | 1113 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.28, 154.23, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| 31 | 1114 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [51.35, 196.59, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| 31 | 1115 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [68.04, 165.81, 11.76, 6.39] | Mn 3+ | Mn 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1116 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [79.77, 165.81, 14.08, 6.39] | /Mn 4+ | /Mn 4+ | ||
| 31 | 1117 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [97.3, 169.59, 4.83, 22.81] | (mAh/V) | (mAh/V) | ||
| 31 | 1118 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [209, 209, 209] gray | True | [97.3, 195.91, 4.83, 5.67] | /d | /d | ||
| 31 | 1119 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [212, 212, 212] gray | False | [97.3, 206.04, 4.83, 3.45] | d | d | ||
| 31 | 1120 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [97.38, 192.41, 4.73, 3.5] | V | V | ||
| 31 | 1121 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | True | [97.38, 201.58, 4.73, 4.46] | Q | Q | ||
| 31 | 1122 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [110.52, 130.22, 50.22, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| 31 | 1123 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [117.24, 183.08, 11.82, 6.39] | Mn 3+ | Mn 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1124 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | False | [122.9, 141.91, 5.39, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 31 | 1125 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [244, 245, 249] gray | False | [128.29, 140.34, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| 31 | 1126 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [129.03, 183.08, 14.15, 6.39] | /Mn 4+ | /Mn 4+ | ||
| 31 | 1127 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 253] white | False | [129.69, 176.37, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 31 | 1128 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | False | [132.01, 141.91, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 31 | 1129 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [235, 236, 245] gray | False | [133.45, 165.79, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 31 | 1130 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | False | [135.07, 174.8, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| 31 | 1131 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 251] white | False | [138.78, 176.37, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 31 | 1132 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 247, 250] off_white | False | [138.82, 164.22, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1133 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 244, 249] gray | False | [139.61, 140.34, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1134 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 250, 252] white | False | [142.68, 165.79, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 31 | 1135 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | False | [146.38, 174.8, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1136 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 251] white | False | [150.28, 164.22, 4.0, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| 31 | 1137 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | False | [169.27, 138.88, 5.39, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 31 | 1138 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | False | [174.66, 137.31, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 31 | 1139 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 231, 243] gray | False | [178.52, 138.88, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 31 | 1140 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [238, 240, 247] gray | False | [186.12, 137.31, 4.0, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| 31 | 1141 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [231.42, 133.26, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 31 | 1142 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [242.36, 132.49, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 31 | 1143 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [242.55, 152.37, 8.95, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 31 | 1144 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [244.36, 172.33, 7.14, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 31 | 1145 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [244.36, 192.21, 7.14, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 31 | 1146 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [262.17, 137.64, 15.24, 5.7] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| 31 | 1147 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [284.05, 140.26, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 31 | 1148 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [286.12, 198.63, 25.85, 5.7] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | ||
| 31 | 1149 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [286.12, 207.37, 25.63, 5.7] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| 31 | 1150 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [298.3, 131.45, 60.88, 5.7] | voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | ||
| 31 | 1151 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [302.57, 142.72, 10.03, 5.7] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| 31 | 1152 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [322.68, 147.33, 10.24, 5.7] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| 31 | 1153 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [341.72, 156.15, 13.41, 5.7] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| 31 | 1154 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [361.92, 175.95, 12.8, 5.7] | 15 C | 15 C | ||
| 31 | 1155 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [383.63, 140.17, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 31 | 1156 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [50.84, 217.74, 8.62, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 31 | 1157 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | False | [103.3, 215.33, 7.06, 3.95] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 31 | 1158 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [116.54, 215.33, 6.64, 3.95] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| 31 | 1159 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | True | [129.33, 215.33, 7.12, 3.95] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| 31 | 1160 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [142.57, 215.33, 6.7, 3.95] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| 31 | 1161 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [226, 226, 226] gray | True | [155.46, 215.33, 6.98, 3.95] | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| 31 | 1162 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [244.44, 212.17, 7.05, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 31 | 1163 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | False | [118.55, 220.93, 28.66, 4.82] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| 31 | 1164 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | False | [71.37, 233.97, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 31 | 1165 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [93.09, 233.97, 7.08, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 31 | 1166 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [116.45, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 31 | 1167 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [139.83, 233.97, 7.16, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 31 | 1168 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [162.29, 233.97, 9.0, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 31 | 1169 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [185.61, 233.97, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 31 | 1170 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [255.18, 233.79, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 31 | 1171 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [275.11, 233.79, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| 31 | 1172 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [294.96, 233.79, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| 31 | 1173 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [313.76, 233.79, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| 31 | 1174 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | False | [333.41, 233.79, 5.58, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| 31 | 1175 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [352.56, 233.79, 6.77, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 31 | 1176 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [372.48, 233.79, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| 31 | 1177 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [392.33, 233.79, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| 31 | 1178 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [95.99, 243.35, 79.29, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 31 | 1179 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [307.27, 243.39, 42.94, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 31 | 1180 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 257.53, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 31 | 1181 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [60.16, 264.06, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 31 | 1182 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [235, 241, 244] gray | False | [378.69, 263.75, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 31 | 1183 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [49.32, 267.74, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 31 | 1184 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [60.34, 283.01, 9.02, 4.82] | 120 | 120 | ||
