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这里对齐真实图表资产提取链路。caption_source=embedded_table_cell 表示表注来自 Docling table cell，不会出现在 text block 审计差集里；caption_continuation_used_by_asset 表示某个 text block 已被图表 caption 吸收，不应按普通 metadata 解读。
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| 1 | figure | Fig. 1 | 3 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [49.96, 57.14, 239.41, 205.28] | Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant | ||||
| 2 | figure | Fig. 2 | 4 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [50.02, 481.85, 239.4, 197.68] | Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | ||||
| 3 | figure | Fig. 3 | 5 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [50.24, 58.89, 493.94, 624.51] | Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn | ||||
| 4 | figure | Fig. 4 | 6 | direct_caption_ref | 0.82 | [49.96, 57.33, 239.27, 181.93] | Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn | ||||
| 5 | figure | Fig. 5 | 6 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [50.39, 292.6, 494.13, 392.6] | Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn | ||||
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| 7 | figure | Fig. 7 | 8 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [177.22, 411.89, 367.45, 298.31] | Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn | ||||
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| 9 | table | Table 1 | 3 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [49.92, 658.19, 495.09, 58.99] | Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | ||||
| 10 | table | Table 2 | 8 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [50.02, 78.97, 239.17, 48.07] | Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -0.5 . The σ in Eq. 1 equals to the slope of the curve of Z' versus ω -0.5 , which has indirect relationship with DLi+ ( DLi+ = 1/σ 2 ) [ 36 ]. By considering all parameters of R, T, A, n, F, and C constant, DLi+ of In-doped and Sn-doped cathodes are approximately 4.34 and 2.25 times of DLi+ of pure cathode, respectively. | ||||
| 11 | table | Table 3 | 9 | sequence_or_inferred_caption | 0.82 | [50.23, 79.43, 238.71, 67.42] | Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. | ||||
| 12 | table | Table 4 | 9 | nearby_text_caption | 0.82 | [49.83, 631.57, 494.99, 79.21] | Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison |
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| 1 | 4 | text | affiliation | False | low | first_page_author_or_affiliation | first_page_author_or_affiliation | p1:body_region:0 | p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 158.01, 384.82, 10.45] | Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 | Reihane Etefagh 1,2 · Amirhassan Amiri 1 · Boshra Ghanbari Shohany 1,2 · Nima Rasekh Saleh 3 | ||
| 1 | 5 | text | metadata | False | medium | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:body_region:0 | p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 190.05, 340.76, 17.36] | Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 | Received: 28 January 2026 / Revised: 19 April 2026 / Accepted: 20 May 2026 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026 | ||
| 1 | 6 | section_header | abstract_heading | False | low | abstract_heading | abstract_heading | p1:body_region:0 | p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 229.22, 37.8, 8.44] | Abstract | Abstract | ||
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| 1 | 8 | text | front_matter_heading | False | low | front_matter_heading | front_matter_heading | p1:body_region:0 | p1:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 403.72, 350.51, 8.69] | Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) | Keywords Lithium-ion batteries · LMNCO cathode · Doping · Indium (In) · Tin (tin) | ||
| 1 | 9 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 437.41, 67.64, 10.13] | Introduction | Introduction | ||
| 1 | 10 | text | body | True | body | body | p1:body_region:1 | p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 438.88, 240.62, 21.07] | transition from layered to spinel, which cause voltage drop, capacity loss, and higher impedance over time [4-6]. | transition from layered to spinel, which cause voltage drop, capacity loss, and higher impedance over time [4-6]. | |||
| 1 | 11 | text | body | True | body | body | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 463.88, 240.62, 121.07] | Lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides, especially the compound Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO), have become promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high specific … | Lithium- and manganese-rich layered oxides, especially the compound Li₁.₂Mn₀.₅₄Ni₀.₁₃Co₀.₁₃O₂ (LMNCO), have become promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high specific … | |||
| 1 | 12 | footnote | footnote | False | low | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [65.2, 624.45, 63.78, 17.29] | Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir | Amirhassan Amiri ah.amiri@um.ac.ir | ||
| 1 | 13 | footnote | footnote | False | low | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 652.74, 221.12, 19.0] | 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran | 1 Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran | ||
| 1 | 14 | footnote | footnote | False | low | docling_footnote | docling_footnote | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 677.74, 168.23, 9.0] | 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran | 2 Borhan Nano Scale Company, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| 1 | 15 | footnote | footnote | False | low | first_page_metadata | first_page_metadata | p1:body_region:0 | p1:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 692.74, 219.11, 19.0] | 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | 3 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, ET. C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 1 | 16 | text | body | True | body | body | p1:body_region:1 | p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 463.88, 240.63, 183.57] | Researchers have focused on two main strategies to deal with these problems, including bulk doping to stabilize the crystal structure and speed up the movement of lithium ions and surface modification to improve interfa… | Researchers have focused on two main strategies to deal with these problems, including bulk doping to stabilize the crystal structure and speed up the movement of lithium ions and surface modification to improve interfa… | |||
| 1 | 17 | text | body | True | body | body | p1:body_region:1 | p1:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 651.38, 240.62, 58.57] | Co-doping strategies using Sn and alkali metals like potassium (K) have also been shown to improve rate capabilities and lower charge transfer resistance by making lithium pathways wider and stabilizing interfaces [11].… | Co-doping strategies using Sn and alkali metals like potassium (K) have also been shown to improve rate capabilities and lower charge transfer resistance by making lithium pathways wider and stabilizing interfaces [11].… | |||
| 2 | 18 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 63.88, 240.61, 33.57] | and Li₂SnO₃ have successfully been used to prevent oxygen formation during the initial cycles, which subsequently keep the Coulombic efficiency high [ 12, 13]. | and Li₂SnO₃ have successfully been used to prevent oxygen formation during the initial cycles, which subsequently keep the Coulombic efficiency high [ 12, 13]. | |||
| 2 | 19 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 101.38, 240.62, 108.57] | Previous studies revealed that doping other types of LIBs cathodes like LiFePO₄ with In or Sn dopants could result in significant improvements in their electronic conductivity and rate performance [14, 15]. Hence, this … | Previous studies revealed that doping other types of LIBs cathodes like LiFePO₄ with In or Sn dopants could result in significant improvements in their electronic conductivity and rate performance [14, 15]. Hence, this … | |||
| 2 | 20 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:0 | p2:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 213.88, 240.63, 146.07] | Then, they are structurally examined using different characterization tests. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement are adopted to determine the crystal structure and lattice expansion. Field e… | Then, they are structurally examined using different characterization tests. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and Rietveld refinement are adopted to determine the crystal structure and lattice expansion. Field e… | |||
| 2 | 21 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [51.02, 387.41, 112.91, 10.13] | Experimental section | Experimental section | ||
| 2 | 22 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 413.09, 42.68, 9.49] | Materials | Materials | ||
| 2 | 23 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 438.88, 240.63, 108.57] | High-purity metal salts were employed for the synthesis of the target nanopowders, consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), manganese nitrate tetrahydrate (… | High-purity metal salts were employed for the synthesis of the target nanopowders, consisting of nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O), manganese nitrate tetrahydrate (… | |||
| 2 | 24 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 563.09, 86.16, 9.49] | Synthesis methods | Synthesis methods | ||
| 2 | 25 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 588.76, 153.02, 8.64] | Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode | Synthesis of undoped LMNCO cathode | ||
| 2 | 26 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:0 | p2:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 613.88, 240.62, 96.07] | The pure nanopowder was synthesized using sol-gel method. In this regard, stoichiometric quantities of metal salts, including 1.298 g Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 1.300 g Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 4.730 g Mn(NO₃)₂·4 H₂O, and 3.008 g LiNO₃, we… | The pure nanopowder was synthesized using sol-gel method. In this regard, stoichiometric quantities of metal salts, including 1.298 g Ni(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 1.300 g Co(NO₃)₂·6 H₂O, 4.730 g Mn(NO₃)₂·4 H₂O, and 3.008 g LiNO₃, we… | |||