| 31 | 1185 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [62.19, 301.95, 7.18, 4.82] | 90 | 90 | ||
| 31 | 1186 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [62.19, 320.98, 7.17, 4.82] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 31 | 1187 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [62.28, 339.93, 7.09, 4.82] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 31 | 1188 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [117.48, 338.08, 88.5, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 3.5-4.9 V | ||
| 31 | 1189 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [123.61, 330.28, 76.02, 5.7] | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | LNMO || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| 31 | 1190 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:colored | [225, 239, 247] colored | True | [218.8, 281.98, 18.48, 5.7] | 86.2% | 86.2% | ||
| 31 | 1191 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [254, 250, 250] white | False | [218.8, 310.09, 17.79, 5.7] | 79.7% | 79.7% | ||
| 31 | 1192 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [301.86, 330.12, 25.9, 5.7] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | ||
| 31 | 1193 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [301.86, 341.37, 25.68, 5.7] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | ||
| 31 | 1194 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:off_white | [243, 248, 251] off_white | True | [339.43, 288.45, 18.26, 5.7] | 78.9% | 78.9% | ||
| 31 | 1195 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:gray | [252, 241, 242] gray | False | [340.59, 321.88, 18.61, 5.7] | 55.9% | 55.9% | ||
| 31 | 1196 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:colored | [196, 214, 224] colored | False | [378.69, 293.41, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 31 | 1197 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [392.23, 269.43, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| 31 | 1198 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [74.08, 361.11, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 31 | 1199 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [129.62, 361.11, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 31 | 1200 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | False | [187.81, 361.11, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 31 | 1201 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [246.29, 361.11, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 31 | 1202 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right_crossing:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [304.8, 361.11, 10.92, 4.82] | 400 | 400 | ||
| 31 | 1203 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [363.5, 361.11, 10.76, 4.82] | 500 | 500 | ||
| 31 | 1204 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [202.54, 369.71, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 31 | 1205 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.67, 381.73, 379.31, 36.51] | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… | Fig. 7 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled high-voltage cathode material LiNi 0.5 Mn1.5 O4. a , Galvanostatic charge/discharge curve of U-LNMO in the voltage range of 3.5-4.9 V at 0.1 C (The inset is the correspon… | ||
| 31 | 1206 | text | body | True | body | body | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 447.51, 389.69, 159.49] | R-LMO-JH, including stacking faults and twin boundaries 42,60 . The presence of oxygen vacancies was also confirmed by EPR (Fig. 4c). These structural characteristics were also reflected in the materials' electrochemica… | R-LMO-JH, including stacking faults and twin boundaries 42,60 . The presence of oxygen vacancies was also confirmed by EPR (Fig. 4c). These structural characteristics were also reflected in the materials' electrochemica… | |||
| 31 | 1207 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p31:body_region:0 | p31:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 621.18, 381.06, 20.01] | Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi | Direct upcycling of spent cathode materials into next-generation cathode materials Direct upcycling of spent LiMn O4 into high-voltage cathode material LiNi | ||
| 31 | 1208 | text | body | True | body | body | p31:body_region:0 | p31:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.68, 637.69, 382.25, 107.69] | 2 0.5Mn1.5O4 When a feasible direct phase evolution path exists between the target upcycled material and the initial cathode material, the spent cathode material can be effectively upcycled using the direct regeneration… | 2 0.5Mn1.5O4 When a feasible direct phase evolution path exists between the target upcycled material and the initial cathode material, the spent cathode material can be effectively upcycled using the direct regeneration… | |||
| 31 | 1209 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p31:body_region:0 | p31:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 31 | 1210 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p31:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.31, 763.81, 20.66, 6.99] | 2443 | 2443 | |||
| 32 | 1211 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p32:body_region:0 | p32:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 32 | 1212 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.83, 114.85, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 32 | 1213 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [226.49, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 32 | 1214 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [400.28, 114.85, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 32 | 1215 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [73.36, 127.06, 19.83, 5.58] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| 32 | 1216 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [237, 239, 246] gray | False | [74.68, 135.78, 31.56, 4.72] | Superlattice | Superlattice | ||
| 32 | 1217 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [267.56, 130.51, 16.79, 4.72] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| 32 | 1218 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [325.53, 126.32, 33.48, 5.58] | Observed | Observed | ||
| 32 | 1219 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [325.53, 133.2, 36.87, 5.58] | Calculated | Calculated | ||
| 32 | 1220 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [427.97, 127.34, 29.29, 5.58] | U-LNMO | U-LNMO | |||
| 32 | 1221 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [431.52, 135.1, 25.97, 5.58] | C-LNMO | C-LNMO | |||
| 32 | 1222 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | False | [256.25, 142.99, 34.74, 4.72] | Space group: | Space group: | ||
| 32 | 1223 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [290.99, 142.99, 4.91, 4.72] | R | R | ||
| 32 | 1224 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | True | [295.9, 142.99, 3.32, 4.72] | 3 | 3 | ||
| 32 | 1225 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [299.22, 142.99, 4.93, 4.72] | m | m | ||
| 32 | 1226 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [325.53, 140.07, 18.5, 5.58] | Error | Error | ||
| 32 | 1227 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [325.53, 146.94, 48.12, 5.58] | Bragg position | Bragg position | ||
| 32 | 1228 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [41.86, 155.32, 5.59, 43.07] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 32 | 1229 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [71.02, 174.67, 41.5, 7.26] | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | SLMO:NiO:Li 2 | ||
| 32 | 1230 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [112.52, 174.67, 12.75, 7.26] | CO 3 | CO 3 | ||
| 32 | 1231 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [125.27, 174.67, 33.32, 5.58] | = 1:2/3:3/2 | = 1:2/3:3/2 | ||
| 32 | 1232 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 249] gray | False | [156.24, 158.36, 33.82, 4.72] | PDF#74-0919 | PDF#74-0919 | ||
| 32 | 1233 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [227.51, 155.46, 5.59, 43.19] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 32 | 1234 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [250, 250, 250] white | True | [254.34, 189.51, 31.5, 4.72] | Superlattice | Superlattice | ||
| 32 | 1235 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [401.3, 152.4, 5.59, 43.19] | Intensity (a.u.) | Intensity (a.u.) | ||
| 32 | 1236 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | True | [490.36, 187.07, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 32 | 1237 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [494.42, 187.07, 24.88, 5.58] | = 2.003 | = 2.003 | |||
| 32 | 1238 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [156.28, 203.07, 33.98, 4.72] | PDF#87-0729 | PDF#87-0729 | ||
| 32 | 1239 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 253] white | False | [156.28, 213.87, 32.56, 4.72] | PDF#73-1523 | PDF#73-1523 | ||
| 32 | 1240 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [255, 239, 239] gray | False | [156.36, 223.51, 32.24, 4.72] | PDF#81-1953 | PDF#81-1953 | ||
| 32 | 1241 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [47.66, 236.72, 5.94, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 32 | 1242 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | False | [67.36, 236.72, 6.79, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 32 | 1243 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [210, 210, 210] gray | False | [87.35, 236.72, 7.06, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 32 | 1244 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | False | [107.44, 236.72, 7.14, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 32 | 1245 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | True | [127.65, 236.72, 6.97, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 32 | 1246 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | False | [147.69, 236.72, 7.15, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 32 | 1247 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [168.08, 236.72, 6.63, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 32 | 1248 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [202, 202, 202] gray | False | [187.98, 236.72, 7.08, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 32 | 1249 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [203, 203, 203] gray | True | [232.69, 238.18, 5.95, 4.72] | 10 | 10 | ||
| 32 | 1250 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [234, 234, 234] gray | False | [252.15, 238.18, 6.81, 4.72] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 32 | 1251 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [271.87, 238.18, 7.08, 4.72] | 30 | 30 | ||
| 32 | 1252 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | False | [291.72, 238.18, 7.16, 4.72] | 40 | 40 | ||
| 32 | 1253 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [311.66, 238.18, 6.99, 4.72] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 32 | 1254 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [230, 230, 230] gray | True | [331.46, 238.18, 7.17, 4.72] | 60 | 60 | ||
| 32 | 1255 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [351.58, 238.18, 6.65, 4.72] | 70 | 70 | ||
| 32 | 1256 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [227, 227, 227] gray | False | [371.24, 238.18, 7.1, 4.72] | 80 | 80 | ||
| 32 | 1257 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [222, 222, 222] gray | True | [416.69, 237.48, 10.52, 4.72] | 1.98 | 1.98 | ||
| 32 | 1258 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [226, 226, 226] gray | True | [440.05, 237.48, 10.6, 4.72] | 1.99 | 1.99 | |||
| 32 | 1259 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [462.64, 237.48, 12.11, 4.72] | 2.00 | 2.00 | |||
| 32 | 1260 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [486.8, 237.48, 10.57, 4.72] | 2.01 | 2.01 | |||
| 32 | 1261 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [509.73, 237.48, 11.42, 4.72] | 2.02 | 2.02 | |||
| 32 | 1262 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [532.98, 237.48, 11.7, 4.72] | 2.03 | 2.03 | |||
| 32 | 1263 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [113.11, 245.89, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 32 | 1264 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [208, 208, 208] gray | True | [116.72, 245.75, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| 32 | 1265 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [120.32, 245.89, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| 32 | 1266 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [297.28, 247.68, 3.61, 5.58] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 32 | 1267 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:gray | [240, 240, 240] gray | True | [300.89, 247.54, 3.6, 6.03] | θ | |||
| 32 | 1268 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [304.48, 247.68, 8.7, 5.58] | (°) | |||
| 32 | 1269 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [251, 251, 251] white | True | [467.77, 247.03, 4.05, 5.58] | g | g | |||
| 32 | 1270 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [471.82, 247.03, 21.19, 5.58] | Factor | Factor | |||
| 32 | 1271 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 252] white | True | [40.83, 263.65, 6.0, 7.95] | d | d | ||
| 32 | 1272 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [291.4, 263.16, 3.65, 7.95] | f | f | ||
| 32 | 1273 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [189, 189, 189] gray | True | [462.69, 273.26, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | |||
| 32 | 1274 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [117, 135, 150] colored | True | [512.3, 271.21, 43.9, 3.86] | Surface spinel phase | Surface spinel phase | |||
| 32 | 1275 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [85, 110, 128] colored | True | [313.93, 280.4, 59.81, 21.06] | Surface spinel layer | Surface spinel layer | ||
| 32 | 1276 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [107, 123, 138] colored | True | [463.51, 291.05, 13.33, 3.86] | Spinel | Spinel | |||
| 32 | 1277 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [95, 110, 123] colored | True | [465.58, 296.45, 9.19, 3.86] | (311) | (311) | |||
| 32 | 1278 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [136, 140, 141] gray | True | [485.23, 296.1, 11.45, 3.86] | Layer | Layer | |||
| 32 | 1279 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [205, 207, 210] gray | True | [410.09, 305.97, 1.8, 5.58] | I | I | ||
| 32 | 1280 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [143, 144, 144] gray | True | [485.09, 301.5, 11.73, 3.86] | (003) | (003) | |||
| 32 | 1281 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:colored | [151, 75, 1] colored | True | [152.11, 316.49, 6.37, 5.58] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 32 | 1282 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:unknown | None unknown | True | [207.64, 316.54, 9.44, 5.58] | Mn | Mn | ||
| 32 | 1283 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:colored | [1, 114, 112] colored | True | [266.62, 316.58, 5.27, 5.58] | O | O | ||
| 32 | 1284 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [135, 144, 152] gray | True | [334.26, 322.3, 59.29, 5.58] | Bulk layer structure | Bulk layer structure | ||
| 32 | 1285 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [155, 155, 155] gray | True | [462.69, 316.53, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| 32 | 1286 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [147, 147, 147] gray | True | [490.57, 319.47, 12.42, 4.19] | Layer | Layer | |||
| 32 | 1287 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [142, 142, 144] gray | True | [491.08, 325.33, 11.41, 4.19] | (104) | (104) | |||
| 32 | 1288 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [126, 143, 154] colored | True | [511.25, 316.14, 25.32, 3.86] | Layer phase | Layer phase | |||
| 32 | 1289 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.83, 330.04, 5.62, 7.95] | e | e | ||
| 32 | 1290 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [67.6, 341.38, 15.22, 5.58] | Mn K | Mn K | ||
| 32 | 1291 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [82.79, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| 32 | 1292 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [221, 221, 221] gray | False | [86.95, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| 32 | 1293 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [106.4, 341.38, 12.09, 5.58] | Ni K | Ni K | ||