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| 2 | 28 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p2:body_region:1 | p2:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [525.36, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 2 | 29 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:1 | p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.63, 108.57] | continuous stirring until formation of a homogeneous gel. The gelation process was completed by maintaining the mixture at 80 °C for approximately 4 h. The resulting gel was then dried at 120 °C for 6 h, followed by a t… | continuous stirring until formation of a homogeneous gel. The gelation process was completed by maintaining the mixture at 80 °C for approximately 4 h. The resulting gel was then dried at 120 °C for 6 h, followed by a t… | |||
| 2 | 30 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:1 | p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 188.76, 191.43, 8.64] | Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes | Synthesis of Sn- and In- doped LMNCO cathodes | ||
| 2 | 31 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:1 | p2:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 213.88, 240.63, 271.07] | The doped nanopowders were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method analogous to one applied for pure sample [16] with stoichiometric adjustments to incorporate dopants while maintaining charge balance. For both 5% S… | The doped nanopowders were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method analogous to one applied for pure sample [16] with stoichiometric adjustments to incorporate dopants while maintaining charge balance. For both 5% S… | |||
| 2 | 32 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 500.59, 195.14, 21.99] | Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments | Electrode fabrication, cell assembling, and electrochemical experiments | ||
| 2 | 33 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 538.88, 240.61, 83.57] | For fabrication of working electrodes used in this study, first, the slurry prepared by dispersing active material (85 wt%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (5 wt%), and carbon black (10 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N… | For fabrication of working electrodes used in this study, first, the slurry prepared by dispersing active material (85 wt%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (5 wt%), and carbon black (10 wt%) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (N… | |||
| 2 | 34 | text | body | True | body | body | p2:body_region:1 | p2:body_zone:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 626.38, 240.62, 83.57] | The CR2032 coin half-cells employed for all electrochemical analyses were composed of fabricated Li rich cathode as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode. The micro-pores polypropylene membrane (Cel… | The CR2032 coin half-cells employed for all electrochemical analyses were composed of fabricated Li rich cathode as the working electrode and Li foil as the counter electrode. The micro-pores polypropylene membrane (Cel… | |||
| 3 | 35 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p3:body_region:0 | p3:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 34.66, 22.16, 7.18] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 3 | 36 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p3:body_region:0 | p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 274.65, 238.11, 17.48] | Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant | Fig. 1 XRD patterns of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn dopant | ||
| 3 | 37 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 313.88, 240.61, 21.07] | v/v). The fabrication of coin half-cells was done in dry glove box filled with argon gas. | v/v). The fabrication of coin half-cells was done in dry glove box filled with argon gas. | |||
| 3 | 38 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:front_matter:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 338.88, 240.62, 133.57] | Charge and discharge capacity of Li rich cathodes were obtained with a battery tester (Neware multi-channel instrument, CT-3008). The voltage range applied for galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements was 1.8-4.8 V (… | Charge and discharge capacity of Li rich cathodes were obtained with a battery tester (Neware multi-channel instrument, CT-3008). The voltage range applied for galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements was 1.8-4.8 V (… | |||
| 3 | 39 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 499.91, 119.65, 10.13] | Results and discussion | Results and discussion | ||