| 32 | 1294 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | True | [118.48, 341.24, 4.14, 6.03] | α | |||
| 32 | 1295 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | True | [122.64, 341.38, 2.6, 5.58] | 1 | 1 | ||
| 32 | 1296 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [141, 150, 155] gray | True | [436.08, 339.7, 3.6, 5.58] | II | II | |||
| 32 | 1297 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [137, 141, 143] gray | True | [484.38, 340.79, 18.24, 4.19] | Layered | Layered | |||
| 32 | 1298 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [46.44, 343.96, 5.59, 39.34] | Itensity (a.u.) | Itensity (a.u.) | ||
| 32 | 1299 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [68.99, 354.17, 12.38, 24.1] | Surface | Surface | ||
| 32 | 1300 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [115.15, 362.89, 97.37, 10.86] | Ni element gradient distribution | Ni element gradient distribution | ||
| 32 | 1301 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [269.96, 360.09, 5.58, 13.18] | Bulk | Bulk | ||
| 32 | 1302 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [146, 153, 157] gray | True | [337.86, 354.0, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | ||
| 32 | 1303 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [127, 140, 150] colored | True | [375.77, 368.18, 41.26, 5.58] | stacking fault | stacking fault | ||
| 32 | 1304 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:colored | [124, 135, 147] colored | True | [386.56, 360.38, 19.67, 5.58] | Slight | Slight | ||
| 32 | 1305 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [140, 140, 140] gray | True | [462.69, 363.38, 5.4, 5.58] | III | III | |||
| 32 | 1306 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [133, 133, 134] gray | True | [487.15, 346.65, 12.72, 4.19] | (003) | (003) | |||
| 32 | 1307 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [150, 150, 150] gray | True | [490.57, 364.8, 12.42, 4.19] | Layer | Layer | |||
| 32 | 1308 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [144, 145, 146] gray | True | [491.07, 370.65, 11.41, 4.19] | (104) | (104) | |||
| 32 | 1309 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:colored | [126, 135, 146] colored | True | [511.7, 362.48, 25.32, 3.86] | Layer phase | Layer phase | |||
| 32 | 1310 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [60.76, 395.23, 3.75, 4.72] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 32 | 1311 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [237, 237, 237] gray | True | [110.14, 395.23, 12.36, 4.72] | 0.08 | 0.08 | ||
| 32 | 1312 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [164.57, 395.23, 10.87, 4.72] | 0.16 | 0.16 | ||
| 32 | 1313 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [251, 251, 251] white | False | [217.78, 395.23, 11.71, 4.72] | 0.24 | 0.24 | ||
| 32 | 1314 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [271.51, 395.23, 11.64, 4.72] | 0.32 | 0.32 | ||
| 32 | 1315 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:right:gray | [138, 147, 154] gray | True | [313.02, 392.83, 19.82, 5.58] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| 32 | 1316 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [109, 117, 123] gray | True | [484.67, 386.86, 18.24, 4.19] | Layered | Layered | |||
| 32 | 1317 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:page_body:right:gray | [138, 138, 139] gray | True | [487.44, 392.72, 12.72, 4.19] | (003) | (003) | |||
| 32 | 1318 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [148.79, 404.73, 30.38, 5.58] | Distance ( | Distance ( | ||
| 32 | 1319 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:off_white | [247, 247, 247] off_white | True | [179.18, 404.59, 4.04, 6.03] | µ | |||
| 32 | 1320 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [183.22, 404.73, 8.01, 5.58] | m) | m) | ||
| 32 | 1321 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 416.8, 246.54, 26.5] | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… | Fig. 8 | Structural characterization of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2 Mn0.6O2. a , XRD patterns of upcycled precursors and products (the insets show digital photos of the corresponding powders.… | ||
| 32 | 1322 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p32:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 416.8, 255.89, 26.5] | refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… | refinement of XRD pattern of U-LRMNMO. c , EPR spectrums of U-LRM and C-LRM. d , SEM image and EDS mapping of U-LRM (scale bar, 500 nm). e , EDS line scan of the internal section of U-LRM. f , HRTEM analysis of U-LRM (s… | |||
| 32 | 1323 | text | body | True | body | body | p32:body_region:0 | p32:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 483.33, 387.49, 169.79] | (Supplementary Fig. 14 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8). Morphologically, U-LNMO exhibits a typical octahedral shape with sharper edges and corners compared with LMO (Fig. 6d). HRTEM images confirm that U-LNMO has a un… | (Supplementary Fig. 14 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8). Morphologically, U-LNMO exhibits a typical octahedral shape with sharper edges and corners compared with LMO (Fig. 6d). HRTEM images confirm that U-LNMO has a un… | |||
| 32 | 1324 | text | body | True | body | body | p32:body_region:0 | p32:bottom_margin:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 667.9, 381.45, 77.49] | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Unlike the phase structure that remains unchanged during the upcycling of LMO to LNMO, the transformation from a spinel stru… | Direct upcycling of spent LiMn 2 O4 into Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 Unlike the phase structure that remains unchanged during the upcycling of LMO to LNMO, the transformation from a spinel stru… | |||
| 32 | 1325 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p32:body_region:0 | p32:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 32 | 1326 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p32:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.33, 763.81, 20.87, 6.99] | 2444 | 2444 | |||
| 33 | 1327 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p33:body_region:0 | p33:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 33 | 1328 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 115.06, 5.44, 7.95] | a | a | ||
| 33 | 1329 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [177.89, 120.97, 8.24, 6.39] | O 2- | O 2- | ||
| 33 | 1330 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [186.13, 120.97, 10.61, 6.39] | /O n- | /O n- | ||
| 33 | 1331 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [222.13, 114.85, 6.01, 7.95] | b | b | ||
| 33 | 1332 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [236.27, 119.8, 10.78, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 33 | 1333 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [256.95, 124.5, 15.24, 5.7] | 0.1 C | 0.1 C | ||
| 33 | 1334 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [51.01, 130.02, 8.19, 4.82] | 4.5 | 4.5 | ||
| 33 | 1335 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [99.34, 131.23, 4.97, 4.72] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| 33 | 1336 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [328.3, 129.72, 51.15, 5.7] | LRM || Li half cell | LRM || Li half cell | ||
| 33 | 1337 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [40.61, 156.32, 5.71, 33.83] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| 33 | 1338 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [50.51, 148.52, 8.7, 4.82] | 4.0 | 4.0 | ||
| 33 | 1339 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [50.58, 185.53, 8.63, 4.82] | 3.0 | 3.0 | ||
| 33 | 1340 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [249, 249, 249] white | False | [51.08, 167.03, 8.12, 4.82] | 3.5 | 3.5 | ||
| 33 | 1341 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [51.36, 204.03, 7.85, 4.82] | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||
| 33 | 1342 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [250, 250, 250] white | False | [72.44, 172.45, 4.83, 22.81] | (mAh/V) | (mAh/V) | ||
| 33 | 1343 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [244, 244, 244] gray | False | [72.53, 195.27, 4.73, 17.02] | dQ/dV | dQ/dV | ||
| 33 | 1344 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [75.28, 148.03, 7.14, 6.98] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 33 | 1345 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 244, 249] gray | False | [78.92, 144.68, 4.79, 4.6] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| 33 | 1346 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [82.89, 140.98, 10.32, 9.06] | / Ni | / Ni | ||
| 33 | 1347 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [252, 252, 253] white | False | [89.72, 137.54, 4.94, 4.7] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 33 | 1348 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [93.83, 134.69, 9.0, 8.19] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 33 | 1349 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [227, 230, 242] gray | False | [95.41, 198.32, 5.37, 4.82] | Ni | Ni | ||
| 33 | 1350 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [227, 229, 242] gray | False | [100.78, 196.75, 3.72, 3.07] | 2+ | 2+ | ||
| 33 | 1351 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [104.5, 198.32, 9.18, 4.82] | / Ni | / Ni | ||
| 33 | 1352 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [110.3, 173.27, 8.24, 6.39] | O 2- | O 2- | ||
| 33 | 1353 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [241, 242, 248] gray | False | [113.68, 196.75, 3.89, 3.07] | 3+ | 3+ | ||
| 33 | 1354 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [237, 239, 247] gray | False | [117.57, 198.32, 7.6, 4.82] | /Ni | /Ni | ||
| 33 | 1355 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [118.54, 173.27, 10.62, 6.39] | /O n- | /O n- | ||
| 33 | 1356 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [231, 233, 244] gray | False | [125.17, 196.75, 3.94, 3.07] | 4+ | 4+ | ||
| 33 | 1357 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [135.66, 143.68, 58.09, 5.7] | U-LRM || Li half cell | U-LRM || Li half cell | ||
| 33 | 1358 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [139.52, 151.48, 50.38, 5.7] | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | 30 °C rate: 0.1 C | ||
| 33 | 1359 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [226.06, 133.69, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 33 | 1360 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [236.54, 159.26, 10.51, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 33 | 1361 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [237.06, 139.53, 9.99, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| 33 | 1362 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [205, 205, 205] gray | True | [237.39, 198.79, 9.66, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 33 | 1363 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | False | [237.91, 178.99, 9.14, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 33 | 1364 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [278.18, 147.67, 16.46, 5.7] | 0.5 C | 0.5 C | ||
| 33 | 1365 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [281.98, 199.08, 20.06, 5.7] | C-LRM | C-LRM | ||
| 33 | 1366 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [281.98, 207.9, 19.83, 5.7] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| 33 | 1367 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [300.13, 156.74, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 33 | 1368 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [313.72, 137.52, 80.38, 5.7] | 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | 30 °C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | ||
| 33 | 1369 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [319.79, 164.28, 10.03, 5.7] | 2 C | 2 C | ||
| 33 | 1370 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [339.2, 174.79, 10.25, 5.7] | 5 C | 5 C | ||
| 33 | 1371 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [358.09, 183.77, 13.42, 5.7] | 10 C | 10 C | ||
| 33 | 1372 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [380.28, 158.75, 9.02, 5.7] | 1 C | 1 C | ||
| 33 | 1373 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [50.86, 222.53, 8.35, 4.82] | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| 33 | 1374 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [81.44, 218.17, 60.29, 3.95] | 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 | 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 | ||
| 33 | 1375 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [94.99, 223.29, 28.66, 4.82] | Voltage (V) | Voltage (V) | ||
| 33 | 1376 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:off_white | [246, 246, 246] off_white | False | [240.09, 218.52, 6.96, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 33 | 1377 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [200, 200, 200] gray | False | [67.41, 234.23, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 33 | 1378 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [228, 228, 228] gray | False | [86.01, 234.23, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 33 | 1379 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | True | [104.87, 234.23, 9.71, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 33 | 1380 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [225, 225, 225] gray | True | [125.35, 234.23, 9.19, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 33 | 1381 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [235, 235, 235] gray | False | [144.89, 234.23, 10.56, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 33 | 1382 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [165.37, 234.23, 10.05, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| 33 | 1383 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [185.2, 234.23, 10.84, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 33 | 1384 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [250.83, 234.54, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 33 | 1385 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [241, 241, 241] gray | False | [270.92, 234.54, 3.4, 4.82] | 4 | 4 | ||
| 33 | 1386 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:gray | [186, 186, 186] gray | True | [290.94, 234.54, 3.34, 4.82] | 8 | 8 | ||
| 33 | 1387 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | True | [309.92, 234.54, 5.23, 4.82] | 12 | 12 | ||
| 33 | 1388 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [329.74, 234.54, 5.59, 4.82] | 16 | 16 | ||
| 33 | 1389 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | True | [349.06, 234.54, 6.78, 4.82] | 20 | 20 | ||
| 33 | 1390 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | False | [369.15, 234.54, 6.43, 4.82] | 24 | 24 | ||
| 33 | 1391 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [236, 236, 236] gray | False | [389.17, 234.54, 6.37, 4.82] | 28 | 28 | ||
| 33 | 1392 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [95.85, 243.09, 79.29, 5.7] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 33 | 1393 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [303.53, 243.93, 42.95, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 33 | 1394 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 254.76, 5.45, 7.95] | c | c | ||
| 33 | 1395 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [58.38, 262.92, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 33 | 1396 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [240, 244, 247] gray | False | [381.18, 264.95, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 33 | 1397 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [47.84, 269.44, 5.7, 79.29] | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | Specific capacity (mAh/g) | ||
| 33 | 1398 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [58.66, 301.23, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 33 | 1399 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [243, 243, 243] gray | False | [59.18, 282.04, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| 33 | 1400 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [238, 238, 238] gray | True | [59.51, 339.45, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 33 | 1401 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [245, 245, 245] gray | True | [60.03, 320.34, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 33 | 1402 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.97, 279.07, 20.1, 5.7] | C-LRM | C-LRM | ||
| 33 | 1403 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.97, 290.42, 19.88, 5.7] | U-LRM | U-LRM | ||
| 33 | 1404 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [253.95, 340.95, 88.71, 5.7] | Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | Rate: 1 C voltage: 2.0-4.8 V | ||
| 33 | 1405 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [263.15, 333.15, 70.29, 5.7] | LMR || Li half cell 30 °C | LMR || Li half cell 30 °C | ||
| 33 | 1406 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [252, 242, 243] gray | False | [341.46, 317.99, 18.49, 5.7] | 84.2% | 84.2% | ||
| 33 | 1407 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [341.61, 296.94, 17.96, 5.7] | 90.1% | 90.1% | ||
| 33 | 1408 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [243, 246, 248] gray | False | [381.18, 294.86, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 33 | 1409 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [395.15, 271.13, 5.71, 75.92] | Coulombic efficiency (%) | Coulombic efficiency (%) | ||
| 33 | 1410 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [74.37, 363.28, 3.75, 4.82] | 0 | 0 | ||