| 3 | 40 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 525.59, 100.0, 9.49] | Characterization tests | Characterization tests | ||
| 3 | 41 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 551.38, 240.62, 83.57] | Figure 1 presents XRD patterns of undoped LMNCO cathode material alongside its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. XRD analysis was employed to assess the crystallinity and determine the lattice parameters of the synthesized… | Figure 1 presents XRD patterns of undoped LMNCO cathode material alongside its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. XRD analysis was employed to assess the crystallinity and determine the lattice parameters of the synthesized… | |||
| 3 | 42 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:1 | p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.61, 71.11] | according to the JCPDS reference (No. 49-0524), corresponding to the (003), (101), (006), (104), (015), (107), (018), (110), and (113) crystallographic planes, respectively. The results confirm that the undoped LMNCO ca… | according to the JCPDS reference (No. 49-0524), corresponding to the (003), (101), (006), (104), (015), (107), (018), (110), and (113) crystallographic planes, respectively. The results confirm that the undoped LMNCO ca… | |||
| 3 | 43 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:1 | p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 138.88, 240.64, 308.57] | The XRD pattern of the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibits a characteristic peak at 21.0° (2θ), corresponding to the (020) plane of the trigonal crystal system with negligible monoclinic phase contamination as reported in pr… | The XRD pattern of the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibits a characteristic peak at 21.0° (2θ), corresponding to the (020) plane of the trigonal crystal system with negligible monoclinic phase contamination as reported in pr… | |||
| 3 | 44 | text | body | True | body | body | p3:body_region:1 | p3:front_matter:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 451.38, 240.63, 183.57] | Rietveld refinement analysis was conducted using X'Pert HighScore Plus software to precisely determine the crystallographic parameters of the synthesized cathode materi -als. Table 1 presents the lattice parameters ( a … | Rietveld refinement analysis was conducted using X'Pert HighScore Plus software to precisely determine the crystallographic parameters of the synthesized cathode materi -als. Table 1 presents the lattice parameters ( a … | |||
| 3 | 45 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p3:body_region:0 | p3:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | True | [51.02, 650.0, 473.46, 7.39] | Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | Table 1 The lattice parameters along with reliability factors obtained for the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | ||
| 3 | 46 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | outside_body_flow_page_footer | outside_body_flow_page_footer | p3:body_region:1 | p3:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | ||
| 4 | 47 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 63.88, 240.62, 96.07] | processes. All investigated compositions maintain a c/a ratio exceeding 4.99, confirming the preservation of the characteristic layered structure without significant cation mixing. The observed lattice expansion correla… | processes. All investigated compositions maintain a c/a ratio exceeding 4.99, confirming the preservation of the characteristic layered structure without significant cation mixing. The observed lattice expansion correla… | |||
| 4 | 48 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:0 | p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 163.88, 241.09, 308.57] | Figure 2 presents the FTIR spectra of the undoped Li-rich cathode material alongside those doped with In or Sn. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical bonding in the synthesized samples. The FTIR sp… | Figure 2 presents the FTIR spectra of the undoped Li-rich cathode material alongside those doped with In or Sn. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the chemical bonding in the synthesized samples. The FTIR sp… | |||
| 4 | 49 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p4:body_region:0 | p4:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 692.22, 240.24, 17.39] | Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | Fig. 2 FTIR spectra of the undoped LMNCO cathode and those doped with In or Sn dopant | ||
| 4 | 50 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p4:body_region:0 | p4:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | ||
| 4 | 51 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p4:body_region:1 | p4:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [525.36, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 4 | 52 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:1 | p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.63, 196.07] | Figure 3 presents FESEM images of the pure LMNCO cathode and its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. As shown in Fig. 3 a, the undoped Li-rich cathode consists of agglomerated polyhedral nanoparticles with an average particl… | Figure 3 presents FESEM images of the pure LMNCO cathode and its In- and Sn-doped counterparts. As shown in Fig. 3 a, the undoped Li-rich cathode consists of agglomerated polyhedral nanoparticles with an average particl… | |||