| 33 | 1411 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [121.44, 363.28, 6.99, 4.82] | 50 | 50 | ||
| 33 | 1412 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [219, 219, 219] gray | False | [168.78, 363.28, 9.72, 4.82] | 100 | 100 | ||
| 33 | 1413 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [239, 239, 239] gray | False | [217.81, 363.28, 9.2, 4.82] | 150 | 150 | ||
| 33 | 1414 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:gray | [242, 242, 242] gray | False | [265.83, 363.28, 10.57, 4.82] | 200 | 200 | ||
| 33 | 1415 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:gray | [229, 229, 229] gray | False | [314.86, 363.28, 10.06, 4.82] | 250 | 250 | ||
| 33 | 1416 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:right:white | [248, 248, 248] white | False | [363.17, 363.28, 10.85, 4.82] | 300 | 300 | ||
| 33 | 1417 | text | visual_text | False | low | visual_text | visual_text | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [203.72, 372.61, 43.26, 5.7] | Cycle number | Cycle number | ||
| 33 | 1418 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.67, 384.62, 384.13, 26.5] | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… | Fig. 9 | Electrochemical performance of upcycled Li-rich Mn-based cathode material Li 1.2 Ni0.2Mn0.6O2. a , Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of U-LRM in the voltage range of 2.0-4.8 V at 0.1 C (the inset is the corr… | ||
| 33 | 1419 | text | body | True | body | body | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 448.74, 388.47, 135.19] | is observed at ~21°, and the related structural parameters closely match those of the commercial material (C-LRM) (Supplementary Fig. 15 and Supplementary Tables 9 and 10). The phase transition also alters the material'… | is observed at ~21°, and the related structural parameters closely match those of the commercial material (C-LRM) (Supplementary Fig. 15 and Supplementary Tables 9 and 10). The phase transition also alters the material'… | |||
| 33 | 1420 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 598.11, 92.81, 9.04] | Reporting summary | Reporting summary | ||
| 33 | 1421 | text | body | True | body | body | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 610.19, 384.92, 19.88] | Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. | Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. | |||
| 33 | 1422 | section_header | back_matter_heading | False | low | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | stop_trigger | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 644.24, 75.22, 9.04] | Data availability | Data availability | |
| 33 | 1423 | text | metadata | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 656.31, 372.18, 54.48] | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… | |
| 33 | 1424 | text | reference | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 722.23, 191.21, 7.77] | Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; | Received: 26 January 2025; Accepted: 12 June 2025; | |
| 33 | 1425 | text | metadata | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 732.98, 120.66, 7.77] | Published online: 18 August 2025 | Published online: 18 August 2025 | |
| 33 | 1426 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:body_region:0 | p33:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | |
| 33 | 1427 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p33:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.48, 763.81, 20.5, 6.99] | 2445 | 2445 | ||
| 34 | 1428 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
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| 34 | 1493 | list_item | reference | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 551.51, 255.03, 13.26] | Zhang, X. et al. Surface nickel gradient tunes anionic redox activity to stabilize cobalt-free Li-rich cathodes. Nano Energy 128 , 109973 (2024). | Zhang, X. et al. Surface nickel gradient tunes anionic redox activity to stabilize cobalt-free Li-rich cathodes. Nano Energy 128 , 109973 (2024). | |
| 34 | 1494 | list_item | reference | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 567.51, 239.9, 13.26] | Wang, K. et al. Unraveling the role of surficial oxygen vacancies in stabilizing Li-rich layered oxides. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2301216 (2023). | Wang, K. et al. Unraveling the role of surficial oxygen vacancies in stabilizing Li-rich layered oxides. Adv. Energy Mater. 13 , 2301216 (2023). | |
| 34 | 1495 | section_header | back_matter_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 590.09, 75.85, 7.0] | Acknowledgements | Acknowledgements | |
| 34 | 1496 | text | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 599.52, 251.32, 69.25] | G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… | G.Z. was supported by the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (grant no. 2021ZT09L197), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant no. KQTD20210811090112002), the Interdisciplinary Researc… | |
| 34 | 1497 | section_header | back_matter_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 678.09, 78.48, 7.0] | Author contributions | Author contributions | |
| 34 | 1498 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 687.52, 249.24, 29.26] | H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… | H.J., J.W., G.Z. and H.-M.C. conceived the idea and provided design guidelines. H.J. and J.W. performed the relevant experiments and data analysis with the help of X.Q., H.R., H.X., H.Z. and G.J. All authors discussed a… | |
| 34 | 1499 | section_header | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 726.09, 77.03, 7.0] | Competing interests | Competing interests | |
| 34 | 1500 | text | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.47, 735.52, 120.03, 5.26] | The authors declare no competing interests. | The authors declare no competing interests. | |
| 34 | 1501 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p34:body_region:0 | p34:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [540.36, 763.81, 20.84, 6.99] | 2446 | 2446 | |
| 35 | 1502 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.69, 42.16, 69.68, 15.76] | Protocol | Protocol | ||
| 35 | 1503 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.68, 229.59, 517.28, 61.37] | 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… | 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China. 2 Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universi… | ||
| 35 | 1504 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [39.69, 763.81, 194.26, 7.0] | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | Nature Protocols | Volume 21 | June 2026 | 2413-2447 | ||
| 35 | 1505 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p35:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [541.08, 763.81, 19.9, 6.99] | 2447 | 2447 | ||
| 36 | 1506 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [23.52, 127.01, 175.94, 17.22] | Reporting Summary | Reporting Summary | ||
| 36 | 1507 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 154.26, 526.18, 17.94] | Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see o… | Nature Portfolio wishes to improve the reproducibility of the work that we publish. This form provides structure for consistency and transparency in reporting. For further information on Nature Portfolio policies, see o… | ||
| 36 | 1508 | text | metadata | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [308.88, 63.3, 90.91, 7.02] | Corresponding author(s): | Corresponding author(s): | ||
| 36 | 1509 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [308.88, 80.22, 95.18, 7.02] | Last updated by author(s): | Last updated by author(s): | ||
| 36 | 1510 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [408.24, 64.02, 118.91, 6.27] | Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou | Hui-Ming Cheng and Guangmin Zhou | ||
| 36 | 1511 | text | metadata | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [408.24, 81.06, 43.99, 6.27] | May 13, 2025 | May 13, 2025 | ||
| 36 | 1512 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | True | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| 36 | 1513 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 222.34, 49.71, 10.95] | Statistics | Statistics | ||
| 36 | 1514 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 240.18, 492.74, 7.02] | For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. | For all statistical analyses, confirm that the following items are present in the figure legend, table legend, main text, or Methods section. | ||
| 36 | 1515 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.36, 258.3, 12.15, 7.02] | n/a | n/a | ||
| 36 | 1516 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [43.8, 258.3, 38.13, 7.02] | Confirmed | Confirmed | ||