| 4 | 53 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:1 | p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 263.88, 240.63, 233.57] | EDXS analysis was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the synthesized cathode materials. As evi -denced by the EDXS spectrum of the pure LMNCO cathode material (Fig. 3 d), distinct peaks corresponding to th… | EDXS analysis was employed to analyze the elemental composition of the synthesized cathode materials. As evi -denced by the EDXS spectrum of the pure LMNCO cathode material (Fig. 3 d), distinct peaks corresponding to th… | |||
| 4 | 54 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:1 | p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 501.38, 240.62, 171.07] | Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate structural modifications induced by doping cathodic materials with In or Sn. Figure 4 a presents the Raman spectrum of the undoped LMNCO cathode material over the wavenumbe… | Raman spectroscopy was employed to investigate structural modifications induced by doping cathodic materials with In or Sn. Figure 4 a presents the Raman spectrum of the undoped LMNCO cathode material over the wavenumbe… | |||
| 4 | 55 | text | body | True | body | body | p4:body_region:1 | p4:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 676.38, 240.62, 33.57] | Doping with In resulted in peak broadening and a shift toward higher wavenumbers, as evidenced in Fig. 4b. In this regard, the peak of A₁g at ~ 500 cm -1 detected in the Raman | Doping with In resulted in peak broadening and a shift toward higher wavenumbers, as evidenced in Fig. 4b. In this regard, the peak of A₁g at ~ 500 cm -1 detected in the Raman | |||
| 5 | 56 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p5:top_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] | Ionics | Ionics | |||
| 5 | 57 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p5:page_body:full:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 696.33, 495.36, 17.48] | Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn | Fig. 3 FESEM images of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( b ) In or ( c ) Sn. EDXS patterns of ( d ) undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with ( e ) In or ( f ) Sn | |||
| 5 | 58 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | outside_body_flow_page_footer | outside_body_flow_page_footer | p5:bottom_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 13.01] | 1 3 | 1 3 | |||
| 6 | 59 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p6:body_region:0 | p6:top_margin:right:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [525.36, 34.66, 20.62, 7.33] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 6 | 60 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 61.87, 240.62, 98.09] | spectrum of dopant-free cathode shifted to ~ 600 cm -1 . A similar broadening and high-wavenumber shift (from ~ 500 cm -1 to ~ 750 cm -1 ) were observed for the Sn-doped cathode (Fig. 4 c), suggesting analogous structur… | spectrum of dopant-free cathode shifted to ~ 600 cm -1 . A similar broadening and high-wavenumber shift (from ~ 500 cm -1 to ~ 750 cm -1 ) were observed for the Sn-doped cathode (Fig. 4 c), suggesting analogous structur… | |||
| 6 | 61 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 175.59, 113.9, 9.49] | Electrochemical analyses | Electrochemical analyses | ||
| 6 | 62 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 251.37, 240.23, 17.48] | Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn | Fig. 4 Raman spectra of ( a ) undoped LMNCO cathode, and the ones doped with ( b ) In, or ( c ) Sn | |||
| 6 | 63 | text | body | True | body | body | p6:body_region:0 | p6:page_body:right_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 201.38, 240.64, 71.07] | CV analysis was employed to evaluate the redox behavior of the synthesized cathode materials. Figure 5 displays the cyclic voltammograms of the undoped LMNCO cathode alongside those doped with In or Sn, recorded within … | CV analysis was employed to evaluate the redox behavior of the synthesized cathode materials. Figure 5 displays the cyclic voltammograms of the undoped LMNCO cathode alongside those doped with In or Sn, recorded within … | |||
| 6 | 64 | caption | caption | False | low | docling_caption | docling_caption | p6:page_body:left_crossing:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 697.26, 313.35, 7.39] | Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn | Fig. 5 Cyclic voltammograms of the undoped Li-rich cathode and those doped with In or Sn | |||
| 6 | 65 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | outside_body_flow_page_footer | outside_body_flow_page_footer | p6:bottom_margin:left:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | |||