| 36 | 1517 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 274.63, 428.7, 7.74] | The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement | The exact sample size ( n ) for each experimental group/condition, given as a discrete number and unit of measurement | ||
| 36 | 1518 | checkbox_selected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 291.9, 468.9, 7.02] | A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly | A statement on whether measurements were taken from distinct samples or whether the same sample was measured repeatedly | ||
| 36 | 1519 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 308.22, 365.88, 17.08] | The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. | The statistical test(s) used AND whether they are one- or two-sided Only common tests should be described solely by name; describe more complex techniques in the Methods section. | ||
| 36 | 1520 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 334.38, 131.52, 7.02] | A description of all covariates tested | A description of all covariates tested | ||
| 36 | 1521 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 351.42, 420.35, 7.02] | A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons | A description of any assumptions or corrections, such as tests of normality and adjustment for multiple comparisons | ||
| 36 | 1522 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 368.82, 499.07, 17.82] | A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… | A full description of the statistical parameters including central tendency (e.g. means) or other basic estimates (e.g. regression coefficient) AND variation (e.g. standard deviation) or associated estimates of uncertai… | ||
| 36 | 1523 | checkbox_unselected | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 397.27, 479.03, 17.66] | For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. | For null hypothesis testing, the test statistic (e.g. F , t , r ) with confidence intervals, effect sizes, degrees of freedom and P value noted Give P values as exact values whenever suitable. | ||
| 36 | 1524 | checkbox_unselected | affiliation | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 425.7, 351.21, 7.02] | For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings | For Bayesian analysis, information on the choice of priors and Markov chain Monte Carlo settings | ||
| 36 | 1525 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 442.74, 417.36, 7.02] | For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes | For hierarchical and complex designs, identification of the appropriate level for tests and full reporting of outcomes | ||
| 36 | 1526 | checkbox_selected | affiliation | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [58.08, 459.19, 323.38, 7.74] | Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated | Estimates of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d , Pearson's r ), indicating how they were calculated | ||
| 36 | 1527 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [164.28, 475.74, 254.95, 5.98] | Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. | Our web collection on statistics for biologists contains articles on many of the points above. | ||
| 36 | 1528 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 501.7, 105.73, 10.95] | Software and code | Software and code | ||
| 36 | 1529 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 522.18, 196.29, 7.02] | Policy information about availability of computer code | Policy information about availability of computer code | ||
| 36 | 1530 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 627.19, 522.6, 14.04] | For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… | For manuscripts utilizing custom algorithms or software that are central to the research but not yet described in published literature, software must be made available to editors and reviewers. We strongly encourage cod… | ||
| 36 | 1531 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | True | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| 36 | 1532 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p36:bottom_margin:right:colored | [249, 188, 190] colored | True | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 1 | 1 | ||
| 37 | 1533 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 33.22, 26.19, 10.95] | Data | Data | ||
| 37 | 1534 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 53.58, 157.2, 7.02] | Policy information about availability of data | Policy information about availability of data | ||
| 37 | 1535 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 175.9, 403.94, 10.95] | Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material | Research involving human participants, their data, or biological material | |
| 37 | 1536 | text | metadata | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [27.36, 122.82, 527.07, 25.59] | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… | All of the data supporting this research are available in the main text and the Supplementary Information, and original data can be obtained from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. Source data are provid… | |
| 37 | 1537 | text | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [29.16, 65.58, 485.0, 7.02] | All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: | All manuscripts must include a data availability statement. This statement should provide the following information, where applicable: | |
| 37 | 1538 | list_item | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.12, 77.7, 255.87, 6.27] | Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets | Accession codes, unique identifiers, or web links for publicly available datasets | |
| 37 | 1539 | list_item | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.12, 87.3, 168.42, 6.27] | A description of any restrictions on data availability | A description of any restrictions on data availability | ||
| 37 | 1540 | list_item | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [39.12, 98.34, 309.32, 6.27] | For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy | For clinical datasets or third party data, please ensure that the statement adheres to our policy | |
| 37 | 1541 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | True | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| 37 | 1542 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 196.38, 518.63, 17.82] | Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. | Policy information about studies with human participants or human data. See also policy information about sex, gender (identity/presentation), and sexual orientation and race, ethnicity and racism. | |
| 37 | 1543 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 222.78, 92.51, 6.27] | Reporting on sex and gender | Reporting on sex and gender | ||
| 37 | 1544 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [250, 252, 253] white | False | [152.28, 222.78, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| 37 | 1545 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 242.58, 104.76, 15.87] | Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings | Reporting on race, ethnicity, or other socially relevant groupings | ||
| 37 | 1546 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [152.28, 242.58, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| 37 | 1547 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 271.86, 83.1, 6.27] | Population characteristics | Population characteristics | ||
| 37 | 1548 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [152.64, 271.86, 17.37, 6.27] | None | None | |
| 37 | 1549 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 291.54, 40.06, 6.27] | Recruitment | Recruitment | ||
| 37 | 1550 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [152.28, 291.54, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| 37 | 1551 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 311.22, 50.63, 6.27] | Ethics oversight | Ethics oversight | ||
| 37 | 1552 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [152.28, 311.22, 17.43, 6.27] | None | None | |
| 37 | 1553 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 328.26, 338.05, 6.27] | Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. | Note that full information on the approval of the study protocol must also be provided in the manuscript. | |
| 37 | 1554 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [23.52, 357.38, 183.98, 15.63] | Field-specific reporting | Field-specific reporting | ||
| 37 | 1555 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 381.54, 522.17, 7.02] | Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. | Please select the one below that is the best fit for your research. If you are not sure, read the appropriate sections before making your selection. | |
| 37 | 1556 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [38.04, 400.98, 45.09, 7.02] | Life sciences | Life sciences | ||
| 37 | 1557 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [143.04, 400.98, 105.43, 7.02] | Behavioural & social sciences | Behavioural & social sciences | |