| 7 | 66 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p7:body_region:0 | p7:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 7 | 67 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 61.87, 240.65, 135.59] | originates from the de-insertion of Li + ions from the cath -ode host. In addition to anodic peak, a cathodic peak is observed at ~ 3.78 V, which arises from the insertion of Li + ions. In the cyclic voltammograms of Li… | originates from the de-insertion of Li + ions from the cath -ode host. In addition to anodic peak, a cathodic peak is observed at ~ 3.78 V, which arises from the insertion of Li + ions. In the cyclic voltammograms of Li… | |||
| 7 | 68 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:0 | p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 199.37, 240.62, 248.09] | The reactions pertinent to the conversion of Ni 2+ /Ni 3+/4+ are not only the factor taking part in the producing capacity of Li-rich cathodes, but the redox reaction of O 2/O oxygen also plays an important role in gene… | The reactions pertinent to the conversion of Ni 2+ /Ni 3+/4+ are not only the factor taking part in the producing capacity of Li-rich cathodes, but the redox reaction of O 2/O oxygen also plays an important role in gene… | |||
| 7 | 69 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:1 | p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.62, 121.07] | As evidenced by the CV analysis, both In- and Sn-doped cathodes exhibit enhanced redox peak intensities compared to the undoped material. This improvement can be attrib -uted to structural modifications induced by dopin… | As evidenced by the CV analysis, both In- and Sn-doped cathodes exhibit enhanced redox peak intensities compared to the undoped material. This improvement can be attrib -uted to structural modifications induced by dopin… | |||
| 7 | 70 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:1 | p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 188.88, 240.63, 233.57] | The EIS spectra of undoped and doped LMNCO cathodes after the first cycle 0.1 C are presented in Fig. 6a. Nyquist plots for all samples exhibit three distinct regions: (1) a high-frequency intercept representing the ele… | The EIS spectra of undoped and doped LMNCO cathodes after the first cycle 0.1 C are presented in Fig. 6a. Nyquist plots for all samples exhibit three distinct regions: (1) a high-frequency intercept representing the ele… | |||
| 7 | 71 | text | body | True | body | body | p7:body_region:1 | p7:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 426.38, 241.13, 21.07] | The fitted impedance parameters (R e , R ct , and Z w ) are summarized in Table 2 . The undoped cathode exhibited a | The fitted impedance parameters (R e , R ct , and Z w ) are summarized in Table 2 . The undoped cathode exhibited a | |||
| 7 | 72 | caption | body | True | recovered_unbound_docling_caption | recovered_unbound_docling_caption | p7:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 701.44, 495.35, 17.48] | Fig. 6 ( a ) Nyquist plots of undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with indium or tin (inset demonstrates the equivalent circuit). The measurements were carried out after the first cycle 0.1 C. ( b ) the curves of ω… | Fig. 6 ( a ) Nyquist plots of undoped LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with indium or tin (inset demonstrates the equivalent circuit). The measurements were carried out after the first cycle 0.1 C. ( b ) the curves of ω… | ||||
| 7 | 73 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | outside_body_flow_page_footer | outside_body_flow_page_footer | p7:body_region:1 | p7:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | ||
| 8 | 74 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p8:body_region:0 | p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 61.48, 240.24, 17.39] | Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin | Table 2 R e , R ct , and Z w of pure Li-rich cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin | ||
| 8 | 75 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 151.38, 241.53, 135.51] | substantial charge transfer resistance (R ct = 310.8 Ω), which decreased dramatically to 70.7 Ω upon In doping (77% reduction) and to 117.4 Ω with Sn doping (62% reduction). The Sndoped cathode demonstrated the lowest e… | substantial charge transfer resistance (R ct = 310.8 Ω), which decreased dramatically to 70.7 Ω upon In doping (77% reduction) and to 117.4 Ω with Sn doping (62% reduction). The Sndoped cathode demonstrated the lowest e… | |||
| 8 | 76 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:0 | p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 338.88, 240.62, 58.57] | Where R indicates gas constant, T signifies absolute temperature, A represents surface area of fabricated electrode, n pertains to the number of electrons by each molecule after intercalation of lithium ion, F is releva… | Where R indicates gas constant, T signifies absolute temperature, A represents surface area of fabricated electrode, n pertains to the number of electrons by each molecule after intercalation of lithium ion, F is releva… | |||
| 8 | 77 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p8:body_region:0 | p8:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 413.72, 113.31, 37.39] | Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn | Fig. 7 The initial charge/dis -charge diagrams of (a, a') pure LMNCO cathode and the ones doped with (b, b') In or (c, c') Sn | ||
| 8 | 78 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | docling_page_footer | docling_page_footer | p8:body_region:0 | p8:bottom_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | ||
| 8 | 79 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p8:body_region:1 | p8:top_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [525.36, 34.59, 25.5, 7.74] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 8 | 80 | text | body | True | body | body | caption_continuation_used_by_asset Table 2 | p8:body_region:1 | p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.62, 96.07] | σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -0.5 . The σ in Eq. 1 equals to the slope of the curve of Z' versus ω -0.5 , which has indirect rela… | σ exhibits Warburg coefficient. Figure 6b renders the linear relationship between Z' in the low-frequency region and ω -0.5 . The σ in Eq. 1 equals to the slope of the curve of Z' versus ω -0.5 , which has indirect rela… | ||
| 8 | 81 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:1 | p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 163.88, 240.62, 108.57] | This systematic decrease in both R ct and Z w and also increase in diffusion coefficient of lithium ions indicate enhanced charge transfer kinetics and improved Li⁺ solidstate diffusion. The improved electrochemical per… | This systematic decrease in both R ct and Z w and also increase in diffusion coefficient of lithium ions indicate enhanced charge transfer kinetics and improved Li⁺ solidstate diffusion. The improved electrochemical per… | |||
| 8 | 82 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:1 | p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 276.38, 240.63, 96.07] | Figure 7 demonstrates the initial charge and discharge diagrams of the undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin. Half-cells made up of synthesized cathodes as the working electrode and Li meta… | Figure 7 demonstrates the initial charge and discharge diagrams of the undoped LMNCO cathode and its counterparts doped with indium or tin. Half-cells made up of synthesized cathodes as the working electrode and Li meta… | |||
| 8 | 83 | text | body | True | body | body | p8:body_region:1 | p8:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 376.38, 240.61, 21.07] | Table 3 demonstrates that the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibited initial electrochemical characteristics with | Table 3 demonstrates that the undoped LMNCO cathode exhibited initial electrochemical characteristics with | |||
| 9 | 84 | page_header | page_header | False | low | docling_page_header | docling_page_header | p9:body_region:0 | p9:top_margin:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 34.66, 19.86, 7.35] | Ionics | Ionics | ||
| 9 | 85 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p9:body_region:0 | p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 61.48, 240.23, 17.39] | Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate | Table 3 Electrochemical performance of pure and doped LMNCO cathodes during the first cycle at 0.1 C rate | ||
| 9 | 86 | text | body | True | body | body | p9:body_region:0 | p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 163.88, 240.63, 171.07] | a charge capacity of 297.5 mAh/g and discharge capacity of 208.7 mAh/g, yielding a Coulombic efficiency of 70.1%. The plateau appearing between 4 and 4.5 V in the charge curve of undoped cathode is imputed to activation… | a charge capacity of 297.5 mAh/g and discharge capacity of 208.7 mAh/g, yielding a Coulombic efficiency of 70.1%. The plateau appearing between 4 and 4.5 V in the charge curve of undoped cathode is imputed to activation… | |||
| 9 | 87 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p9:body_region:0 | p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.07, 584.62, 284.03, 7.48] | Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes | Fig. 8 ( a ) cycling performance, and ( b ) rate capability of the synthesized electrodes | ||
| 9 | 88 | text | body | True | body | body | caption_continuation_used_by_asset Table 3 | p9:body_region:1 | p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 63.88, 240.61, 21.07] | and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. | and discharge capacity (312.6 mAh/g), corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 86.3%. | ||