| 37 | 1558 | checkbox_selected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [280.32, 400.98, 180.76, 7.02] | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences | |
| 37 | 1559 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 415.35, 322.71, 5.43] | For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf | For a reference copy of the document with all sections, see nature.com/documents/nr-reporting-summary-flat.pdf | |
| 37 | 1560 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [23.52, 447.98, 507.07, 15.63] | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design | Ecological, evolutionary & environmental sciences study design | |
| 37 | 1561 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 473.58, 282.75, 7.02] | All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. | All studies must disclose on these points even when the disclosure is negative. | |
| 37 | 1562 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 491.82, 55.96, 6.27] | Study description | Study description | ||
| 37 | 1563 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 491.82, 419.9, 15.99] | This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… | This protocol presents a general strategy for the direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials to restore their original performance or upcycle them into next-generation cathodes with enhanced capa… | |
| 37 | 1564 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 521.22, 54.3, 6.27] | Research sample | Research sample | ||
| 37 | 1565 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 521.22, 93.75, 6.27] | Spent LIBs Cathode materials | Spent LIBs Cathode materials | |
| 37 | 1566 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [32.04, 540.9, 57.32, 6.27] | Sampling strategy | Sampling strategy | ||
| 37 | 1567 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [126.72, 540.9, 425.83, 6.27] | Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. | Each testing group contains at least three parallel samples to ensure the reliability and repeatability of the test battery performance. | |
| 37 | 1568 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 560.58, 48.06, 6.27] | Data collection | Data collection | ||
| 37 | 1569 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 560.58, 240.24, 6.27] | All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. | All battery test data are automatically recorded by the battery test system. | |
| 37 | 1570 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 580.26, 76.14, 6.27] | Timing and spatial scale | Timing and spatial scale | ||
| 37 | 1571 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 580.26, 423.24, 25.47] | The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … | The start and end of the battery test are based on the voltage. The charge and discharge test will start when the voltage reaches theset value of charge and discharge cut-off voltage, respectively. The whole cycle test … | |
| 37 | 1572 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 619.26, 49.88, 6.27] | Data exclusions | Data exclusions | ||
| 37 | 1573 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 619.26, 72.46, 6.27] | No data was excluded. | No data was excluded. | |
| 37 | 1574 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 638.94, 48.53, 6.27] | Reproducibility | Reproducibility | ||
| 37 | 1575 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:left_crossing:white | [253, 253, 253] white | False | [126.72, 638.94, 344.74, 6.27] | Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. | Each group of test cells has at least three parallel samples to ensure reproducibility of experimental results. | |
| 37 | 1576 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 658.62, 48.29, 6.27] | Randomization | Randomization | ||
| 37 | 1577 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 658.62, 393.33, 16.83] | This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. | This is not relevant to this study. The selection of experimental samples and test conditions are strictly controlled and kept consistent, so there is no randomization in this study. | |
| 37 | 1578 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [32.04, 688.98, 25.79, 6.27] | Blinding | Blinding | ||
| 37 | 1579 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:body_region:0 | p37:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [126.72, 688.98, 419.33, 25.47] | This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… | This is not relevant to this study. There are many researches on recycling of cathode materials, and there are many referable results,which are very clear. The results of this paper are clear, and all the details are de… | |
| 37 | 1580 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | True | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| 37 | 1581 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p37:bottom_margin:right:colored | [245, 143, 146] colored | True | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 2 | 2 | ||
| 38 | 1582 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [23.52, 67.22, 435.19, 15.63] | Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods | Reporting for specific materials, systems and methods | ||
| 38 | 1583 | text | body_candidate_excluded | False | medium | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [24.96, 89.34, 532.83, 15.87] | Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… | Werequire information from authors about some types of materials, experimental systems and methods used in many studies. Here, indicate whether each material, system or method listed is relevant to your study. If you ar… | ||
| 38 | 1584 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [26.16, 140.58, 94.74, 7.02] | n/a Involved in the study | n/a Involved in the study | ||
| 38 | 1585 | text | body_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [27.84, 124.52, 150.58, 8.61] | Materials & experimental systems | Materials & experimental systems | ||
| 38 | 1586 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [32.04, 26.46, 118.01, 7.02] | Did the study involve field work? | Did the study involve field work? | ||
| 38 | 1587 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 154.26, 34.43, 6.27] | Antibodies | Antibodies | ||
| 38 | 1588 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 168.42, 63.02, 6.27] | Eukaryotic cell lines | Eukaryotic cell lines | ||
| 38 | 1589 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 182.58, 100.66, 6.27] | Palaeontology and archaeology | Palaeontology and archaeology | ||
| 38 | 1590 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [177.0, 28.98, 10.81, 6.27] | Yes | Yes | ||
| 38 | 1591 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [219.24, 140.58, 12.15, 7.02] | n/a | n/a | ||
| 38 | 1592 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [219.48, 28.98, 9.3, 6.27] | No | No | ||
| 38 | 1593 | text | body_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [220.8, 124.52, 39.86, 8.61] | Methods | Methods | ||
| 38 | 1594 | text | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [238.68, 140.58, 75.21, 7.02] | Involved in the study | Involved in the study | ||
| 38 | 1595 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [254, 254, 254] white | False | [252.12, 154.26, 28.04, 6.27] | ChIP-seq | ChIP-seq | ||
| 38 | 1596 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [252.12, 168.42, 49.94, 6.27] | Flow cytometry | Flow cytometry | ||
| 38 | 1597 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [252.12, 182.58, 80.87, 6.27] | MRI-based neuroimaging | MRI-based neuroimaging | ||
| 38 | 1598 | page_header | page_header | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:top_margin:right:colored | [245, 130, 134] colored | True | [577.37, 29.76, 9.96, 165.9] | nature portfolio | reporting summary | nature portfolio | reporting summary | ||
| 38 | 1599 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 196.86, 93.58, 6.27] | Animals and other organisms | Animals and other organisms | ||
| 38 | 1600 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 211.02, 38.78, 6.27] | Clinical data | Clinical data | ||
| 38 | 1601 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 225.18, 93.52, 6.27] | Dual use research of concern | Dual use research of concern | ||
| 38 | 1602 | checkbox_unselected | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [59.04, 239.34, 19.55, 6.27] | Plants | Plants | ||
| 38 | 1603 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:page_body:right:colored | [235, 115, 119] colored | True | [580.85, 686.64, 7.26, 30.14] | April 2023 | April 2023 | ||
| 38 | 1604 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p38:bottom_margin:right:colored | [243, 115, 119] colored | True | [580.32, 757.2, 4.85, 8.97] | 3 | 3 |