| 9 | 89 | text | body | True | body | body | p9:body_region:1 | p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 88.88, 240.62, 121.07] | The cycling performance of undoped and doped elec -trodes are depicted in Fig. 8a. Accordingly, the discharge capacities delivered by dopant-free, In-doped, and Sn-doped electrodes respectively were 195.2, 244, and 308.… | The cycling performance of undoped and doped elec -trodes are depicted in Fig. 8a. Accordingly, the discharge capacities delivered by dopant-free, In-doped, and Sn-doped electrodes respectively were 195.2, 244, and 308.… | |||
| 9 | 90 | text | body | True | body | body | p9:body_region:1 | p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 213.88, 240.64, 71.07] | The enhanced performance of Snand In-doped LMNCO materials is attributed to the effective role of Sn or In doping in facilitating lithium ion insertion/extraction through enlarging crystal lattices, which reduces electr… | The enhanced performance of Snand In-doped LMNCO materials is attributed to the effective role of Sn or In doping in facilitating lithium ion insertion/extraction through enlarging crystal lattices, which reduces electr… | |||
| 9 | 91 | text | body | True | body | body | p9:body_region:1 | p9:page_body:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [306.14, 288.88, 240.61, 46.07] | As shown in Table 4, the electrochemical performance of our Sn-doped LMNCO cathode demonstrates significant improvements when compared to previously reported modi -fied systems. | As shown in Table 4, the electrochemical performance of our Sn-doped LMNCO cathode demonstrates significant improvements when compared to previously reported modi -fied systems. | |||
| 9 | 92 | caption | caption | False | low | outside_body_flow_caption | outside_body_flow_caption | p9:page_body:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 613.63, 495.35, 17.39] | Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison | Table 4 Comparative electrochemical performance of Sn-doped LMNCO cathodes at 0.1 C rate (1st cycle). All reported studies used the same base composition for comparison | |||
| 9 | 93 | page_footer | page_footer | False | low | outside_body_flow_page_footer | outside_body_flow_page_footer | p9:body_region:1 | p9:bottom_margin:column_2_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [503.77, 740.27, 18.75, 12.86] | 1 3 | 1 3 | ||
| 10 | 94 | section_header | body_heading | False | low | body_heading | body_heading | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 62.41, 64.24, 10.13] | Conclusions | Conclusions | ||
| 10 | 95 | text | body | True | body | body | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 88.88, 240.65, 221.07] | In this study, we successfully synthesized Li-rich LMNCO cathode material and systematically investigated the effects of In or Sn doping through comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization. XRD analysi… | In this study, we successfully synthesized Li-rich LMNCO cathode material and systematically investigated the effects of In or Sn doping through comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization. XRD analysi… | |||
| 10 | 96 | text | body | True | body | body | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 313.88, 240.63, 146.07] | Among all fabricated electrodes, the one doped with Sn exhibited the best electrochemical performance. In this regard, it reached discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles. Moreover, Sn-induced electrode deliver… | Among all fabricated electrodes, the one doped with Sn exhibited the best electrochemical performance. In this regard, it reached discharge capacity of 308.9 mAh/g after 10 cycles. Moreover, Sn-induced electrode deliver… | |||
| 10 | 97 | text | back_matter_heading | False | low | back_matter_heading | back_matter_heading | stop_trigger | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 474.27, 238.11, 17.39] | Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. | Acknowledgements The authors appreciate the support of the Fer -dowsi University of Mashhad. | |
| 10 | 98 | text | back_matter_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 506.27, 240.24, 47.39] | Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… | Author contributions Reihane Etefagh: Formal analysis, Data curation, Validation, Writing - original draft. Amirhassan Amiri: Supervision, Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing. Boshra Ghanbari Shohany: Invest… | |
| 10 | 99 | text | back_matter_heading | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 568.27, 240.24, 17.39] | Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. | Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. | |
| 10 | 100 | section_header | unknown_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 601.59, 57.44, 9.49] | Declarations | Declarations | |
| 10 | 101 | text | back_matter_text | False | low | after_back_matter_stop | after_back_matter_stop | after_stop | p10:body_region:0 | p10:body_zone:column_1_of_2:white | [255, 255, 255] white | False | [51.02, 625.27, 221.47, 7.39] | Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. | Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. | |
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